Domeniul mănăstiresc în Ţara Moldovei în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIV-lea - secolul al XVI-lea:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Chişinău
Pontos
2012
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Monografii / Asociaţia Naţională a Tinerilor Istorici din Moldova
12 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The country monasteries in Moldova in the second half of 14 - 16 centuries |
| Beschreibung: | 332 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789975513487 |
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| 650 | 4 | |a History and principles of religions | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Moldova. Moldovian S.S.R. Bessarabia | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Domeniul mănăstiresc în Ţara Moldovei în a doua jumătate a secolului al XlV-lea
-
secolul al XVl-lea
259
SUMMARY
The country monasteries in
Moldova
in the second half of
14-16
centuries
The importance of the subject. Even that nowadays, when more than two
decades have been past since the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe,
the issue of ownership in the Middle Age would seem to be an exhausted theme
that is an interest of the narrow circle of researchers in the field. The premise
is based on studies and analysis produced in the Romanian area at this time,
because along with the society democratization, the historiography priorities
were ordered by the principle "forbidden territory".
What is the importance of studying medieval monastery in Moldovan area?
Except this, it was and remains, considering that some aspects of property in
the Middle Age were not fully clarified, one of the controversial and important
topics of the universal and national historiography. Starting from the impor¬
tance of this fundamental privilege and the land value in medieval society, the
main aspects of the property and its multiple implications in the socio-political,
economic, legal, cultural and anthropological area have been approached by
many researchers in the past. These problem of
romanian
feudalism in general
and especially of the property in the Middle Ages, have caused a strong interest
among historians not only in the interwar period, but also during the communist
period.
Under the impact of political
ideolog}7
οι
the era, Marxist historiography
was concerned with solving theoretical problems that you submitted by medi¬
eval property, but without wasting completely all the topics of this complex
theme. The debates over property, regardless the controversies, disagreements
and critics from scientific circles, have given visible results both concerning
origins, typology, structure, property character, defined as feudal and its devel-
°ptnent in the Romanian area. In this context, the monastery field, by its size
and broad implications occupied an important position in the land possession
oí
Moldovan area, remains outside the researchers' attention, except some studies
regarding short periods of time. These studies, that are limited on presentation
°f some issues regarding the monastic and lay area, even that they are impor¬
tant for understanding some socio-economic and legal realities of the historical
phenomenon are not capable to give present us an large overview of this funda¬
mental institutions of the Romanian society. Despite the fact that the published
studies showed in details the importance of medieval monasteries as centres of
260_
Igor Sava
medieval
culture
and outbreaks of its eradiation or role in stopping the Cath¬
olic expansion in Carpathian-Danubian-Pontic area, it hasn't been researched
enough the fundamental material that represent the basis of this cultural spiritual
and prodigious activity. This created situation in the Romanian historical science
represents one of the main arguments that made us to initiate this study.
In Moldova, as well as in medie\^al Europe, the land ownership was one of
the needful conditions of the individual's economic and social welfare, but the
wealth and prestige in society were determined by the extent of the owned land
and the number of people hired to process the land. Source of subsistence and
the main remuneration mean of labour and jobs, the land was the basis on which
the social relations between land owners and farmers and political ones in pre-
industrial society were established. Moreover, in the Middle Ages, "the land
properties and those who work it, represent the basis of the whole society: urban
facilities, the princely patronage, the traders' nerve do not make sense without
these essential data. The land represents the source of power, the wealth origin,
the life". So, land ownership were the essential element of the wealth and power
at that time.
The changes made in
14-16
centuries regarding land possession deserve a
special attention from researchers. The analysis of the factors that have caused
changes in the property's structure and character will give us the key to under¬
stand the way of operation of that society, marked strongly by the land value. In
an agrarian like the Romanian one in the studied period the most people lived
in villages and the main occupation was the agriculture, along with farming and
household crafts.
Being a specific masterpiece of the medieval era, the village, in various forms
that it has been, represented the core of society. The patriarchal character of the
Romanian society was determined by the organization of most people in village
communities, which was a team made up of individual families and groups of
people, set in an area
-
the village
-
divided by the border, where the pastures,
waters, forests were owned together by all the community members, and indi¬
vidually, by the household, hearth home, fields. Due to the common ownership
of the community's goods, there have been created partnerships at family and
neighbourhood level in order to keep them in the common ownership of these
groups and prevent the alienation in various ways. The community solidarity also
was developed in administrative, military organization and courts^ working as an
autonomous body, representing the village in relation to reign, lord or monastery.
Along with wealth and social differentiation, a number of factors have accel¬
erated the disintegration of communes in which the appearance of private prop¬
erty with its specific features of medieval period had an important role. The
Domeniul mănăstiresc
ín
Ţara Moldovei
ín
a doua jumătate a secolului al XlV-lea
-
secolul al XVI-lea
261
crystallization of first refusal right did not stop the collapse of communities,
its clauses acting in the dissolution direction of common holding of the land.
Being inside the communities, the landowners and monasteries have separated
their areas, acquiring gradually the villagers' land, who in most of the cases, were
turned into addicted people. So, the medieval land possession study Moldova is
important for understanding the forms of land ownership at the time, is indis¬
pensable to understand the social structures of the time and interpersonal rela¬
tions generated by them. Also, it provides the way for analysis of internal polit¬
ical processes, for the knowledge valuable, ideological and mental coordinates of
the
14-16
centuries. Therefore, is welcomed any research that comes not only to
reinstate into discussion some subjects of this complex theme regarding medi¬
eval land property, but also to contribute to the clarification of some insufficient
investigated aspects.
Indisputable is the fact that
M
old
ovan
monasteries were one of the greatest
land owners and holders of a wide range of goods. Despite some peculiarities,
in the medieval Romanian society, in comparison with European areas, the land
property represented the prevailing socio-economic reality of that time, being
the element around which is created the medieval society. Any contribution to
the knowledge of this structure is an important step towards understanding,
at the determinant factors level, of the Romanian society in the period of the
prevalence of agrarian economy.
We believe that in this introduction note, it is appropriate to make some
clarification concerning terminology, in order not to create confusion regarding
land structures, forms of land ownership and the owners' classification during
H-16 centuries in Moldova. The main concept of the paperwork is the monas¬
tery property, a form of ownership
/
possession of land defined as the feudal
property. We don't try and it's not advisable to argue about the interpretation of
the feudalism in historiography that will exceed the subject of this paper work.
We just want to clarify one aspect of it
-
the feudal property- to indicate the
origin, structure, its values and correlations between Romanian and Western
areas and the last, but not the least to define what does the monastery property
from Moldova in
14-16
centuries mean.
The interpretations of feudal property definition, especially the ways of
formation and structure, have to be noticed, despite some common agree¬
ments of the researchers. According to the classical acknowledgement of the
term, Western historiography considers the feudal property an economic unit
Wtth a complex social structure, consisting from two different parts: the feudal
reserve (terra indominicata, dominicum
-
in Latin sources) which includes the
land owned directly by the master (dominus
—
the origin of the word domain-
262
Sava
Ed) and operated by serfs' work for the benefit of it and the enslaved peasants'
batches'
(mansa servilla)
granted by the owners with the right of life annuity as a
result of providing the feudal rent and other personal servitudes. The reserve as
an economic structure consisted of the master's yard, formed from set of build¬
ings, the arable land, farmland, orchards, gardens, vine yards, pastures, forests,
and uncultivated land, natural or arranged ponds. The peasant's household was
a farming unit, a set of possessions including the house, the garden, the fields,
the vineyards, the orchards, the meadows and the right to use the forests, the
pastures and the uncultivated master's lands. This institution of economic, social
and legal value, represents the basic piece of feudal society, the economic
sÍ2e
and strength of the field are factors that were determining the seignior's position
in the feudal-vassal hierarchy.
