Starostwo olsztyńskie od XIV do połowy XVII wieku:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kraków
Wydawnictwo Towarzystwa Naukowego "Societas Vistulana"
2012
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Starosty of Olsztyn from the 14th century to mid-17th century |
| Beschreibung: | 636 s., [6] s. tabl. il. 24 cm + 1 Kt.-Beil. |
| ISBN: | 9788361033561 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Nabiałek, Karol |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Starostwo olsztyńskie od XIV do połowy XVII wieku |c Karol Nabiałek ; Instytut Historii Polskiej Akademii Nauk |
| 264 | 1 | |a Kraków |b Wydawnictwo Towarzystwa Naukowego "Societas Vistulana" |c 2012 | |
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| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Starosty of Olsztyn from the 14th century to mid-17th century | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1300-1650 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804150317883850752 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
Wykaz skrótów
.................................................................................................. 13
Wstęp
.................................................................................................................. 17
Rozdział pierwszy
Najstarsze osadnictwo na obszarze późniejszego starostwa
olsztyńskiego (do przełomu
XIII
i
XIV
wieku)
............................................ 39
I. Najstarsze osadnictwo okolic Mstowa (do końca
XIII
wieku). Opole
mstowskie
.......................................................................................................... 39
II.
Powstanie obiektu obronnego na miejscu późniejszego zamku
Olsztyn. Castrum
Przemilovicz
....................................................................... 47
Rozdział drugi
Rola zamku Olsztyn do
1391
roku. Burgrabstwo i starostwo
olsztyńskie
......................................................................................................... 59
I. Powstanie zamku Olsztyn i organizacja okręgu zamkowego (districtus)
w czasach Władysława Łokietka i Kazimierza Wielkiego
............................ 59
1.1.
Przekształcenia ustrojowe państwa polskiego za Władysława
Łokietka i Kazimierza Wielkiego. Organizacja terytorialna
Małopolski
-
stan badań
........................................................................... 59
1.2.
Problem districtus olsztyńskiego
....................................................... 64
1.3.
Rola burgrabstwa olsztyńskiego w państwie Kazimierza Wielkiego.
Uprawnienia burgrabiów olsztyńskich i ich działalność
...................... 73
II.
Starostwo olsztyńskie we władztwie księcia opolskiego
Władysława
........................................................................................................ 88
II.
1.
Przejście zamku w ręce Władysława Opolczyka.
Charakterystyka rządów księcia na terenie lenna
................................. 88
11.2. Granice districtus olsztyńskiego
....................................................... 94
11.3. Urzędnicy starostwa olsztyńskiego i ich kompetencje
..................105
11.4. Działalność osadnicza Władysława Opolczyka na obszarze
starostwa olsztyńskiego
.............................................................................112
7
II.
5.
Włączenie lenna Opolczyka do Królestwa Polskiego.
Likwidacja districtus sądowego olsztyńskiego i utworzenie
starostwa niegrodowego olsztyńskiego
(tenutý)
.....................................118
Rozdział trzeci
Granice, przynależności i dochody starostwa olsztyńskiego
(tenutý)
oraz rozwój osadnictwa na terytorium podległym zamkowi Olsztyn
w okresie od końca
XIV
do połowy
XVII
wieku
..........................................123
I. Granice starostwa olsztyńskiego i ich zmiany
............................................123
1.1.
Granice obszaru wokół zamku Olsztyn (późniejsze klucze
olsztyński i poczesnowski)
........................................................................126
1.
1.1.
Granica południowa starostwa olsztyńskiego z ziemią
siewierską (księstwem siewierskim) i wsią Choroń
.......................126
1.1.2.
Granica zachodnia starostwa olsztyńskiego ze Śląskiem
(księstwem opolskim)
.........................................................................128
1.1.3.
Granice starostwa z dobrami klasztoru jasnogórskiego
(z Konopiskami i Kawodrzą)
.............................................................135
1.1.4.
Granice wójtostwa częstochowskiego
.....................................143
1.1.5.
Granice starostwa olsztyńskiego ze szlacheckimi wsiami
Błeszno i Wrzosowa
............................................................................147
1.1.6.
Granice miasta Częstochowy
...................................................150
1.1.7.
Północne granice starostwa olsztyńskiego
.............................158
1.1.8.
Wschodnie i południowo-wschodnie granice starostwa
olsztyńskiego
........................................................................................163
1.2.
