Viaţa economică şi socială în judeţele Caraş şi Severin: (1944 - 1948) 1
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Ed. Partos
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Viaţa economică şi socială în judeţele Caraş şi Severin |b (1944 - 1948) |n 1 |c Eusebiu-Marcel Narai |
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| adam_text | THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SITUATION FROM
CARAS
AND
SEVERIN
DISTRICTS (AUGUST 1944-JUNE
1948)
(I)
(Abstract)
By the end of the second world war and during the years that followed after it, the
Soviet Union has enjoyed its priviliged situation in the international relations, because it was
the main force which defeated Germany, saved many countries from the
german
occupation
and freed the world from jewes. The Soviet Union became the main quarantee against a
possible rebirth of the
nazist
spirit. The fear for this rebirth came from the symphathy shown
for the Soviet Union. This priviliged situation offered it a great freedom of movement in the
international problems and it got a lot more believeble, it also, realized great political
ideals.To calm its partners, the Soviet Union, officially declared that it doesn t intend to
impose by force its political system and social, but the only thing the Soviet Union wanted
was to enssure its security. As a result of this policy, the Soviet Union succeeded to obtain
from the United States the right that consisted in not to support the others political groups
hostile for the russians.The political international phenomena that had long and deep
consequences in the whole world and it put its print on the entire European social and
political life, it was represented by the cold war. After signing the treaty from February the
10th of
1947,
with the
contries
that participated to the anti-soviet war, suchs as: Italy,
Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria and Finland. This event represented for the Soviet Union the
end of a flourishing colaboration period with the Occident. Although, signing the treaties of
peace with the Soviet Union represented the beginning of its presence among the countries
from eastern Europe, and so, the entire power was taken by the communist parties. After
signing these treaties, the Soviet Union, refounded in
september
1947,
the Comintern as
Cominform.By refounding this institution, the Soviet Union supports the communists and
workers movements from all over the countries. In the same time, the contradictions
between the russians and the occidentals werere-taken on the first plan. All these events
signaled the beginning of the cold war, which had as a result the
spliting
of Europe and the
world, in half, and the Soviet Union got a greater power. The public justification of the cold
war was the following: agressive intentions , prepairings for war made by the
imperialiste
countries .
•
Although it tried to evoid the transformation of Romania in a theatre of war,
thestate-hit from August 23rd,
1944,
was followed, inevitably, by the soviet military
occupation. After eliberating the southern part of the country from
german
troops, the
romanian
army got engaged in the fight for freedom of the north-west territory of
Transilvania,
which territory was given to Hungary through the Dictate of
Viene
on August
30th,
1940,
followed by taking the cities soldiers and officers were sacrificed. Unfortunately,
this part of the country got under soviet military administration on November 11th,
1944.
Hoping that it will obtain the participation to war, the
romanian
army got involved in the
west campain under soviet
comand,
until the surrender of Germany, on May 9th,
1945,
but
the human and material sacrifices of people were substantial.The Armistice Convention,
signed at Moscow, on September 12th
1944,
was considered
a tiry
treaty of peace, because of
its foresights, completed by a series of normative acts, elaborated between
september
1944 -
march
1945,
with a negative effect over the
romanian
economy, especially the
agriculture. According to the Treaty of Peace, signed at Paris, on February 10th,
1947,
the
116
initial
limit for paying the war repairing to the Soviet Union was going to be extended with
two years.After installing the
Groza
government there were taken into consideration some
proposals concerning the modification of the administrative-territorial structure of the
country. The soviet system started in
1949,
as it followsrdissolution of prefectures,
foundation of provisory committees of popular advice, foundation of the new administrative
units (regions and districts). Between
1944
and
1947
the national industry confronted with
some problems, such as:deterioration of machines and instalations, decrease of production,
lack of fuel, lack of means of transport, lack of the first materials, strikes, communists
lock-outs.These were taken some important measures, such as:
-
in economy: the law for
reglementing
the salaries, the law for founding the conomates
(May,
У0,
1945),
the law for bringing the war industry to the peace production (June 9th,
1945),
the foundation of the Supreme Council of the National Economy (November 24th,
1945)
lead by Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, general secretary of the Romanian Communist
Party.The nationalisation of the main means of production was prepaired by other measures,
such as:reorganising the Ministery of the National Economy and transforming it in the
Ministery of Industry and Commerce (April
1947),
the control over the production
Programms
(May,
1947),
foundation of the industrial offices (May,
1947).