Concerning the ways of feudal landscape's formation as an unit life of Middle
Ages, there are two main ways: a) the feudal land which has its origin in villa
during Roman Empire period, that was consolidated in Carolingian times, along
with the generalization of vassal relations on the basis of benefits and immu¬
nity, when the slaves' and setders' work was replaced with peasants' work, b)
the feudal landscape composed of feudal villages that has a different structure
in comparison with the classical field, being a characteristic of those regions
where there were no cities, such as England, The East Rhine side of Germany
etc. In this case, the village is characterized by three distinct parts: personal place
around the house, the Culture area operated individually by crop rotation, and
after the gathering of crops, the common practice of free grazing of cattle, the
pasture, forests, waters, the untapped lands, which were shared by the members
of rural community. These studies show that in Western Europe there hasn't
developed only one type of feudal landscape, but a certain variety of it, deter¬
mined by its two ways of formation.
In Romanian history the studies with a general character about the feudal
landscape which appeared in the first half of the twentieth century are using
more often the term of lord's
boyar
property and relating to Europe situation,
identifies this economic and social structure as an organization with a classic
Western landscape. The issue will be resumed in Marxist historiography, which
will obtain some controversy regarding the formation, structure and ownership
of feudal landscape in Romanian areas. If a certain group of historians claim
tül
now the similarities regarding the Romanian landscape in comparison with the
western one, bringing examples of the feudal reserve existence, then others try
to invalidate tins hypothesis, they see a number of peculiarities in its functioning
and organization and place the origin of the feudal landscape in village commu¬
nities, lords' donations and immunities.
Domeniul mănăstiresc
ín
Ţara Moldovei în a doua jumătate a secolului al XlV-lea
-
secolul al XVI-lea
263
We made this brief presentation of the studies in order to express our
commitment to certain elements described by the authors listed above, but with
some reservations that we will talk about during the work, that are needed to
be pointed in defining a feudal landscape from Middle Ages, because with the
help of a comparative approach, we can present the essential elements of the
monastery from Prut
-
Nistru
area during the investigated period. In such a
way the existing scheme that present the western feudal landscape can serve
as a model in the reconstruction of monastery landscape in Moldovan area in
14-16
centuries. The differences from the classical Western landscape presented
in some studies of
romanian
authors have to be pointed out, because they lack
insufficient documents and especially support the lords' landscape from Roma¬
nian areas. These statements of the mentioned authors mean what it is called an
onother type of a medieval landscape, but they don't have to be generalized and
extended upon the whole medieval period. And more, we don't have enough
arguments to identify the lord landscape from those two Romanian areas with
the monastery landscape from Carpathian
-
Nistru
area for the simple reason
that now there are no studies of fundamental synthesis concerning the lord land
of
14-16
centuries.
Also there are differences regarding the formation ways of these two land¬
scapes, the legal frame of the ownership, the inheritance right and other issues
that future studies should point them out. The problem of "models" and research
methods will be approached in the content of this introduction.
So, what does it mean a monastery landscape? From the organizational point
of the monastic heritage is the basic material element which allowed the creation
and the activity of monastic settlements from Romanian areas. So, we should
define the monastic landscape as the sum of all goods and property rights,
concentrated within a territorial unit with an economic and social structure and
a complex organization, consisting generally of monastic reserve (or manorial
as was stipulated in historiography) and peasant lands belonging to villages that
were under the direct possession of the monasteries as a result of donations,
exchanges, purchases and colonisations organized by them.
The Centre of the domain was represented by a monk settlement comprising
the church and several buildings of social, economic and cultural significance,
set up by the church canons trough the creation practice. The goods that belong
to clerical domain are very different (arable land, vineyards, orchards, gardens,
forests, hay, water) and those that are in possession (house, fields, vineyards,
orchards, hay) or property (tools, animals) of peasants working for monasteries,
in such a way that we couldn't be able to notice significant differences with a
western domain. From administrative-territorial point of view the most people
264 _
Igor Sava
from monastic landscape were living in villages being considering as territories,
but from social point of view a another part of population was organized in
village communities and collective institutions overlapping the village.
Obviously the land, far from being equal to monastic setdements, represent
the central part of the construction of monastic domain. Also, the monastic
domain reflects as an organizational social form, a rural community centred
round the monachal settlement. Along with the value represented by the land,
which is operated by economic means and other movable material goods, we
don't have to forget about the existence of the institutions that were forming the
support of monastic rights regarding the ownership, reflected trough administra¬
tion, the receiving of donations and the peasants' judgments and the craftsmen
who became enslaved. The commercial activities and existing facilities offered
by the privilege of immunity, point out once more the sum of elements that
form a whole named the monastic domain. It's undoubtedly that the appear¬
ance of monastic settlements and hence the monastic domain in Moldova is
the result of the manifestation of the creation act and has its origin in Byzan¬
tine Empire. Established according to the Byzantine law, the foundations from
Romanian areas have gained a great importance in the society after the creation
of Romanian Orthodox Church in the second half of the fourteenth century.
The strengthening of Romanian monasticism was made under the Byzantine-
Slavic tradition, in particular, by spreading the monastic life rules in the extra-
Carpathian territory, influenced by the Hesychasm Athonite, which will provide
an organizational developed framework to Romanian monasteries.
The phenomenon of church creation represent a difficult manifestation
specific for the medieval world's lifestyle. Since the Christian moral values had
the control over the natives' spiritual life, the act of church foundation become
an essential element of medieval ideology. The landowners a church have shown
a special care for the monastic life. The foundation was initiated by the Romanian
lords, who were imitating the practice of Byzantine emperors, and despite their
superior functions, they became the protectors of churches, providing monas¬
teries widi different goods necessary for everyday activities. Becoming inde¬
pendent settlements according to the foundation right, the monasteries created
their own patrimony, directed on their own account, which enabled them to
exercise not only the main functions
-
that is, religious and social
-
but also to
organise impressive cultural activities. The lords have sustained both, the church
and monastic setdements, because these represented important levers for the
state centralization. The foundation phenomenon was held at different social
categories, being understood not only as an act of piety, but also apreciated as
а
great public distinction. This fact determined the increase of the number of
Domeniul mănăstiresc
ín
Ţara Moldovei în a doua jumătate a secolului al XlV-lea
-
secolul al XVI-lea
265
founders and foundations and urged the development of monastic domains in
the indicated chronological area.