Granice klucza zarębickiego
...............................................................166
1.3.
Charakterystyka obszaru tworzącego starostwo olsztyńskie
.........176
II.
Przynależności starostwa olsztyńskiego. Rozwój osadnictwa
na obszarze starostwa olsztyńskiego w okresie od końca
XIV (1391)
do połowy
XVII
wieku
......................................................................................178
II.
1.
Przynależności starostwa olsztyńskiego w średniowieczu
(koniec
XIV
wieku
- 1532
rok)
................................................................178
II.2. Rozwój osadnictwa na terenie starostwa olsztyńskiego w okresie
nowożytnym (od
1533
do
1631
roku)
.....................................................211
III. Dochody starostwa olsztyńskiego na przełomie średniowiecza
i epoki nowożytnej
............................................................................................236
III.l. Wpływy (percepta) starostwa olsztyńskiego
w latach
1532-1534....................................................................................236
8
III.
1.1.
Wpływy pieniężne
...................................................................238
III.
1.2.
Wpływy z danin w
naturáliách,
produktach
i przetworach od poddanych starostwa, klasztorów
oraz z młynów i kuźnic
.......................................................................241
III.
1.3.
Wpływy z produkcji rolnej i hodowli w folwarkach
starostwa
...............................................................................................244
III.
1.4.
Łączne wpływy (przychód) starostwa olsztyńskiego
na przełomie średniowiecza i epoki nowożytnej
(wg danych z okresu od kwietnia
1532
do kwietnia
1533
roku)
oszacowane w pieniądzu
....................................................................246
III.
2.
Wydatki
(distributa)
starostwa olsztyńskiego w późnym
średniowieczu
.............................................................................................251
III.2.1. Wydatki pieniężne starostwa olsztyńskiego
........................251
Ш.2.2.
Wydatki (rozchody) starostwa olsztyńskiego
w
naturáliách (za
okres rozliczeniowy od kwietnia
1532
do kwietnia
1533
roku)
.......................................................................255
Rozdział czwarty
Zamek Olsztyn od
XIV
do
XVII
wieku
.........................................................261
I.
Dzieje architektoniczne zamku
(XIII-XVII
wiek)
....................................261
II.
Rekonstrukcja zamku
.................................................................................280
III. Socjotopografia zamku
..............................................................................308
IV.
Powinności i posługi wobec zamku
.........................................................314
V.
Funkcje wojskowe i dzieje polityczne zamku
............................................317
V.l.
Załoga wojskowa zamku
....................................................................317
V.2.
Uzbrojenie zamku
..............................................................................330
V.3.
Dzieje polityczne zamku
...................................................................334
V.3.I.
Miejsce zamku Olsztyn na mapie militarnej państwa
polskiego
...............................................................................................334
V.3.2.
Udział zamku Olsztyn w konfliktach zbrojnych
...................342
Rozdział piąty
Starostowie-tenutariusze olsztyńscy
od przełomu
XIV
i
XV
do połowy
XVII
wieku
............................................351
I. Starostowie olsztyńscy i ich tytuły prawne
.................................................351
9
1.1.
Sytuacja Olsztyna w ostatniej dekadzie
XIV
wieku.
Jurga
(1394).................................................................................................352
1.2.
Piotr Pieniążek z Witkowie i Węchadłowa
(1399 -
a.
1406)..........353
1.3.
Odrowążowie Szczekoccy
...................................................................354
1.3.1.
Jan ze Szczekocin
(1406-1432)................................................354
1.3.2.
Piotr Woda ze Szczekocin
(1432-1454) .................................360
1.3.3.
Paweł Olsztyński ze Szczekocin
([1454ÎJ/1457-1492)
.........369
1.4.
Anna Tęczyńska, Mikołaj Morski oraz synowie
Pawła Olsztyńskiego (1492-1496/[1497(?)])
.........................................372
1.5.
Jan
Trnka
z Raciborzan ([1496?]/1497-1501)
.................................374
1.6.
Katarzyna z
Роки
(1501-1502)..........................................................379
1.7.
Zygmunt Jagiellończyk, późniejszy król Zygmunt I Stary
(1502-[1507?]/1508)
..................................................................................382
1.8.
Mikołaj Szydłowiecki z Szydłowca ([1507?]/1508-1532)
..............389
1.9.
