Międzyrzecki rejon umocniony: 1934 - 1945 = Die Festungsfront Oder-Warthe-Bogen = The fortified front of the odra-warta rivers
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish German English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
ME-GI
1993
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Text poln. u. teilw. dt. u. engl. |
| Beschreibung: | 91 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 8390086808 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Międzyrzecki rejon umocniony |b 1934 - 1945 = Die Festungsfront Oder-Warthe-Bogen = The fortified front of the odra-warta rivers |c Janusz Miniewicz ; Bogusław Perzyk |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a Die Festungsfront Oder-Warthe-Bogen |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a The fortified front of the odra-warta rivers |
| 264 | 1 | |a Warszawa |b ME-GI |c 1993 | |
| 300 | |a 91 S. |b zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 700 | 1 | |a Perzyk, Bogusław |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804150268984557568 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis treści / Inhaltsverzeichnis / Contents
W Cieniu Traktatu Wersalskiego ................ 3
Okiem Niemieckiego Stratega.................... 5
Doktryny a Fortyfikacje ....................... 7
Linia Niesłysz-Obra ......................... 9
Front Ufortyfikowany........................ 12
Budowa O.W.B.................................. 21
Nadejście Frontu.............................. 71
Po Wojnie................................... 78
Zwiedzanie................................... 82
Zusammenfassung ............................. 87
Summary................................. 88
.Ý -W*· ■ . *·? «
91
Spis treści / Inhaltsverzeichnis / Contents
W Cieniu Traktatu Wersalskiego................. 3
Okiem Niemieckiego Stratega................... 5
Doktryny a Fortyfikacje...................... 7
Linia Niesłysz-Obra.......................... 9
Front Ufortyfikowany ....................... 12
Budowa O.W.B................................ 21
Nadejście Frontu.............................. 71
Po Wojnie..................................... 78
Zwiedzanie............................... 82
Zusammenfassung.............................. 87
Summary..................................... 88
a.d.Warthe (Skwierzyna) mit 27 Anlagen auf 27 km Frontbreite,
rder sich auf Seen und den Fluß Obra stützt, wurden 3 Werkgrup-
pen gebaut.
Im Abschnitt ”Süd” mit 27 Anlagen auf 34 km Frontbreite
von Liebenau (Lubrza) bis zur Oder im Süden wurde nur eine
Werkgruppe fertig. Die Verteidigung dieses Abschnittes stützte sich
auf ein lückenloses Wasserhindernis mit 14 Stauanlagen.
Während des Krieges wurde die Festungsfront teilweise zu-
gunsten des Atlantikwalles desarmiert. ln den unterirdischen Anla-
gen wurden Flugzeugmotoren hergestellt. Neue Vorbereitungen zur
Herstellung der Abwehrbereitschaft wurden 1944 getroffen. Die Be-
festigungen wurden damals teilweise durch den Bau von Feldstel-
lungen und mehr als 200 Ringstände vom Typ Tobruk moderni-
siert. Man glaubte, dank der Festungsfront die gegnerische Offensi-
ve zum Stehen bringen zu können. Diese Pläne Hitlers dur-
chkreuzte die 44. Panzerbrigade unter Oberst J. Gusakowski. Sie
erzielte in der Nacht zum 29. Januar 1945 bei Kalau und Hochwal-
de einen Durchbruch durch die nur symbolisch besetzte Festun-
gsfront O.W.B. Ehe die Hauptkräfte der Roten Armee herankamen,
konnte in einem dramatischen Wettlauf mit der Zeit ein Teil der
deutschen Truppen noch die Stellung besetzen. Es entbrannte ein
Kampf, der noch zwei Tage dauerte. Die deutsche Besatzung der
Festungsfront O.W.B. kämpfte gegen die Spitzen von vier sowjetis-
chen Armeen. Zwar erreichten die siegreichen Truppen die Oder,
aber im rückwärtigen Gebiet konnten die Deutschen zwei für sie
wichtige Brückenköpfe in Frankfurt und in der Festung Küstrin
behaupten. Damit wurde ein Überschreiten der Oder auf breiter
Front verhindert und eine Verschiebung des Sturmes auf Berlin bis
zum April 1945 erreicht. Nach dem Krieg wurden die Befestigun-
gen des O.W.B. teilweise gesprengt und dann zerstört. Trotz alledem
blieb der Torso der Festungsfront erhalten. Es scheint, daß jetzt,
nachdem die Befestigungen des O.W.B. allgemein bekannt wurden,
bessere Tage für sie kommen werden. Schon jetzt versucht man,
. unterirdische Gänge für eine Besichtigung vorzubereiten. Diey
ses Buch ist das Ergebnis von zwanzig Jahren Archiv- und
Geländeforschung, die parallel in Polen und Westdeutschland dur-
chgeführt wurde. Die Verfasser geben es in die Hände des Lesers,
um ihm eine Besichtigung dieser kolossalen und beeindruckenden
Anlagen zu erleichtern. Die Verfasser hoffen, daß ihre leisen Stim-
men, die durch den immer lauteren werdenden Chor der wachsen-
den Zachl der Festungsliebhaber unterstützt werden, etwas zur Er-
haltung dieses bedeutenden technischen Dankmals beitragen.