In this context, the importance of studying the formation and development
of monastic domain in Moldova in the second half of
14-16
century, a high
period of development of the monks' land ownership, result from the fact that
it helps to emphasize the universal character of the property in time and the
economic, social, legal, political, ideological and cultural impact on society. The
complete research of the key aspects of material life of monastic settlements
will allow us to highlight the monastic area in the overaU structure of land prop¬
erties, the immunity's character held by monks and also the factors that have
determined the typological changes in the socio-economic and land ownership
relations of that period of time. Simultaneously, such an approach will allow the
presentation of monasteries as centres of economic activity involved in produc¬
tion sphere as a result of farms and handcrafts, but also the exchange of goods,
where they present themselves as active economic agents, being privileged, ulti¬
mately, by the state.
The level of research degree of the problem. The issue of the formation and
development of monastic domain is a relatively researched topic of Romanian
historiography. We note that there has been given a high attention to the prop¬
erty of the Middle Ages, one of the controversial issues of discipline, especially,
the character and its development in the Romanian area. As for the monastic
domain, a structure that by its size and broad implications has occupied an impor¬
tant position in the property issue in extra Carpathian area, remains, mostly,
without researchers' attention, except several studies that concern short periods
of time. These studies which are limited in giving a definition for the monastic or
secular domain, even that are important for the knowledge of economic, social,
legal realities, are not capable to give us an overview of this fundamental institu¬
tion of the Romanian society.
The identified problem was approached indirectly by the Romanian histo-
nography in a broader context, in two ways of research: the first concerns the
studies devoted to the history of Romanian Orthodox Church; the second
-
^present the scientific approaches that focused on the land property's evolution
and character in Romanian areas.
Among the studies which reflect the Romanian church history, including
14-16
centuries, it's noticed those that belong to M.
Ştefanescu,
С.
Bilciurescu,
N.
Silberman, S.
Reli,
Şt.
Bals,
С.
Nicolescu,
M.
Păcurariu
etc.
This paper works
present general information regarding the origins and evolution of monasticism,
church organization and cultural events in the monasteries of the Carpathian-
Dniester region. A special category is the researches about the foundation act, a
266_
Igor Sava
complex historical phenomenon which reflects the foundation's conditions and
control of monastic heritage, the specific legal regime of Romanian monasteries
and other aspects included in the foundation act. The authors'contributions,
Gh.
Cronţ,
V.
AL Georgescu,
M.-M.
Székely,
А.
Zubko,
V.
Puşcaşu,
D.
Barbu
are
relevant
for the knowledge of the functioning of this institution of
byzan¬
tine
origin, but also the the specific impact on Romanian countries. Not less
important is V. Muntean's comparative study about the organization of Roma¬
nian and
byzantine
monasteries, in which the author show that the foundation
act, the canonical status, the internal organization of Romanian monasteries do
not present essential differences from the original
byzantine
model. Romanians,
however, according to the author, knew how to change what they have received
from archetypes Byzantine, creating a specific Romanian synthesis. About
the monastic domain from Romanian countries, the researcher point out that
almost all the acquisition methods and retention of monastic heritage in extra
Carpathian area have similarities to
byzantine
ones.
The studies about the development of land ownership in the Romanian
areas made up
untili
1945,
were focused, with some exceptions, on two main
issues: the origin of common and the foundation, evolution and character of
the great land ownership. These issues were approached by many historians,
generating controversy and different opinions, such as the works of R. Rosetti,
N.
Silberman,
С
Giurescu,
С. С.
Giurescu,
I.
Mihnea., L.
Boga,
P. P. Panaitescu,
etc. The main feature of the period is determined by the appearance of the
first concepts regarding the origin of land property and its structure in medieval
times. In the same way, it'
s
approached the issue of monastic domain, that is
included in the land ownership, which in author's opinion, has appeared and
developed, with some exceptions, due to land donations created by Romanian
masters, followed by
boyars
and clergy. The privileges and immunities granted
by the State to monasteries contributed to their material prosperity.
lne
Komanian
post war historiography represent another period of time,
more productive concerning the issue research about the medieval land property,
that differs from the previous one, by conception, methodology and evaluation
of the importance of feudal domain in the Romanian medieval socio-economic
system. From Marxist positions, through the concept of historical materialism,
there were treated a number of socio-economic development problems of
Romanian countries from Middle Ages, considered to be neglected by "the old
bourgeois historiography." In this context, the formation, evolution and nature
of medieval property was historians major concern of that time.
There are numerous works that have appeared in the postwar period and
reflect, despite some nuances, a unit of opinions concerning medieval property·
Domeniul mănăstiresc în Ţara Moldovei în a doua jumătate a secolului al XlV-lea
-
secolul al XVI-lea
267
in Romanian historians' studies
В.
Campina,
V.
Costăchel,
P. P.
Panaitescu, Şt.
Stefånescu,
D.
Mioc,
H. H.
Stahl
and the soviet ones
N.
Mohov, F. Grecov, I.
Şlaen,
it's pointed out the fact that the development of
boyar
and monastic, was
reached beginning with fifteenth century, based on the monopolization of village
communities' land, preserved from pre-feudal times and the dissolution of the
răzăşeşti
small property. The Moldovan Soviet historiography, due to studies of
D. Dtagnev and P. Sovetov from
60s
and
70s
of the twentieth century, it was
given up to the continuity conception of village communities' land ownership
during pre-feudal period and was accepted the conception about the interaction
of two trends
-
concentration and fragmentation
—
in the development of land
property in Moldova Country in
15-18
centuries.
In studies that approach evolution of the "Feudal'* Era in Romanian Princi¬
palities, although authors V. Costachel, St. Stefanescu, H. H.
Stahl,
M. Neagoe
agree that the process of its
reconstitution
is difficult, they dwell mostly on the
iaic domain (especially on the
boyar
domain) and do not pay a special atten¬
tion to the monastic domain. At the same time, they consider that this land
property originated within the period after the organization of the Romanian
I nncipalities, thus, when the monasteries were established. Monasteries started
from monarchic or
boyar
donations and, according these authors, they devel¬
oped through other ways too: acquisitions, compensations due to border viola¬
tions, colonization of free lands donated by the state or taking over the lands
°f the neighbor peasants when the communities fell apart. In a short time after
the organization of the monastic life, monasteries became one of the biggest
landlords in Romania Principalities. The above-mentioned authors conclude
that the privilege of immunity was important for the domain because it ensured
the ground rent for monasteries that owned villages and this rent was the main
tocóme
of a domain and an important link of the peasantry subjugation process.
The immunity evolution within Romanian Principalities in
15-16
centuries
ls a special study object of other historians too, beside those mentioned above.
"·
Hanga,
N.
Grigoras,
D. C
Giurescu, A, Busuioceanu, C.-N. Apetrei agree
that monasteries from extra-Carpathian area, during certain periods, benefited
°f a special immunity regime. Partial or total exemptions from the state and
privileges that the Monarchy gave to the Church and monastic settlements were
father a favor and not a right and, not in the last of all, the ecclesiastical immuni¬
ses were more complete comparing to those given to the
boyars.
The mentioned studies approach the subject only partially, but some works
that discus certain aspects of the monastic domain development can not be
Overlooked. The monasteries contribution to the rural colonization process
the Romanian Principalities during the
15-17
centuries is emphasized
268_
Igor Sava
in M.
Vlad's studies. The author pointed out the privileged fiscal condition of
monasteries and proved that they were the main beneficiaries of the acts of
colonization through the whole period. He concludes that the rural colonization
method was an efficient means to increase the domains and work force in loca¬
tions that were under the jurisdiction of
boyars
and monasteries.