Piotr Opaliński z Bnina
(1532-1551)...............................................394
1.
10.
Ociescy z Ocieszyna
..........................................................................398
1.10.1.
Jan Ocieski (starszy) z Ocieszyna
(1551-1563)...................398
1.10.2.
Jan Ocieski (młodszy) z Ocieszyna
(1563-1583)................402
1.10.3.
Joachim Ocieski z Ocieszyna
(1583-1613)..........................405
1.11.
Mikołaj Wolski z Podhajc
(1613-1630)..........................................409
1.12.
Hermolaus Ligęza z Bobrku
(1631-1632)
i jego spadkobiercy....
411
II.
Uprawnienia i obowiązki starostów olsztyńskich
....................................418
11.
1.
Funkcje sądowo-policyjne
................................................................419
11.2. Funkcje urzędowo-administracyjne i wojskowe
...........................426
11.3. Działalność tenutariuszy olsztyńskich na terenie starostwa
........432
Rozdział szósty
Personel starościński i organizacja starostwa olsztyńskiego
(od końca
XIV
do połowy
XVII
wieku)
........................................................455
I. Burgrabiowie i podstarościowie olsztyńscy oraz ich działalność
............455
1.1.
Burgrabiowie Jana ze Szczekocin
......................................................457
1.2.
Burgrabiowie Piotra Wody ze Szczekocin
........................................464
1.3.
Burgrabiowie Pawła Olsztyńskiego ze Szczekocin
..........................467
1.4.
Burgrabiowie Jana Trnki z Raciborzan
.............................................469
10
1.5.
Burgrabia
(komendant wojskowy)
Jana Ocieskiego
-
Kasper Karliński
......................................................................................469
1.6.
Podstarościowie Mikołaja Szydłowieckiego
.....................................471
1.7.
Podstarościowie Piotra Opalińskiego
...............................................471
1.8.
Podstarościowie Jana Ocieskiego starszego
.....................................473
1.9.
Podstarościowie Jana Ocieskiego młodszego
...................................474
1.
10.
Podstarościowie Joachima Ocieskiego
...........................................474
1.11.
Podstarościowie Mikołaja Wolskiego
.............................................476
1.12.
Podstarościowie następców Hermolausa Ligęzy
...........................477
II.
Uprawnienia i działalność zastępców starosty
.........................................477
III. Załoga (familia) zamku Olsztyn
...............................................................484
III.
1.
Urzędnicy i oficjaliści
.......................................................................485
111.2. Funkcjonariusze wojskowo-policyjni
............................................489
111.3. Czeladź zamkowa
.............................................................................494
IV.
Personel starostwa olsztyńskiego działający w terenie
...........................499
V.
Organizacja posług na rzecz zamku i starostwa
.......................................504
VI.
Powinności stacyjne starostwa olsztyńskiego
.........................................511
VI.
1.
Stacje monarsze na terenie starostwa olsztyńskiego
i ich organizacja
..........................................................................................511
VI.2.
Świadczenia stacyjne poddanych starostwa oraz ludności
z osad klasztornych
....................................................................................521
VI.3.
Wizyty monarchów w starostwie olsztyńskim
.............................525
VII.
Wybrańcy z terenu starostwa olsztyńskiego
.........................................535
VIII.
Przekształcenia w organizacji administracyjnej starostwa
................537
Zakończenie
.......................................................................................................545
Aneks
..................................................................................................................555
Summary
...........................................................................................................565
Wykaz tabel
.......................................................................................................573
Wykaz ilustracji
................................................................................................575
Bibliografia. Wykaz cytowanych źródeł i opracowań
...................................577
Indeks osobowo-geograficzny
........................................................................605
11
SUMMARY
The
Starosty
of
Olsztyn
from the 14th Century to Mid-17TH Century
Owing to the insufficient source material, especially the material concerning
the tenancy
(tenuta)
of
Olsztyn,
it appears to be somewhat difficult to
reconstruct the structure of the office of the
starost
in the Middle Ages. It is
not until the modern era, starting with the first half of the 16th century, that
the task has become feasible. A number of issues referring to the Middle Ages
was reconstructed by virtue of the retrogressive study.
The
opole1
of
Mstów
was the oldest settlement or perhaps the oldest form
of government in that part of Poland confirmed in
1263.