The law of
nationalisation (June 11th,
1948)
fullfilled
a ciele
of laws, which gave the entire economic
and politic power to the communist party, the only
ruiling
force in that country.The
romanian
agriculture faced serious problems, such as.the small quantity of production, lack
of suppliesfor the population, decreased number of
agricol
machines, agrarian reform from
1945,
with abuses and illegalties, the drought from
1946,
maximal prices to cereals, live
animals, potatoes, passing the royal domain and the church goods into the state property,
organizing
a agricol
census for getting information concerning the colectivisation process.In
the trades domain, there were signaled similar problems, such as:lack of first material,
excessive fiscality, usage of machinery, decreased number of workers, involvement of the
politic factor in its activity, low qualification level.The commerce was also afected of
different problems:the control of the state in this domain, maintaining the private property,
changing the
taxe
system, refuse of the
romanian
government to participate to Marshall
Plan, proposed by U.S.A., high prices to all merchendises, low quality of products, laws
were changed (organisation of Professional Rooms).In the financial and bank domain were
signaled some problems, such as:high level of inflation, extend the black market, helping the
population and the army.The etatization of the Romanian National Bank, was considered a
possible sollution for controlling the monetary chaos. The monetary reform, realized on
August 15th,
1947,
determined a redistribution of the national income.The means of
communication and the edilitary situation were represented by:the demages of the war
(railway, especially), modernisation of the existent roads, electrification of the country
(1948).
•
It is necessary to say that the intern political life loyaly reflects a great growth
and development. The period between
1944
and
1948,
although short it is very complex and
it is characterised by uncertainties and drama in all domains; it also represents the fight
between the traditional political parties, which try to protect the values of the society, and
the communist party, which tends to destroy this society and take over the entire power.This
process started by the communists is going to end with the abolish of monarchy. An
important role was played by the newspapers of different parties, such as
Scânteia
and
România liberă .
Through the open way of this campain and its results, the oposition was
not intimidated at all of the attacks of the media.The existence of the oposition will soon be
diminueshed on November
1947,
when luliu Maniu, Ion Mihalache and Ilie
Lazár
were
accused of betrayal. We can find lot
ofinformation
in the pages of the
Scânteia
newspaper
117
about the traditional parties and about the abolish of the monarchy. For example, on October
26th,
1946,
the newspapers wrote the following: His Higness Mihai I makes
25
years today.
The whole country celebrates today his aniversary, the King who opened the way to
freedom . The newspaper, also, published the day order for the army. On another date was
published the arrival of the King and the mather-queen in the capital. The year of
1948
symbolizes the beginning and the
restauration
of communism, a new regime imposed by the
direct participation and help of Moscow.The main feature of the political plan in this period
is represented by the fight of the communist party for the neutralisation, step by step, of the
control in all domains, starting with the army. Cultural and literary life was also afected by
uncertainties. The act from August 23rd,
1944
had a damagine effect over the cultural life.
Many intellectuals and writers were forces to shut up. Lots of magazines dissappeared,
literature tries to gain its freedom, procommunist magazines,
Viaţa românească V Orizont ,
Revista literară
are forced to adapt to the literary spirit of the moment, many of them were
censored. The subject of my thesis contains all kind of events before and after
1989,
from
different perspectives. For this research paper I will present some works I used.
The evolution of the
romanian
economy between
1944-1948
is reflected by some
specially works. The work of Ion Alexandrescu, entitled The Romanian Economy in the
first post-war years (l
945-1947),
includes rare information about the impact of the Treaty of
Armistice over our society, presenting in details the economic legislation of
1944-1947.
In
his book, The Constitutional History of Romania,
1859-1991 ,
Eleodor
Focşeneanu
presents from a judicial point of view, all the communist attacks over the
demografic
regime, reinstalled in august
1944,
by imposind the Constitution of the Popular Romanian
Republic in April,
13, 1948.
The work of Keith Hilchins, Romania
1866-1947,
gives
details about some aspects concerning the activity of the
Groza
govemment.The works of
Gheorghe
lancu,
Virgiliu
Ţârău
and
Ottmar
Traşcă,
entitled The colectivisation of the
Romanian agriculture , Legislative aspects,
1945-1962,
gives arguments about the
legislation which will prepair the operation of colectivisation in agriculture, starting with
1949,
after the russian model. Maria and
Dumitru Mureşan
wrote the work entitled The
History of Economy , which presents multiple aspects concerning the development of the
romanian
economy, correlated with the world s economy, between
1944-1948.