The contribution of these historians to the study of the monastic domain
within Romanian Principalities is indisputable. They found new perspectives in
approaching this subject. The merit of these studies is the presentation of the
context of the monastic domain establishment. However, in these works, some
internal contradictions of the concept of "feudal property" and villages' evolu¬
tion can be found; the exposition is structured not starting with facts and ending
with generalities, but starting with the scheme and ending with examples that
illustrated it and ignores the contradictory facts. In this context, we mention
studies of F.
Grecul,
N.
Mohov, etc. P. Sovetov's studies on evolution of land
property in Moldova in
15-18
centuries present the share dynamics of different
types of laic and ecclesiastical land property within several stages. Despite the
fact that the author expressed his own view on feudalism typology in Moldova,
the mentioned study presents some deficiencies of methods and information.
The monastic domain evolution in Moldova Principality is presented schemati¬
cally within a general image of property of the period, without the necessary
explanations on establishment and development of this structure. At the same
time, the statistical evaluations of the share of the ecclesiastical property in rela¬
tion to laic land property are relative.
The first studies that directly address the complex problem of the monastic
domain establishment appeared in '50s of the
20
century and belonged to
Alex¬
andru
I. Gonta.
In one of his studies, the author spoke about the domains and
privileges of the Moldovan monasteries during the Stefan eel Mare period and
he succeeded in showing the size and the importance of the domain, in finding
some differences from a monastery to another based on goods, number and
character of the owned
privüeges.
The reHgious and land policy of Stefan eel
Mare aimed, according to the author, to consolidate the Monarchy through
decrease of the economic power of the noble men and consolidation of monas¬
teries, institutions that through their services to the Monarchy, the Bishops' and
Fathers Superior's loyalty were of a real use to the state. It is impossible to over¬
look other studies on Moldovan monasteries, but especially the monumental
work on Moldovan State and rural institutions up until the
17
century. Although
the work was criticized, its relevance to the knowledge of the Romanian Medi¬
eval State with its dynamics, institutions and laws created by the rural commu¬
nity, with social structures, is incontestable.
Domeniul mănăstiresc
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secolul al XVI-lea
269
The subject of
monastic
domain within Romanian Principalities, with some
exceptions, did not have a special attention of historiographical currents of
'90s
of the previous century. Among the present acknowledged studies of the
monastic domains of Moldova Principality is the I. Scripcariuc's study on evolu¬
tion of the monastic property in
Suceava
area in
14-18
centuries and those of the
historian A.-M. Bodale, important for the knowledge of some aspects related to
the evolution of domains of
Putna, Sucevita,
Aroneanu and other monasteries.
The analysis of the above-mentioned historiography shows the lack of a work
made specifically on our research subject We do not try to
minimalÍ2e
the contri¬
bution of the previously listed author to explanation of some aspects of the subject.
We only emphasize that there is need of a larger perspective on this subject within
a synthetic and united study that Romanian historiography misses. Thus, until
present, there is no work that would analyze peculiarities of the monastic domain
evolution during
14-16
centuries not only in Moldova Principality, but also within
the rest of the historical Romanian provinces. The realized studies reveal only
some aspects of the subject or cover some narrow chronological segments, thus,
they should be systematized in order to give them some coherence. We would
üke
to emphasize that the necessary attention was not given to some ways that
are relevant to the development of the monastic field and that come to complete
the complex picture of this process, such as: purchase and sale transactions and
properties exchange, rural colonization, etc. Without a detailed examination of all
ways and means of monastic domain formation, it is impossible to outline a clear
^age of this complex historical phenomenon of the medieval era. Only a deep,
well-documented and systematized approach would be able to establish the origins
and evolution of the monastic field in its essence during the period of our interest.
The aim and objectives of the research could be summarized as:
The main aim of the present thesis of historical sciences doctor is the research
°f the monastic domain in Moldova Principality during the second half of the
14
century
— 16
century. In order to realize the work's aim we established the
following objectives:
-
To study the motivations and manifestations of religious establishments
foundation acts within the Carpathian-Dniester area during the indicated
period;
~ To highlight the ways of establishment and development of the monastic
domain in Moldova Principality within the studied chronological segment;
-
To characterize the monastic juridical regime and analyze the impact of
immunity on monastic economy development;
-
To research the structure of the monastic domain of Moldova Principality
during
14-16
centuries;
Igor
Sava
—
To establish main characteristics of the monastic settlement and highlight
the methods of internal organization of monasteries;
—
To study and analyze essential categories of monastic domains population;
—
To highlight economic practices of the monastic domain exploitation
during the
14-16
centuries.
Study sources. In order to realize the proposed objectives that are related
to
reconstitution
of the monastic domain in Moldova Principality during the
second half of the
14
century
- 16
century, we had written sources that are the
main information source for medieval history. The complexity of the proposed
tasks and diversity of the historic sources determined us to classify them this
way:
a) Epigraphic sources (inscriptions, funeral inscriptions, etc.) that were
preserved on different materials (stone, brick, plaster, steel). They are
information sources important for dating the religious buildings in order
to find the founder's name, the religious building's saint, etc.;
b) Iconographical sources (votive paintings, funeral paintings) can not
be neglected in researches of religious foundations. They are the most
accessible sources that indicate the quality of a religious establishment
s
founder;
c) Documentary sources (internal documentation) are an indispensable work
tool and main information source for our research. Documents issued by
the state chancellery regarding property allow us, not only to follow the
founders of a monastery or another, but, also, to explain monastic domain
issue in Moldova Principality during
14-16
centuries within its different
aspects: internal organization; land properties, movable property and
real estates; social categories of the domain and their obligations to the
monasteries; monastery juridical regime (immunities); domain exploita¬
tion through different ways, etc. This study is based on following publi¬
shed collections of documents:
I. Bogdan,
Documents of Stefan eel Mare;
M. Costachescu, Moldovan documents from Stefan eel Mare; L. T.
Boga,
Bessarabian documents; T.
Balan,
Bukovina
documents;
A. Sava,
Docu¬
ments on Lapusna town and country, Idem, Documents on Orhei town
and country; Documents on the history of Romania; Catalog of Moldovan
documents from the state central historical archive; Moldova during
Feudal Era;
Documenta
Romaniae
Historica,
Catalog of documents of the
Iasi State Archive, Moldova, Documents on the history oflasi Town, etc.
d) Narrative sources (annals, chronicles, historical works). Internal and
external narrative sources of the period and latter tell about a series of
facts related to the monarchy life, monasteries organization, founders
oí
Domeniul mănăstiresc
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ín
a doua jumătate a secolului al XlV-lea
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religious establishments,
economic
practices, everyday life, etc. Relevant
are the Slavonic-Romanian Chronicles of the
14-16
centuries, Slavonic-
Moldovan Annalsy revised Moldova chronicles in Grigore
Ureche
and Miron Costin's redactions and D. Cantemir's work Description of
Moldova. From narrative sources of foreign origin, we mention Foreign
travelers about Romanian Countries.
Thus, the study and analysis of the historical sources that we had access to,
offered us the possibility to make a deeper research and bring to the light a series
of novel, complex facts that contributed to the completion of the historiogra-
phical base of the subject.