BESICHTIGUNG
Man darf den hochinteressanten Mittelabschnitt - seine Anla-
gen sind durch Hohlgänge verbunden - nur mit einem qualifizier-
ten Fremdenführer besichtigen. Die Besichtigung beginnt mit dem
PzW 717 (Zufahrt aus Kalau [Katawa]) und geht weiter durch die
unterirdische Kaserne und Verbindungsgänge bis zu den zwei
übriggebliebenen Anlagen der Werkgruppe ”Scharnhorst”. Schon
weiter entfernt von Kalau (Kalawa) liegen die bekanntesten unterir-
dischen Anlagen der ganzen Festungsfront, die ”Burschener Schle-
ife” (”P$tli Boryszyhskiej”), die die Basis für die unvollendete Pan-
zerbatterie 5 war, und die ”Nipter Schliefe”, die die Basis für die
starke Gruppe der geplanten A-Panzerwerke bildete. In den unterir-
dischen Gängen herrscht ein stabiles Mikroklima von +11 C, des-
wegen sollte man warme Kleidung mitnehmen. Auch eine zweite
Taschenlampe als Reserve wird empfohlen. Besondere Gefahren-
stellen sind die Entwässerungsschächte in den Gängen und die
Treppenschächte, in denen das Geländer fehlt. Nord- und Südab-
schnitt kann man auch ohne Fremdenführer besichtigen. Auf der
nördlichen Flanke lohnt es sich, trotz der großen Zerstörungen die
Werkgruppen ”Ludendorff”, ”Roon”, ”Moltke” und auch ”Schill”
(bereits im Mittelabschnitt) zu besichtigen. Auf der südlichen
Flanke sind das ”Wasserschloß” in Mühlbock (Otobok) und das
^System der durch Panzerwerke geschützten Stauanlagen am Bir-
kholzer Wasser (Olobok) sehenswert.
SUMMARY
The German Miçdzyrzecz Fortified Front ( die Festungsfront
Oder- Warthe-Bogen or O.WJB ), located in the picturesque Ziemia
Lubuska region on the important Warsaw-Berlin strategic direction
is regarded as the second system of fortifications in Europe procee-
ded only by the famous Maginot Line.
After losing World War I Germany, with its Army and arsenal
seriously limited by the Versailles Treaty, began to analyse its strate-
gic situation. Drawing conclusions from the numerous wars and
armed conflicts which passed over Ziemia Lubuska (which was al-
so called the Lubuska Gateway, leading straight to Berlin) the Ger-
mans decided to secure and defend the crossings over the Odra Ri-
ver in Kostrzy h and Frankfurt A direct defence of the crossings
was impossible since the hills overlooking the Odra River offered a
panoramic view of the area and any potential enemy could have
easily desroyed the crossings with artillery fire. Already in 1920
Germany (despite a ban) began modernizing 5 forts (built bet-
ween 1872-80) which sealed off the river rail and road crossings in
Kostrzy ri. The work was abandoned upon discovery by the inter-
Allied Military Control Commission. In 1925 the Germans decided
to construct a system of fortifications along the line of hills and
streams running from Kostrzyri through Osno and Rzepin to the
Odra River near Cybinka. As in the previous instance this work
was also abandoned after discovery. To save time the Germans car-
ried out a terrain study of the Lubuska Gateway In 1928, after a
study of the whole border with Poland was concluded, it became
apparent that any potential enemy despite gaining control over
Pommerama and Silesia would be incapable of advancing fur-
ther west without winning control over the Lubuska Gateway. Hen-
ce, the initial concept of a limited defensive river bridgehead was
transformed into the concept of a groat bridgehead in the form of a
”rectangle” which would form an independent middle fieldwork
(rampart) of Germany’s eastern fortifications.
The area under study was also known as the ”Frankfurt Re-
cess”, surrounded on three sides by a continuous water obstacle. In
the north the waters of the Warta and Notec rivers form a wide
marshy valley. The Odra River forms extensive flood zones with
partially dry marshlands. Form the outside the bend of the Odra
and Warta rivers are sealed off by water flows and 50% of the area
is covered by forests. In the east the Obra and Obrzyca rivers toget-
her with a number of trough lakes create two lines of natural ob-
stacles additionally strengthened by sandy hills rising to 180 metres
above sea level.