Another work
is The Agrarian Reform in Romania in
1945 ,
by
Dumitru Şandru,
which gives information
about: expropriation, land given to peasants, population, price and value of land, the impact
of the agrarian reform over the
romanian
agriculture. The development of industry in
Caras
and
Severin
between
1944-1948,
is described by the following works:
lancu
Conciatu,
Reşiţa ,
which gives information about the activity of factories and Dan Gh. Perianu, The
History of Factories in
Reşiţa
(1771-1996),
which describes the evolution of factories and
their foundation between
1920-1948
.Vasile
Puşcaş
and Vasile Vesa wrote The
Development and evolution in inter-war period
(1919-1939),
which debates about the
evolution of economy in
Banat.
Cornel
Grofşoreanu
wrote the work
Banat
of all times ,
which gives information about the economic, social, politic and cultural evolution of
Banat.
The nationalisation of the main means of production is rendered in the following works:
Gavril Sonea, The nationalisation of the main means of production in Romania , gives
arguments about the actions of communists in this process.Another work, writen under
communists was The Act of Nationalisation in
Banat ,
by
Ion Popa
which gives details
about this aspect. The evolution of agriculture in
Caras
and
Severin
is seen in The village
of
Banat ,
by Vasile Mircea Zaberca, who talks about the agrarian reform in
1945,
the tools
of peasants, the financial situation of population;
Antoniu Marchescu,
in The Guards of
Banat
and the Community of Fortune underlines some aspects concerning the activity of
institutions in
Banat.
The communicational system in
Banat
is described by some works,
such as: Nicolae
Popa,
Means of communication and transport in
Banat ,
and Dan Gh.
118
Perianu
The History of traims and railways in
Banat .
The majority and minority report in
Caras
and
Severín
is presented in a series of works, published after
1989,
such as: Remus
Cretan, Enicity , confession and electoral option , a work which speaks about the territorial
evolution, identity, cultural tradition, population and minorities:
germans, hungarians,
croatians, kalians and jews. The work of
Georg
Hromodka, Short Chronicle of
Banat
presents aspects concerning the delicate situation of
germans
in
Banat
at the end of the
second world war. Although,
Silviu
B. Moldovan
wrote, The Serbian problem , which
gives details about their situation in
Banat
between
1930-1946.
There are also some articles
published in different reviews, such as: Identity and Alterity, Studies about politics, The
History Magazine, written by Miodrag Milin shows aspects concerning the revisionist
propaganda of Serbians in
Banat
between
1944-1945,
determined by the simpathy for Tito
and encouraged by Stalin. About the Jewish problem wrote Victor Neumann The History of
Jews in
Banat ,
which presents aspects of this community s life, between
1940-1944,
and
their attitude towards the communists.The work of Liviu Rotman, Jews in Romania in the
communist period
(1944-1965)
refers to jews attitude towards communism.Another work
entitled Germans in
Banat ,
by
Erwin
Josef
Ţigla,
presents the life of
germans
in
Banat.
The main coordonates of intern political life are described by many referential works, such
as: Romanian History , by
Mihai Bărbulescu,
Dennis
Deletant,
Keith Hitchins,
Şerban
Papacostea, Pompiliu
Teodor,
which argues about the communist regime
(1944-1947),
the
electoral campain
(1946),
the totalitarian regime and so on. The work of Peter Calvocoressi
Europe from
Bismark
to Gorbaciov surprised the public through its determinant role
played by the Soviet Union in the communisation process of Romania.Florin
Constantinul
wrote A sincere history of the
romanian
people , which gives details about the evolution of
Romania between
1944-1948,
such as: the act of August
23, 1944,
the Convention of
Armistice, the procentage agreement signed by Churchill and Stalin, the royal strike, the
Peace Conference from Paris, the falsified ellections and so on. Another work was The
History of Stalinism in Romania , by Victor
Frunză,
which gives information about the
ascension of the Communist Party and about the
Groza
government, but also about the
liquidation of the traditional parties and foundation of
PUM.