Methodological and theoretical-scientific support of the study. The research
of the evolution of the monastic domain of Moldova Principality during
14-16
centuries subject asked for use of modern concepts of history research, based
on renowned theoretical-scientific principles. Within our study, we intended
to show an extensive and unitary vision on monastic latter of Moldova during
14-16
centuries.
Because there is no any special work on the complex subject of the monastic
latter, we applied renowned methods and principles of scientific research
common for the social history research process: comparison, model use, quan¬
titative method. Within historic approaches, individualization and generalization
are complementary and depend on explicit or implicit comparison. Thus, our
study was based on objectivity and historicism principles. In order to explain the
proposed subject, the methods of scientific investigation used within the present
study were: the method of historic analysis, the historical-chronological method,
the historical-comparative method, the method of critical analysis, retrospective,
systematization, induction and deduction. In order to realize the objectives of
&е
thesis we used the complex method of study of historic events based on
problematic and chronological principle.
Chronologic and geographic frame. The chronologic segment of the study
the second half of the
14
century
- 16
century, a distinctive period within the
lan of political, economic-social, religious and cultural evolution of the Roma¬
nian medieval society. Inferior chronological limit corresponds to crystallization
°f the internal administrative structures and affirmation of the Moldova Princi¬
pality on the international arena. The relatively stable political evolution is over¬
lapped by an economic prosperity. Consolidation of the Church organization of
&e Moldova Principality quickened the monarchal life that entered a new stage
°f development named classic, which corresponded to the "Golden Age" of the
Romanian Monarchy. Within these favorable circumstances, the first churches
ar*d monasteries appeared, founded by the country monarchs that followed a
2 7
o
Igor
practice of the "old kings" (Byzantine), already at home within South-Eastern
Europe. At this moment, the bases of the monastic field are established. The
superior chronological limit corresponds to the end of the
16
century and it is
marked by political and socio-economic changes that preceded the slow process
of the Romanian society modernization. The Ottoman suzerainty regime esta¬
blished in the middle of the
16
century that would cause a series of negative
effects within the evolution of the Romanian states, did not affect the dynamic
development of the monastic domain of the period. It would live one of the last
periods of the privileged regime offered by the immunity institution.
Geographic frame includes study of the monastic domain evolution corres¬
ponding to the political and geographical realities of the Moldova Principality
state during the second half of the
14
century
— 16
century. At the same time,
some documentation gaps forced us to make correspondences with Roma¬
nian Principality by virtue of manifestations and similarities of the process that
shows the overall unity of the Romanian space and partially with the Byzantine
area, where we took into consideration the Byzantine origins of some medieval
Romanian institutions.
According to the above-mentioned, we will point out, once more, that the
subject of monastic domain of the Carpathian-Dniester area of the
14-16
centu¬
ries did not benefit of a special study within Romanian historiography. Certain
studies tangentially approach the subject, but cover narrow chronological
segments and, the majority of them, have a unilateral approach on the monastic
domain. This fact motivated us to systematize them in order to enforce a certain
coherence and unity that would serve us as a research background.
The study of the monastic domain of the Middle Age is part of the complex
scientific demarches category. The present study is an attempt, without false
modesty, to show a global vision on origins, ways of development, evolution and
role of the monastic domain within the overall structure of the land property and
of the economic-social system of the Moldova Principality during the second
half of the
14
century
- 16
century. This became possible after systematiza-
tion and critical analysis of the period sources and special literature. Likewise,
personal reflections are new points of view for the subject approach.
At the same time, the realized study outlines new directions for investiga¬
tion and offers ways to solve the theoretic problems. Our scientific demarche is
important as a starting point for study of the other two land structures of the age
-
monarchy domain and
boyar
domain
-
for comparison as well as for determi¬
nation of the position of the Moldova Principality monastic domain within the
overall property structure, without which it is impossible to create a clear picture
of this complex historic phenomenon of the medieval era.
Domeniul mănăstiresc
ín
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273
The above narrated made us have a complex historic approach in studying
the monastic domain within the indicated chronologic segment and geographic
area in order to complete a gap and to introduce within the scientific circulation
a monographic work that Romanian historiography misses. The realized study
can be useful for elaboration of some works of synthesis or some courses that
approach historic and religious issues of the medieval Romanian area. We hope
that this study presents a contribution to the explanation of some still actual
problems that concern property and certain institutions of the Middle Age and
will serve as a support able to stimulate future researches in the field.
I Chapter. The manifestations of the foundation's act in the
Moldova Principality in the
14-16
centuries.
Byzantine tradition and regional features
Within the history of the medieval Romanian monarchy, the act of a reli¬
gious establishment foundation is indissolubly connected to the appearance of
teligious foundations such as churches and monasteries, regulated by Notno-
canons. It is an objective reflection of the medieval era mentality and was deter¬
mined by the specific economical-social and political-ideological conditions of
the society. The juridical and canonical regulations concerning the establishment
and juridical nature of Romanian foundations, of their acquired and adminis¬
trated goods as result of a donation are part of the right to found a religious esta¬
blishment that, along with the organized monarchism, was realized by Byzantine
principles and rules, thus, being one of the richest sectors of Romanian-Byzan¬
tine institutional contact.
Princes of the Moldova Principality, imitating the practice of the Byzantine
Basileuses and followed by
boyars,
clerics, townsmen, established the basis of
Ље
tradition to found a religious establishment. This allowed for the monastic
settlements to exercise their main function: religious and social. The quality of
die founder of a religious establishment could be given to any person that had
all civil and religious rights and had the needed financial means to found and
support a religious establishment. From the canonic point of view, any donation
ls Revocable, and it indicates to the fact that all monastic goods are inalienable
and could not be given away. The
monarchiái
justification of the right to own
&е
goods obtained from religious establishments founders was proved by the
Monarchia!
confirmation that had the function of the authentic and notorious
publicity and, at the same time, was prove come to counteract eventual attempts
to Usurp a property.
The honor to be a founder of a religious establishment was treasured as a
Igor Sava
great public distinction, it included a series of rights and obligations toward the
established foundation: the right to be glorified and saved through inscription of
the founder's name and the names of his family in the scripture and diptych; the
privilege to have a votive picture; the
privüege
to be buried within the church
of the monastic complex; the right to participate to the name of the religious
establishment's leader; the possibility to be sustained by the monastery during
difficult situations for founders, etc. Newly built monasteries had founders that
initially were called great founders or the first founders and among them could
be heirs of great founders and donors of some impressive properties. In order
followed adherent founders, meaning those who made restorations and those
who, on some occasions, financially provided foundations. Mostly, the adhe¬
rent founders were limited in some of the rights given to the great founders;
they could not pretend to a votive picture within the founded church or within
the necropolis. However, their names were written in diptych and they were
mentioned during services alongside the religious establishment's founders, etc.
Multiple founders' obligations, which, in many cases, exceeded the first ones,
stipulated: maintenance in good condition of the religious establishment and
financial support on some occasions; supervision of the correct administration
of the monastic setdement; control over permanent performance of religious
services, mentioning of the authorities, donors, etc.