A few settlements
belonging later to the
starosty
of
Olsztyn
could have been its part. Taking
into account the frontier-location of the afore-mentioned
opole,
in the lands
of Krakow and
Sieradz,
it may be assumed that it was formed even before
the partition of the
Piast
monarchy. There are as well strong source premises
enabling us to state that at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries there was no
large complex of properties of the ruler in the environs of
Olsztyn.
The sources
preserved indicate that in that part of Lesser Poland
(Polonia
Minor) a group
of properties of the Krakow bishopric was established. The original fortress
on
Góra Zamkowa
in
Olsztyn,
confirmed as castrum Premilovicz, could have
initially been a bishop s castle playing the role of the centre of one of the parts
of the properties of the Krakow s church.
The erection of the complex of the monarchical property in the borderland of
the lands of Krakow and
Sieradz
needs to be ascribed to the two last crowned
monarchs of the
Piast
dynasty
(
Vladislaus the Elbow-high and
Casimir
the
Great). Prior to
1341
they took possession of the Przemiiowic castle (most
probably it was already Vladislaus the Elbow-high) and transformed it into
the fortification named
Olsztyn,
and subsequently they founded the castle
area (districtus) run by
a burgrave.
The range of the territory that comprised
the districtus of
Olsztyn
before
1370
is somewhat difficult to determine, the
area of competence of the
burgrave
of
Olsztyn
likewise, which is resultant
upon the insufficient source material as well as the absence of the research
1
Pol.
opole
(Latin vicinia), local community, the smallest unit of settlement or perhaps
administration in early mediaeval Poland [footnote by translator].
565
Summary
on the territorial administration of Lesser Poland. Nonetheless, based on
later sources of
1370-1391,
we may propose a hypothesis that the districtus
of
Olsztyn
comprised, apart from royal properties, nearby settlements of the
nobility and the church, while the
burgrave
in charge had a high authority
over administrative, judicial and military power not only with reference to
the subjects from the royal lands, but also the nobility. The view that it was
Vladislaus of
Opole
(after he had received the castle in
Olsztyn
in the form of
fiefdom) who enlarged the district of
Olsztyn
with settlements not belonging
to the ruler has been questioned. Observations made on
Olsztyn
enable us to
put forward a hypothesis that during the reign of the last two crowned Piasts
in Lesser Poland, or most probably in the whole Kingdom, castle districts
(districtus) performed the role of the units of the territorial government, while
the officials at its head (burgraves) wielded wide administrative, judicial and
military power. Castles with the dependent districts would substitute in that
respect the place of the old system based on castellanies and castle districts.
There are strong premises to assign the castles erected by
Casimir
the Great
not only the military and symbolic role, but also the administrative one. Above
all, costly investments the king made were to strengthen the monarchical
power, rather than serve as the symbolic demonstration.
Olsztyn
played a prominent role also in the so-called duchy of
Wieluń,
founded by Vladislaus of
Opole
in the terrain of the Kingdom of Poland
adjoining the duchy of
Opole,
which he obtained as fiefdom in
1370
from
king Louis of
Anjou.
Against the common belief, at the beginning of his
reign over the fiefdom Vladislaus of
Opole
did not effect major structural
transformations. An essential difference lay in subordinating castle districts
to the
starost
general of
Opole.
First structural transformations were brought
about in
1379
at the latest, when the duke bestowed the Bobolice castle upon
Andrew Schony. The Bobolice district was dissolved while its territory was
incorporated into the district of
Olsztyn.
Further transformations occurred
already in the 1380s. There is every likelihood that in
1385
the burgraviate
of
Olsztyn
was transformed into the
starosty,
and a separate general
starosty
was established for the duchy of
Wieluń.
We may as well infer that George of
Zwóz
and
Pawonków,
the first
starost
of
Olsztyn,
was undoubtedly the
starost
general of
Wieluń
at the same time. He was given the considerable judicial
power over the nobility. He took advantage of the officials appointed probably
by Vladislaus of
Opole,
a judge, a sub-judge (subiudex), an administrator
(procurator), whose authority extended over the area of the district of
Olsztyn.
After the resignation of George of
Zwóz
from the post of the
starost
the status
of the
starosty
of
Olsztyn
changed, and it became one of the three equal
starosties, along with newly established starosties of Krzepice and
Wieluń.