Stephen
Fischer-Galaţi,
wrote
Romania in the XX century , which presents the democracy saved by the occidental
powers in ^S-WS.Nicolae
Jurca,
wrote The History of social-democrats in Romania ,
gives details about political alliances of communists, political program, relations with the
traditional parties and
sindicais,
attitude towards royalty. Gh. I.
Ioniţă
and Gh.
Ţuţui
wrote
about the important role of FP in the activity of
Groza
government, the application of the
agrarian reform of 1945.Gheorghe
Onişoru
wrote Alliances and confruntations between
political parties in Romania
(1944-1947) ,
whichpresents the
organizatoric
structures and
the politic activity of parties in Romania and the presence of parties like: traditional parties
(PNŢ,
PNL), left side parties (PCR, PSD, FP and PNP), desidences
(PNL-Tătărescu,
PNŢ-Alexandrescu, PŢD
and PSDI), minority parties (UPM, Jewish parties) and others
(PPR,
PRMB,
PST,
PND Iorga, UNMR,
PŢR-Iunian, PSD-Flueraş).
Romulus Rusan wrote
about the importance of
1948
in history and in the process of communism at all levels of
society: army, justice, church, diplomacy, culture.The work coordonated by
Şerban
Rădulescu-Zoner,
The History of PNL , described aspects concerning the fight of the
liberals against communists between
1944-1947.
loan Scurtu and Ghe. Buzatu wrote the
Romanian History of the XX century , which presents objectively the communists
supported by Moscow in their process of taking all control over the society, the foundation
of PMR, the Constitution of April
1948,
the nationalisation, the cultural evolution. For the
politic situation in
Banat, Mircea
Rusnac wrote Aspects of politic life in
Banat
between
1944-1948 ,
a short review of the activity of parties in
Banat,
and their transition to
communism: PCR, PSD, PSDI, FP, UPM,
PNŢ-Maniu, PNL-Brătianu, PNL-Tătărescu,
and
119
so on. The resistence movement in rendered in different studies, such as: Bands, bandits
and heroes ; Resistence Group andSecurity , Documents .
Gabriela
Bica-Otescu wrote
the work entitled Witnesses in the communist resistence in
Banat
Mountains , presenting
motivations of the anti-communist resistence. Ion Hurtupan wrote The military resistence
in
Caraş-Severin
(1944-1958),
which describes multiple between
1944-1948
after the
installation of the communist regime until the retreat of the soviet troops from our country.
Dumitru Oberşterescu
wrote about groups, organized in mountains, supported by population
and their fight against the communists. Mircea Rusnac, in his articles made an analogy
concerning the politic processes in central and est-european space and about the communists
too. Also, for the subject of my thesis I used some archivistic
fonds,
such as:
BNR, BPD,
PCR, PJC. To all these, I added the written press, like:
Banatul, Curierul Banatului,
Cuvântul satelor, Drapelul, Dacia, Făclia Banatului, Luptătorul bănăţean, Vestul, Voinţa
Banatului şi Viaţa bănăţeană.
The importance of this
period,
between
1944
and
1948
is
revealed by the dramatic situation on the international plan. The end of the second world
war and its consequences generated the presence of two superpowers, which influenced
political life till now. The reason I chose this theme for research, includes the fact that I
wanted to find more about the economic, social and political situation in this part of
Romania. The information given in this research paper
habe
been collected from several
important works and special articles, such as: the archives of the National Bank, the
Historical Center of Bucharest and the local archives from
Timiş
district and
Caraş-Severin,
but also the local library. The originality of this research paper consists in exquisite
information concerning the economic, politic and social life of the districts up-mentioned, in
fact, it is about a monography of these during
1944-1948.
This research paper also refers to
the multiculturality of these districts, different people and their battles, different customs and
their traditions. The first chapter presents the geographical arrangement of these two districts
during
1944-1948
and its population.Themes like the administrative organisation, the way in
which the soviet model was adopted are presented in details in this chapter. The second
chapter includes different acts that were signed for the wealth of our economy, and its
population. I want to thank for the fullfillment of this research paper to the following
personalities, scientitists and doctors, researchers and great persons such as: Gheorghe
lancu
(coordinator),
Ludovic
Báthory,
Lucian Năstasă,
Rudolf
Graf,
and some institutions like:
The National Archives of History, The National Bank of Romania, The Central University
Library
Eugen Todoran
from
Timişoara,
and also to, mister
Lucian Epure
for the
german
translations of different works.