The main motivation to found a religious establishment, as it is mentioned
in historic sources of the period, has an ethical-religious character, namely to
conjure the divine grace under different forms. It is the simplest form to request
Church's spiritual support in order to obtain salvation. In a society where the
entire ideology was dominated by and subordinate to religion, the divine grace
became
с
ne
of the essential reasons of it through the pious foundation act. An
aspect oi this motivation is the expression of gratitude toward the divinity,
understood as gratitude for victories of the Moldova Principality princes during
different battles with pagans or Christians. The religious motivation of the act
of religious establishment foundation is dominant during the
14-16
centuries,
but sometimes it shows social and politic aspects. Consequendy, another reason
for the act of religious establishment foundation results, the ideological one,
which aims the argumentation and highlight of the singular pubhc prestige of
the country monarch or of the great
boyars.
These motivations of ethical-reli¬
gious and ideological character are completed by others that especially concern
the affirmation of the dynastic genealogy and of the monarchal legitimacy. The
philanthropy accompanied by social assistance elements characteristic for the
time and canonized by the Christian tradition is specific for Moldovan founders
and it reflects, in turn, a well-defined aim within this process.
Domeniul mănăstiresc
ín
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Moldovei în
а
doua jumătate a secolului al XlV-lea
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275
II Chapter. Establishment and evolution of the monastic domain
within Moldova Principality during the second half of the
14
century
-16
century
2.1.
Ways of establishment and development of the monastic domain
The dynamics of monastic domain evolution during the
14-16
centuries could
be presented only in a close relation with social-political and economic processes
of the period. The period indicated within the research is extended in time, thus,
methodologically, we made a staged presentation of the monastic domain evolu¬
tion, which is based not only on political events, but also, on those of social-
economic or religious nature
(1398-1432; 1432-1457; 1457-1504; 1504-1551;
1551-1600).
The sources of the period show the following ways and methods of
monastic domain establishment and development: donations, rural colonization,
purchase and sale transactions, exchanges, borders violations, immunities.
2.1.1.
The donations
In the second half of the fourteenth century, with the organization of the
Church in the Romanian countries (Lands), the monastic life experiences a higher
form of development, being supported by secular and ecclesiastical authorities,
in Moldova, the kings, noblemen and clergy bunt a large number of monasteries,
which were endowed with different goods and privileges. Based on the review
of the sources of the respective period, we can conclude that the system of
donations was the main source of establishment and development of the monas¬
tery patrimony. Donations were including the following goods, listed according
to their importance (share) and value: villages with or without mills, beehives,
waters, vineyards, forests, clearings, slaves, food, money and objects of worship,
etc. They reflect many aspects of the act of donation, as well as of the transferred
assets, held by monastic establishments. Typically, the monasteries founded by
kings and the old monasteries of Moldavia have received most of the donations
(Neamt, Probota,
Bistriţa,
Moldovita,
Putna
Tazlau,
Gaiata
Capriana).
Most of
the kings of the period have pursued the growth of wealth of the Church and
Monasteries, which were active elements in the policy of state centralization.
But there are uncertainties about the evolution process of land and religious
policy of some kings of the sixteenth century, which affected insignificantly the
'egal status of the monasteries and their assets. Thus, we can conclude that in
all the periods of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, monastery domain regis¬
tered a dynamic development, as illustrated by the fact that as a result of
dona¬
ron
the monastery domain increased to about
264
villages in
1600,
compared to
about
55
villages in
1432.
Statistical estimations indicate that the donated villages
276 _
Igor Sava
were representing about
92%
of the total number of villages that were included
in the structure of the monastic domain by different ways. We have also relative
data on handicraft production units, vineyards, beehives, forest reserves, waters
and on the number of slaves.
2.1.2.
The rural colonization
The occurrence of colonization villages in Moldova in the fifteenth and sixte¬
enth centuries is the result of internal and external causes. The involvement of
monasteries in this process is an historical fact attested in documents. Although
it didn't reach the same intensity as in the case of the landowners and royal
domains, the documentary sources systematized in this sub-chapter indicate that
the process was an effective way to expand the domains and to increase the
workforce in the new setdements founded by monasteries. This situation was
mainly determined by the privileged fiscal regime enjoyed by the inhabitants of
the colonization villages, expressed by total or partial tax (in nature) exemptions.
2.1.3.
The purchase and sale operations. The goods' exchange.
In their quality of owners or property rights, the Romanian monasteries were
not only able to maintain their patrimony mainly inherited from donations, but
also to extend it by own means, especially through purchases, sales and exchange
of The Invention of Lying properties. This practice demonstrates that founda¬
tions were not at the total discretion of the founders and that they were not enti¬
rely depended on their alms. The involvement of the Moldovan monasteries in
the purchases and sales of villages, vineyards, ponds, beehives, etc., is illustrated
by historical documents systemized in this section of the paper. In the practice of
the exchange of villages made by monasteries, the economic interests of settle¬
ments were having priority or they were made at the insistence of the founders.
Actually, the aim was to complete or to compact the monastery domain, for a
more efficient administration, in the situation when the villages were compactly
located on a river, or a region. Sale-purchase, exchange of villages did not affect
the economic condition of the monasteries
Bistriţa,
Putna,
Probota,
Gaiata,
Rasca, Moldovita,
Neamt, Voronet, etc. involved
in diese
transactions, but on
the contrary has brought benefits expressed in money, goods, workforce and
contributed to increased concentration of properties in the monastery domains.
2.1.4.
The siege of border
Internal documents from the fifteenth century do not mention disputes
regarding borders between monasteries and other subjects, whereas in the
following century the number of such disputes became impressive, and the nature
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of conflicts
-
diverse· The siege of monasteries' borders represented a violation
of their foundation rights, determining the reign to involve in addressing the
disputes. The usurpation of foundation rights intervened in situations such as:
the disappearance of reigning or
boyar
families, betrayals from the side of the
boyars,
the economic decline of the founders or monasteries.
2.2.
The monastic
legał
regime
The association between the State and the Church for the purposes of
managing domestic and foreign policy issues in the Romanian Countries led
to the creation of a certain degree of interdependence, and operated, with rare
exceptions, according to the 'Roman-Byzantine symphony'. Both benefited
from differentiated legal systems and rules, unlike the original character of
their co-existential customs. The church was autonomous in resolving spiritual
matters, and the State's rights over the Church were concerning only external
issues. In addressing canonical issues and matters of ecclesiastical organization,
there were involved the superior state authorities, which included the repre¬
sentatives
oí
the higher clergy. The prince had the decisive word especially with
f egards
to the appointment of bishops, abbots, as well as to the judgement of the
higher clergy. In turn, the metropolitan and the bishops were in full command
of their dioceses' spiritual affairs.
The analysis of existing documentary material reveals two types of legal
arrangements organically related to mastering the villages in the Country of
Moldova in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, namely: acts of donation and
curing, which do not specify exemptions for the respective beneficiary, and
acts of immunity\ in which the diplomatic formula includes both the elements
mentioned previously, as well as effective exemptions and the interdictions
addressed to the governors. At certain times, Moldavian monasteries enjoyed
a privileged legal regime, foreseeing larger exemptions (administrative, fiscal,
legal) than the immunities offered to landlords, and these have thus contributed
to their material prosperity. However, granting immunity privileges varied from
monastery to monastery, from reign to reign, and, not least, was based on the
economic and political stability of the state.