Henceforth, the
starost
of
Olsztyn
had the district (districtus) of
Olsztyn
within his jurisdiction. While determining its territorial range after
1379
it
566
Summary
was assumed that it could reach no further than to the
Bąkowiec
castle.
A new north-east border of the district different than the one existing so far
in the literature was proposed (both for the reign of
Casimir
the Great and
Vladislaus of
Opole).
The border went eastward close to future
Przyrów,
and
northwards deep into the future voivodeship of
Sieradz.
The terrain furthest
to the north within the jurisdiction of the castle, confirmed by the sources,
reached as far as the town of
Żytno
in the land of
Sieradz.
In the 14th century
the district of
Olsztyn
included the terrain in the borderland of Krakow and
Sieradz.
Royal settlements of the terrain of the later district of
Radomsko
were
under the jurisdiction of the castle of
Olsztyn,
the evidence of which could
still be traced in the 16th century. It could as well be postulated that the royal
and church properties constituted the part of the castle district. Nevertheless,
it remains unresolved whether the border character of the districtus of
Olsztyn
was connected to the earlier administrative division.
New arguments have been disclosed confirming the hypothesis formulated
by
Jacek
Laberschek that the location of
Częstochowa
was effected by
Casimir
the Great, rather than Vladislaus of
Opole,
as most historians accept. The
intensive colonization undertaken in the 1350s in the so-called settlement of
Częstochowa
required the location of the town. A model of settlement defined
in the literature as
Stadt-Land-Kolonisation
was adopted. Additionally, rare
dedication to St.
Sigismund
for the church founded in the town may as well
evidence
Casimir
the Great who worshipped that saint greatly.
Depriving Vladislaus of
Opole
of the rights over the duchy of
Wieluń
and
the incorporation of the
Olsztyn
castle to the Kingdom of Poland by king
Vladislaus
Jagiełło
in
1391
was related to the transformation of the
starosty
of
Olsztyn
into the non-jurisdiction
starosty
(tenuta),
which henceforth
comprised exclusively royal properties. The above-mentioned transformations
occurred in
1399
at the latest. From the end of the 14th century to the partition
of the Kingdom of Poland the
starosty
of
Olsztyn
functioned as the non-
-jurisdiction
starosty2.
The tenancy of
Olsztyn
of the royal bestowal was in
charge of the non-jurisdiction-starosts, who generally did not administer it
in person but via their deputies, specifically burgraves until the end of the
15th century, and under-starosts (vicecapitanei) from the beginning of the
16th century. From the end of the 14th century to mid-17th century a one-
-man office of the vice-starost functioned, the residential centre of whose was
Olsztyn.
The jurisdiction of the burgraves and under-starosts were in line
with the powers of the starosts and encompassed administrative control of
the properties subject to the castle, military authority over the crew of the
fortress, as well as the jurisdiction over the population inhabiting the
starosty.
2
Non-jurisdiction
starosty
-
a starosty
in which starosts did not possess judicial authority
over the nobility [footnote by translator].
567
Summary
Notwithstanding, starosts, witness other non-jurisdiction starosties, acted as
a court of appeal against the sentence of the
burgrave
or under-starost. By
all means they must have influenced numerous other matters in the
starosty.
The
non-
jurisdiction starosts
(tenutarii)
who resided in the castle were Paul
Olsztyński
of Szczekociny and Joachim Ocieski. However, their activity
concerned primarily the economic maintenance
ofthat
royal land.