***
During
1944
and
1948,
to the organisational structure of the
Caras
District, there
were added new compartments, such as the economic office, the CASBI office and others.
In
1949
were founded the provisory committees of popular advice. In
1950
the territories of
Caras
and
Severin
were bounded together in one administrative unit. From the point of view
of administrative structure the
Severin
district was reunited in
1925
with
Caras
district. Its
evolution after this union was influenced by numerous measures adopted in
1930, 1938
and
1941.
According to its population, these districts were formed predominantly by
romanians
and their occupation were variated. The
germans
were colonized in the eighteenth century
and they were considered a factor of stability in
Banat,
so they become the main minority at
the end of the nineteenth century. They were influenced by the movement lead ba Fritz
Fabritius and by the integration in the German Ethnic Group, Dodt and Donauland.The
hungarians were considered the newest element in
Banat.
After the Great Union their
influence decreased. Between
1944-1948
the authorities supervised the hungarians activity
considered a contradiction to the state policy. The hungarians got together into political
120
groups, such as: Madosz.The Serbians arrived between the fifteenth and the eighteenth
century. They proved to be great agriculturians, soldiers and traders. The Serbians started a
process of influencing the whole population of Banat.The jews were admitted by the
chronicles with their presence in
Banat
for the first time at the beginning of the eighteenth
century. They initiated a small industry, commerce and mass-media.The gipsies were
mentioned on the
Banat
territory for the first time in the fifteenth century. They were freed
from slavery in the middle of the nineteenth century, and they had a low educational level,
but after the second world war the discrimination dissappeared officially.The chehes were
colonised in
Banat
between the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries. Their occupations
were working in the forest, mining and so on.The ucrainians were established in
Banat
at the
end of the nineteenth century and they cut forests. They contributed to the construction of
the
Caransebeş-Reşiţa
railway in
1932.
The slovacians arrived in
Banat
between the
eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries, as a result to the hungarian colonisation.
Unfortunately, we have a low level of information concerning other minorities, such as:
croatians, Italians, russians, polish, turkish and others.To sum it up, the relation between
these ethnic elements were pretty good and it underlined the high level of civilisation and
tolerance of the region of
Banat.
The military operations developed in
Banat
have
determined a bad influence for the agricultural works and the level of health of the
population.
121
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Narai, Eusebiu-Marcel 1974- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1048702804 |
| author_facet | Narai, Eusebiu-Marcel 1974- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Narai, Eusebiu-Marcel 1974- |
| author_variant | e m n emn |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041001746 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)878499954 (DE-599)BVBBV041001746 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV041001746 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:37:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025979322 |
| oclc_num | 878499954 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 121 S. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Ed. Partos |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Narai, Eusebiu-Marcel 1974- Verfasser (DE-588)1048702804 aut Viaţa economică şi socială în judeţele Caraş şi Severin (1944 - 1948) 1 Eusebiu-Marcel Narai Timişoara Ed. Partos (2010) 121 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier (DE-604)BV041001741 1 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025979322&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Narai, Eusebiu-Marcel 1974- Viaţa economică şi socială în judeţele Caraş şi Severin (1944 - 1948) |
| title | Viaţa economică şi socială în judeţele Caraş şi Severin (1944 - 1948) |
| title_auth | Viaţa economică şi socială în judeţele Caraş şi Severin (1944 - 1948) |
| title_exact_search | Viaţa economică şi socială în judeţele Caraş şi Severin (1944 - 1948) |
| title_full | Viaţa economică şi socială în judeţele Caraş şi Severin (1944 - 1948) 1 Eusebiu-Marcel Narai |
| title_fullStr | Viaţa economică şi socială în judeţele Caraş şi Severin (1944 - 1948) 1 Eusebiu-Marcel Narai |
| title_full_unstemmed | Viaţa economică şi socială în judeţele Caraş şi Severin (1944 - 1948) 1 Eusebiu-Marcel Narai |
| title_short | Viaţa economică şi socială în judeţele Caraş şi Severin |
| title_sort | viata economica si sociala in judetele caras si severin 1944 1948 |
| title_sub | (1944 - 1948) |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025979322&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV041001741 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT naraieusebiumarcel viataeconomicasisocialainjudetelecarassiseverin194419481 |