The main conclusion that emerges following a review of the sources is that
monasteries in the Country of Moldova in the second half of
14-16
century were
mainly founded through donations of villages, slaves and other goods, orderly
followed as percentage by sales and purchases, exchanges of villages and colo¬
nisations, amounting among its components at the end of the period around
270-290
villages and dozens of other goods. These facts prove that monasteries
among the greatest owners of land in the Country of Moldova.
Ig°r Sava
Chapter III. The monastic heritage and the economic practices
3.1.
The structure of the monastic domain
The monastic heritage, defined as the totality of assets and their ownership
rights, is, from a material viewpoint, the cornerstone that allowed these insti¬
tutions to fulfil their basic religious and social functions. Regarding the prac¬
tical aspect of organization, the heritage was organically linked to the monastic
domain, which had a complex socio-economic structure. It consisted
oí
lands of
dependent peasants and senior-monastic reserves
—
lands capitalized directly by
monks, with the contribution of dependent peasants and by entirely overtaking
the ownership of their products. The second part of the domain was a unit of
land, consisting of a set of goods, possessed through hereditary ownership and
usage rights of the forest or the pasture from the seigniorial reserve. The posses¬
sion of these goods was a condition of the domain's existence and provided the
dependent peasant with the possibility to farm, deliver for the existence of their
family and respect the obligations towards the master.
3.2.
The monastic settlement. The internal organization of monasteries
The monastic settlement is the centre of a monastic domain in Eastern
Orthodox)'. During centuries
14-16,
in the Country of Moldova, the communi¬
tarian type was more prevalent as a way of organizing monasticism, due to the
influence of the Holy Mountain. Structurally, the monastic complex included a
number of buildings: the main ones were the monastery's church; the cells and
the annexes which provided social support (guest houses, asylums for the poor,
hospitals etc.); workshops and installations for home crafts; libraries and rooms
for book transcription and studying, schools; facilities for the preparation and
storage of food, and dining; stables, stalls etc. The size and number of these
structures varied from case to case, depending on the number of the members in
the monastic community, its age, its importance for the country or the founder,
and not least, the economic power of the monastery.
As for the internal structure of Romanian monasteries, the sources of the
times mention the operation of certain "offices" with clearly defined functions.
A comparison with the Byzantine monasteries is welcome in this context, in
order to emphasize the reception of the Byzantine traditions in the Carpathian-
Dniester space, and for the sake of information, since the Romanian sources
are poorer in details. Within the internal structure of the monasteries from
the Country of Moldova, the most important function was represented by the
abbot, who conducted the activity of the monastic community and represented
the monastery in dealing with the ecclesiastical authority, the reign or other
Domeniul mănăstiresc în Ţara Moldovei în a doua jumătate a secolului al XlV-lea
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monasteries. Other offices under his supervision were administering the mate¬
rial wealth of the monasteries and served for charity and social work purposes.
These were most notably represented by: the synod of the monastery, treasurer,
steward, refectory, ecclesiarch, doctor, gatekeeper etc.
2.3.
Monastery villages. Domain categories of population
The vast majority of Moldovan monasteries active in centuries
14-16,
concen¬
trated on their domains some units or even tens of villages. Like the rest of the rural
localities, the monasteries' villages were set according to precise conditions of relief
and development: on the slopes of some hills, in valleys, on plains, near forests,
and usually near sources of water. This arrangement was dictated by defense and
economic reasons, in order to meet the material needs through resources given on
the domain. The territory of the village included the complex of houses, and the
border of the village, consisting of arable field, pasture, water, forest.
In Conclusion, we present the basic tenets of research, summarized as follows:
1.
The act of founding monasteries in the Country of Moldova, a historical
phenomenon of Byzantine origin, finalizes throughout the fourteenth and
the sixteenth century with the appearance of religious foundations such
as churches, monasteries and charitable establishments, regulated by legal
canons. Established by the norms of Byzantine law, the foundations from
the Romanian territory gained a great importance in society, due to the
fact that as they became legal entities, they created their heritage, which
allowed them to fully exercise their main functions: religious and social.
The Byzantine foundation model wasn't applied in a passive form, but was
rather adapted to the socio-economic, political and ideological realities of
the Romanian medieval society.
2.
The motivations underlying the act of foundation, primarily of an ethical-
religious nature,, nuanced by die obsessive idea of salvation that used to
trouble the society of the era, were interwoven with political and ideo¬
logical ones, which reflects an objective pursued by the coalition of all
social categories in the struggle to assert the country's independence and
to protect the Orthodox spirit. The philanthropy, accompanied by the
elements of social assistance typical of the time, and canonized by the
Christian tradition, was not foreign to the Moldovan founders and reflects,
in turn, a well determined aim within this process.
3.
The dvnamic of the evolution of the monastic domain in Moldova during
the centuries
14-16
was determined by both socio-political and economic
processes of the period. The process reflects a series of religious, ideolog¬
ical, cultural and mental features from this geographic region. Depending
Igor
Sava
on the internal and external political context, a number of reigns, usually
the politically stable and economically prosperous have influenced posi¬
tively the growth of monastic estates and have actively supported monasti-
cism. However, there are uncertainties within the dynamic of the process
related to land and religious policies of certain rulers from the sixteenth
century, who were involved in ecclesiastical matters. Although damage has
been caused to the monastic heritage, these temporary 'secularizations'
didn't destabilize the ascendant development of the monastic domain on
an overall country level. These deviations should be accepted rather as
exceptions dictated by circumstances. They have occurred temporarily in
times of political instability and economic downturn of the country, due
particularly to the establishment of the Ottoman suzerainty regime in the
Country of Moldova. Generally, the property of monasteries has been
benefitting
from state protection during the entire investigated period.
4.
The monastic heritage originating from donations maintained itself and
developed, as a result of operating assets on the domain, purchases, sales,
exchange of commodities and villages, rural colonization and immune
privileges. Their share in the range of methods to establish the monastic
domain area was small in comparison with the donations. Donations
ш
villages represented about
92%
of the total entered by other means within
the structure of the monastic domain At the same time, the process that
reflects the goods entered in the compound of the monastic property as a
result of purchases, sales, exchanges, and rural colonization, represented
an effective means to increase wealth and thus the number of employed
forces in the purchased or newly established rural localities, although it
didn't gain the same intensity as those taking place on manorial and lordly
domains. Thus, at the end of the sixteenth century, the monastic domain
in the Country of Moldova included around
270-290
villages and other
material goods of wide range, compared with about
55
villages certified
by the end of the reign of
Alexandru cel Bun.
The significant share of
the monastic domain in the overall ownership structure in the country is
explained by the presence of a privileged taxation regime enjoyed by the
monasteries, which had a positive impact on the operation of the ecclesi¬
astical field.
5.
Legal status of Romanian monasteries had a relatively well-defined
framework. Many points of connection were established between the
canons and laws, mostly civil judgments were confirmed by the religious
ones. Institution immunity which included the monasteries, had offered
favourable conditions for development of the monastic settlements and
Domeniul mănăstiresc
ín
Ţara Moldovei în a doua jumătate a secolului al XlV-lea
-
secolul al XVI-lea
281
had the valuable
economic
benefits that were valued by monks. Privileged
legal regime applied to monasteries was a manifestation of the cordial rela¬
tions between State and Church, but the phenomenon of immunity can
not be extended, however, no to the entire studied period, or to all the
monasteries in Country of Moldova. We can notify differences between
the components of areas monastery and of legal regime, especially between
extensions of privileges of the immunity whose amplitude varies from one
period to another, from monastery to another. This situation is due, in
general, to the attitudes of the reign.