Non-jurisdiction starosts
(tenutarii)
profited from the income the monarch
provided for the
starosty,
and its scope was dependent upon the legal title of
the bestowal. For the whole of the 15th and the beginning of the 16th centuries
the
starosty
of
Olsztyn
was held as a lien (antichresis) by the
non
-jurisdiction
starosts. Burdening the properties of
Olsztyn
with the mortgage bonds for the
benefit of the Szczekocki family (starting with the mortgage bond for John of
Szczekociny in
1406)
increased repeatedly in the first half of the IS 1 century
resulted in practically permanent exclusion of that tenancy from the ruler
s
possession. The act of incurring such an enormous debt went beyond the
capabilities of the royal treasury, especially due to the fact that numerous other
royal lands were in a similar position. Cession of the rights to the
starosty
to
a different person, which could be enacted by virtue of the permission to redeem
the
starosty
with the private money, was the only solution. To wit, John Albert
in
1496
or
1497
permitted John
Trnka
of Raciborzany to redeem
Olsztyn
from
the heirs of Paul
Olsztyński
of Szczekociny. A subsequent redemption of the
starosty
of
Olsztyn
was effected in
1502
by prince
Sigismund
Jagiellon
(later
Sigismund
the Old), who received antichresis from his brother king Alexander
Jagiellon
in exchange. When
Sigismund
was crowned king of Poland, the
chance came on the way to take an absolute control over the properties of
Olsztyn
by the royal treasury. Although the monarch attempted to restore
the realm, he proceeded differently towards
Olsztyn
pledging the
starosty
to
his associate
- Nicolaus
Szydłowiecki
-
in
1508
for the period of life. After
the death
ofthat
starost
in
1532,
it is somewhat easy to discern that the king s
actions aimed to strengthen the control over the
starosty
and explicitly specify
the income generated by the tenancy. By way of illustration, the
starosty
was
entrusted
ad fidèles
manus
to Peter
Opaliński,
and subsequently transformed
into the lease
(arenda).
However, in
1548
the successor of
Sigismund
the
Old,
Sigismund
Augustus, changed the form of governance by the
starost
Opaliński
into life usufruct and after his death in
1551
he granted the lease
again, though for the period of life, bestowing it upon the vice-chancellor
(soon the chancellor) John Ocieski. Despite the execution of the properties,
Ocieski managed to assemble a number of royal lands, some of which, among
other things the
starosty
of
Olsztyn,
were inherited in the form of succession
by his sons. John Ocieski, son of the chancellor, leased the
starosty
until
1583,
when he ceded it to his brother Joachim. In
1593,
though, king
Sigismund
III
changed the legal title into life usufruct. After the death of Joachim in
1613
568
Summary
the
starosty
was handed over in the form of life usufruct to the royal marshal
Nicolaus
Wolski,
and in turn after his death pursuant to the agreement the
above-mentioned tenancy was bestowed to treasurer Hermolaus
Ligęza.
He
was granted the
starosty
in the form of pledge (extenuatio) to be held for
the period of thirty years with the clause of life tenancy for him and his wife
and the right of succession of the pledge for his heirs. In consequence, from
1631
the
starosty
of
Olsztyn
was administered by the
Ligęza
family, and in the
second half of the 17th century as a result of the marriage of his granddaughter
it came into possession of the Lubomirski family. The inspection of the legal
titles of the starosts of
Olsztyn
enables us to state that in fact only in the years
1532-1548
and
1551-1593
there was an attempt to subject those properties
to the tighter financial control, and accordingly earn income for the royal
treasury. Nevertheless, even in the above-mentioned periods they constituted
only partial income which could be generated from the
starosty
of
Olsztyn.
As a consequence, the fact of putting the tenancy into lien (antichresis), lease,
and especially life usufruct resulted in the wasteful economic policy of the
non
-jurisdiction starosts, and in effect, gross negligence of the
starosty.
From the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries to the half of the 17th century
the borders of the royal properties belonging to the castle underwent only
minor changes. Therefore, it may be assumed that the borders of the non-
-jurisdiction
starosty
of
Olsztyn
I described here and marked on the map
correspond to the whole period examined, notwithstanding late sixteenth-
and seventeenth-century sources facilitated its reconstruction. A problem of
settlement in the terrain of the
starosty
of
Olsztyn
appears to be different, for
between the beginning of the
15^
century and the first half of the 17th century
a number of settlements in the area of the tenancy of
Olsztyn
increased by
27
or
28.
A dynamic increase of the process of settlement was brought about
especially in the second half of the 16th century and first half of the 17th century
when
19
new settlements were established. Principally, the south-west area of
the
starosty,
covered in forests during the mediaeval times, and situated at
the border of duchy of
Siewierz
and duchy of
Opole,
became inhabited at that
time. Logging of the forests for the ironworks comprising the so-called basin
of
Częstochowa
had an influence on development and colonization processes
ofthat
terrain. The fact of setting up farms or forges which were only later to
be transformed into villages was characteristic of the modern settlements in
the area of the
starosty.
In c. half of the 17th century, owing to the development
of the settlement in the modern era, the
starosty
of
Olsztyn
became the royal
land with the greatest number of villages in the voivodeship of Krakow.