6.
The core material, which allowed foundering and activity of these places
of worship is heritage monastery. It represents all property and rights
to possession of such property. Heritage of the monastery is organically
connected, which have a complex economic and social structure, consis¬
ting of reserve manorial land-monastery and dependent peasants.
7.
The categories of the population in the Country of Moldova during the
14-16
centuries were differentiated by the legal status and obligations to the
monasteries. As the result, in the documents there are indicated it general
terms, referring to the free population and the most dependent peasants.
We note that the enslavement of Romanian peasants did not reach signifi¬
cant proportions in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and the legal status
of a dependent peasant is superior related to the Western ones. As for
slaves, this category is treated as peripheral goods fully belonging to the
masters (monasteries), which generated their humble conditions.
8.
Field monastery in the Country of Moldova during the
14-16
centuries
had formed an economic unit where coexisted different branches of
production that offered basic goods from crop combined with animal
husbandry, crafts areas and the exchange. In the agrarian economy, the
monks, and peasants had worked together with slaves, who constituted
the main workforce.
9.
The field of monastery in the Country of Moldova in the second half of the
fourteenth century
-
the
16
century grew up in various ways, being stimu¬
lated by the favourable factors in social, political, economic, religious and
cultural context. The dynamics of its evolution is upward, keeping in the
entire period a significant part in the overall structure of the country land.
Domeniul mănăstiresc
ín
Ţara Moldovei în a doua jumătate a secolului al XlV-lea
-
secolul al XVI-lea
5
CUPRINS
Mulţumiri
.7
Cuvânt înainte
.9
INTRODUCERE
.14
I.
Prezenţe şi manifestări ale actului de ctitorire în Ţara Moldovei în secolele
XIV-XVI. Tradiţie bizantină şi specific regional
.52
II.
Constituirea şi evoluţia domeniului mănăstiresc în Ţara Moldovei în a doua
jumătate a secolului al XlV-lea
—
secolul al XVI-lea
.76
2.1.
Căile de constituire şi de dezvoltare a domeniului mănăstiresc
.76
2.1.1.
Sis
temui de danii
.78
2.1.2.
Colonizarea rurală
.138
2.1.3.
Operaţiunile de cumpărare şi vânzare. Schimbul de bunuri
.145
2.1.4.
Impresurările de hotar
.153
2.2.
Regimul juridic mănăstiresc. Impactul imunităţii asupra dezvoltării
domeniului
.158
III. Patrimoniul mănăstiresc şi practicile economice conexe
.180
3.1.
Structura domeniului mănăstiresc
.180
3.2.
Aşezământul monahal. Organizarea internă a mănăstirilor
.184
3.3.
Satele mănăstireşti. Categoriile populaţiei domeniale
.193
3.4.
Practicile de exploatare a domeniului mănăstiresc în secolele XV-XVI.226
ÎNCHEIERE
.252
SUMMARY
.260
BIBLIOGRAFIE
.283
ANEXE
.306
INDICE
.320
Igor Sava
CONTENT
Acknowledge
.7
Preface
.9
INTRODUCTION
.14
CHAPTER I. The manifestations of the foundation's act in the
Moldova Principality in the
14-16
centuries. Byzantine tradition
and regional features
.52
CHAPTER II. The establishment and evolution of the monastic domain
within Moldova Principality during the second half of the
14
century
— 16
century
.76
2.1.
The ways of establishment and development of the monastic domain.
.76
2.1.1.
The donations
.78
2.1.2.
The rural colonization
.138
2.1.3.
The purchase and sale operations. The goods' exchange
.145
2.1.4.
The siege of border
.153
2.2.
The monastic legal regime
.158
CHAPTER III. The monastic heritage and the economic practices
.180
3.1.
The structure of the monastic domain
.180
3.2.
The monastic settlement. The internal organization of monasteries
.184
3.3.
The Monastery villages. The domain categories of population
.193
3.4.
The exploitation's practices of monastic domain during the second half
of the
14
century—
16
century
.226
CONCLUSIONS
.252
SUMMARY
.260
BIBLIOGRAPHY
.283
ANNEXES
.306
INDEX
.320 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Sava, Igor 1975- |
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| era | Geschichte gnd |
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| id | DE-604.BV040973941 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-07T16:01:43Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789975513487 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025952082 |
| oclc_num | 859368667 |
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| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 332 S. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
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| publisher | Pontos |
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| series2 | Monografii / Asociaţia Naţională a Tinerilor Istorici din Moldova |
| spelling | Sava, Igor 1975- Verfasser (DE-588)1042175861 aut Domeniul mănăstiresc în Ţara Moldovei în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIV-lea - secolul al XVI-lea Igor Sava Chişinău Pontos 2012 332 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Monografii / Asociaţia Naţională a Tinerilor Istorici din Moldova 12 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The country monasteries in Moldova in the second half of 14 - 16 centuries Geschichte gnd rswk-swf History (General) History and principles of religions Moldova. Moldovian S.S.R. Bessarabia Monasteries. Temples, etc Religions. Mythology. Rationalism Moldauklöster (DE-588)1077656505 gnd rswk-swf Moldauklöster (DE-588)1077656505 s Geschichte z DE-604 Asociaţia Naţională a Tinerilor Istorici din Moldova Monografii 12 (DE-604)BV021255856 12 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025952082&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025952082&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Sava, Igor 1975- Domeniul mănăstiresc în Ţara Moldovei în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIV-lea - secolul al XVI-lea History (General) History and principles of religions Moldova. Moldovian S.S.R. Bessarabia Monasteries. Temples, etc Religions. Mythology. Rationalism Moldauklöster (DE-588)1077656505 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1077656505 |
| title | Domeniul mănăstiresc în Ţara Moldovei în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIV-lea - secolul al XVI-lea |
| title_auth | Domeniul mănăstiresc în Ţara Moldovei în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIV-lea - secolul al XVI-lea |
| title_exact_search | Domeniul mănăstiresc în Ţara Moldovei în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIV-lea - secolul al XVI-lea |
| title_full | Domeniul mănăstiresc în Ţara Moldovei în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIV-lea - secolul al XVI-lea Igor Sava |
| title_fullStr | Domeniul mănăstiresc în Ţara Moldovei în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIV-lea - secolul al XVI-lea Igor Sava |
| title_full_unstemmed | Domeniul mănăstiresc în Ţara Moldovei în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIV-lea - secolul al XVI-lea Igor Sava |
| title_short | Domeniul mănăstiresc în Ţara Moldovei în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIV-lea - secolul al XVI-lea |
| title_sort | domeniul manastiresc in tara moldovei in a doua jumatate a secolului al xiv lea secolul al xvi lea |
| topic | History (General) History and principles of religions Moldova. Moldovian S.S.R. Bessarabia Monasteries. Temples, etc Religions. Mythology. Rationalism Moldauklöster (DE-588)1077656505 gnd |
| topic_facet | History (General) History and principles of religions Moldova. Moldovian S.S.R. Bessarabia Monasteries. Temples, etc Religions. Mythology. Rationalism Moldauklöster |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025952082&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025952082&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV021255856 |
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