The personnel of the
starosty
of
Olsztyn
was similar to the one employed
in other jurisdiction and non-jurisdiction starosties of the terrain of the
Kingdom of Poland. Apart from non-jurisdiction vice-starosts, burgraves and
569
Summary
under-starosts in charge of the
starosty
there were many more other persons
maintaining the premises. Some of them were associated with the castle, still
some performed their duties in the field. Among the so-called castle family,
i.e. the persons living there permanently, we can distinguish three major
groups:
starost
officials, people performing military duties and household
servants (inter alia artisan-specialists and people in charge of delivering and
preparing food). Out of the people working in the field we need to enumerate
the personnel of the manor farm and the remaining officers, such as foresters.
Two administrators, of
Zarębice
and of
Poczesna,
who were in charge of the
internal territorial units of the
starosty
played the leading role.
A key issue to understand the role the
starosty
of
Olsztyn
and other complexes
of the crown properties in the Kingdom of Poland performed is the form
of administration. The tenancy of
Olsztyn
from the time it was organized
during the reign of Vladislaus
Jagiełło
at the close of the 14th century to
с
half of the 17th century was administered centrally by the vice-starost
-
burgrave
(until the end of the 15th century), and later by the under-starost.
The afore-mentioned official resided in the
Olsztyn
castle, which throughout
the whole period was the centre of the
starosty.
Within that complex of the
realm minor units were distinguished, principally a group of settlements. At
the earliest, probably in the first half of the 15th century, the
Zarębice
unit,
and later, either in the second half of the 16th century or in the first half of
the 17th century the
Poczesna
unit was established. Both of these settlements
had their administrators, nonetheless, they were subject to the burgraves and
under-starosts of
Olsztyn.
Changes were implemented not until the half of
the 17th century as a result of the decline of the importance of the castle.
Despite the fact that the knowledge we possess about the organization of
the
starosty
is primarily grounded in the modern sources, there is no doubt
that such an organism constitutes a characteristic product of the mediaeval
relations. The fact of attributing the defence function to the castle against the
nearby territory could be ascribed to the two last crowned Piasts. Moreover,
the rulers of the
Jagiellon
dynasty were aware of the strategic location of the
fortress, i.e. next to the border with Silesia. Crown lands subject to the fortress
constituted its economic base, while the income earned was to serve, above
all, as the source of financing the cost of maintenance of the castle premises
and personnel of the
starosty
(including the military personnel). Only part of
the income was sent to the royal treasury or collected by the non-jurisdiction
starosts.
It may be evidenced by the modest level of the real income of the
starosty.
Additionally, the royal court earned its income from the
starosty
in a different
form, specifically via the execution and consumption of the station services.
Stations in
Olsztyn
and
Częstochowa
functioning in the terrain of the
570
Summary
starosty
of
Olsztyn
were used by the monarchs until the 17th century. We
need to agree with Anna Sucheni-Grabowska that the income presented in
the registers were substantially underestimated in relation to the factual state,
which in turn was resultant upon the inaccurate calculation of the value of
the grain production in the manor farms. On the other hand, the calculation
of the income of the
starosty,
not including mass agricultural production in
the manor farms, correspond to the realities of the Middle Ages. It may be
surmised that along with the spread of the farm economy the income from
the crown lands rose. It strikes us that in the accounts of the
starosty
drawn
at the outset of the 1530s most inflows were used to meet basic needs of the
starosty,
including the sustenance of the personnel, necessary repairs and
investments. In such distribution of the income from the properties subject
to the castle we can discern an operational plan of the monarchs to build
units of the local administration around the royal castles, which on the one
hand were to guarantee an effective administration of the royal estate and
maintain the castle buildings and facilities in a good condition, but on the
other, ensure the security to the subjects.
It is justified to maintain that the castle and the adjacent properties formed
a self-regulating system
-
the castle administered and defended the territory
and its inhabitants against the potential danger, while its subjects via rents
and tributes paid for the maintenance of the building as well as his personnel.
Aside from that, part of the population of the
starosty,
such as sculteti, most
probably some peasants, and even the local nobility, helped to defend the castle
during the wartime. Accordingly, owing to that military duty of the people
of the
starosty,
we can explicate the reasons for such an insignificant number
of the military personnel in the
starosty
(in the first half of the 16th century it
amounted to
11-12
people). An avid interest which the monarchs evinced for
castles, e.g. ordering the starosts to repair them even when the starosties were
put into pledge, appears to confirm that opinion. It is as well noteworthy that
Sigismund
the Old in
1509
and
1522
exempted numerous under-starosts of
the terrain of Poland from taking part in wars so that they could protect the
castles.
Inconsistence of the rulers themselves in entrusting the
starosty
to the non-
-jurisdiction starosts led to the destruction of such reasoned form of the
administration of the royal estate. Kings used starosties as an instrument for
conducting politics, they entrusted starosties to the dignitaries to secure their
support, consequently they failed to deliver proper care to the properties.
Instead of granting the most profitable legal title,
i.e.
administration based on
loyalty, kings bestowed the tenancy of
Olsztyn
in the form of antichresis or
life usufruct, which, in turn, led to gross negligence.
Until the castle served its military function its leading role in the
starosty
was
preserved. The organization of the
starosty,
established in mediaeval times,
571
Summary
and grounded in the central role of the castle as the home of power, functioned
with minimal changes for the whole 16th and first half of the 17th centuries.
Along with the development in the domain of military technology that purely
mediaeval fortress was gradually losing its military importance, until in the
first half of the 17th century it fell into ruin. The outcome of the decline of the
castle was the administrative transformation of the
starosty.
Simultaneously,
the growing farm economy in the modern era caused that the economic
profile of the starosties commenced to come to the fore. In the
с
half of the
17th century decentralization followed resting upon the transformation of
the tenancy into three separate groups (units) of properties (of
Olsztyn,
Zarçbice
and
Poczesna),
each administered by its own under-
starost.
The sole
link between that new structural complex of properties and the old one was
its name
-
the
starosty
of
Olsztyn,
which was retained until the partition of
the Kingdom of Poland.
572
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Nabiałek, Karol |
| author_facet | Nabiałek, Karol |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Nabiałek, Karol |
| author_variant | k n kn |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040993928 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)844106193 (DE-599)BVBBV040993928 |
| era | Geschichte 1300-1650 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1300-1650 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Olsztyn (DE-588)1008435-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Olsztyn |
| id | DE-604.BV040993928 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:37:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788361033561 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025971669 |
| oclc_num | 844106193 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 636 s., [6] s. tabl. il. 24 cm + 1 Kt.-Beil. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Towarzystwa Naukowego "Societas Vistulana" |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Nabiałek, Karol Verfasser aut Starostwo olsztyńskie od XIV do połowy XVII wieku Karol Nabiałek ; Instytut Historii Polskiej Akademii Nauk Kraków Wydawnictwo Towarzystwa Naukowego "Societas Vistulana" 2012 636 s., [6] s. tabl. il. 24 cm + 1 Kt.-Beil. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Starosty of Olsztyn from the 14th century to mid-17th century Geschichte 1300-1650 gnd rswk-swf Starostei (DE-588)4638464-9 gnd rswk-swf Olsztyn (DE-588)1008435-6 gnd rswk-swf Olsztyn (DE-588)1008435-6 g Starostei (DE-588)4638464-9 s Geschichte 1300-1650 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025971669&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025971669&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Nabiałek, Karol Starostwo olsztyńskie od XIV do połowy XVII wieku Starostei (DE-588)4638464-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4638464-9 (DE-588)1008435-6 |
| title | Starostwo olsztyńskie od XIV do połowy XVII wieku |
| title_auth | Starostwo olsztyńskie od XIV do połowy XVII wieku |
| title_exact_search | Starostwo olsztyńskie od XIV do połowy XVII wieku |
| title_full | Starostwo olsztyńskie od XIV do połowy XVII wieku Karol Nabiałek ; Instytut Historii Polskiej Akademii Nauk |
| title_fullStr | Starostwo olsztyńskie od XIV do połowy XVII wieku Karol Nabiałek ; Instytut Historii Polskiej Akademii Nauk |
| title_full_unstemmed | Starostwo olsztyńskie od XIV do połowy XVII wieku Karol Nabiałek ; Instytut Historii Polskiej Akademii Nauk |
| title_short | Starostwo olsztyńskie od XIV do połowy XVII wieku |
| title_sort | starostwo olsztynskie od xiv do polowy xvii wieku |
| topic | Starostei (DE-588)4638464-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Starostei Olsztyn |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025971669&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025971669&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nabiałekkarol starostwoolsztynskieodxivdopołowyxviiwieku |