During the winter of 1931/32, when relations with Poland de-
teriorated, the Germans began design work on the fortifications for
the Ziemia Lubuska region and the neighbouring Odra Position.
Work was started on a line of obstacles in the sector running from
the Obra River to Lake Nieslysz and farther on to the Odra River.
Among the first objects to be built were 14 machine-gun positions
with field anti-tank cannon bunkers constructed at the turn of
1934/35. These brick and reinforced concrete emplacements were
commonly called ”Hindenburgstands”. In 1935, when the decision
about the creation of a unified system of eastern fortifications
88
was made, the Germans began building large B-Werkes with
1.5 m thick walls and ceilings thus turning the line of obstacles
into a defensive position. Towards the end of 1935, after many alte-
rations and critical observations about the French Maginot Line the
German concept of a Fortified Front was shaped. Its main author
was the inspector of Engineers and Fortifications Major General
Otto Forster. The concept of the Fortified Front was simple - the
idea was basically to expand the field fortifications to such an ex-
tent so as to stop an enemy attack for an unlimited period of time.
To make this extremely difficult and ambitious task possible the
units defending the front were to be equipped with the newest wea-
pons and equipment. Ultimately, it was decided that the defensive
objects, i.e. the Werkes, would be armed with specially designed
weapons: 5 cm quick-firing automatic mortars (the first such wea-
pon in history), 10.5 cm mine-throwers, heavy stationary flamet-
hrowers for all-round defence, armoured batteries equipped with 15
cm howitzers or 10.5 cm rapid firing cannon, as well as, armoured
casemates and revolving turrets for 10.5 cm cannon and 3.7 cm and
5 cm anti-tank guns.
The Germans, contrary to the French, decided not to house
their weapons in reinforced concrete emplacements with limited
armoured protection and retractable turrets instead choosing mas-
sive armoured casemates, revolving turrets or stationary armoured
cupolas (the weapons and armoured plating were manufactured by
Rheinmetall in Düsseldorf). The basic difference between the Ger-
man project and the Maginot Line was the principle of the opti-
mum dispersal of the individual defensive objects forming a conti-
nuous front without a division into centres of resistance and mid-
field objects (traditories). The achieved tactical density of the ob-
jects and armaments enabled their crews, hidden underground, to
fight practically without support from regular field units.
The strategic Berlin direction was thus blocked thanks to the
implementation of the above concept, realized through the fortifi-
cations of the O.W.B. The plan was accepted by Hitler after a field
visit to Wysoka in October 1935. The most important section of
the O.W.B. was the middle -”Wysoka”- sector which, as the only
one lacking larger water obstacles, required special protection. At
the beginning of 1935 an extensive plan for the expansion of the
”Wysoka” (”Hochwalde”) Sector was prepared; along a 16 km long
front the Germans intended to build 111 so- called Panzerwerkes of
various sizes and structural resistance (types: B=1.5 m, Al=2.5 m,
A=3.5 m thick reinforced concrete) connected by tunnels and
chambers hidden 15-40 metres below ground level. In order not to
disclose their presence prematurely, the panzerwerkes of A1 resis-
tance located along the second line of defences were to open fire
only after the enemy had broken through the frontal positions.
Work on the O.W.B- gathered momentum in 1936-37. Initially
the end of work was scheduled for 1944, later the deadline was mo-
ved to 1951. In April 1938 Hitler issued an order stating that the
main fortification effort be diverted to the West Wall directed
against France. Work on the O.W.B. as per the original plans was
never re-started. However, a directive was issued ordering that the
exisiting objects achieve full defensive readiness. As a result, the
majority of the objects built were at the most of class B resistance.
Among the heaviest objects of class A1 resistance were the hydro-
technical objects and, exceptionally, the dam sealing off Lake Nies-
lysz (of type A resistance). Work was started on battle objects of
class A resistance: the lower level of a bunker for an armoured bat-
tery (A3) in the vicinity of Boryszyn and the foundations of Pan-
zerwerke A8 near Nietoperek.
In 1939 the OW.B., with a defensive front approximately 80
km long including the inaccessible passive sectors, was fully prepa-
red for battle: it had 83 panzerwerkes and 14 machine-gun empla-
cements with anti-tank cannon garages.
On the 16 km long ”Wysoka” Sector (43 objects) nine groups
of forts (of which 7 were connected by underground tunnels) were
built in the vicinity of Boryszyn-Kalawa-Kqszyca-Kursko. Out of
the planned 35 kms of underground tunnels 25 kms were actually
finished. This is the largest complex of fortification under-
grounds built in one area during the World War II.
Three groups of forts were built on the 27 km long ”Nor-
thern” Sector (27 objects) based on the lakes and Obra River (run-
ning from Kursko to Skwierzyna).
On the 34 km long ”Southern” Sector (27 objects) running
from Lubrza to the Odra River the Germans managed to finish
only one group of forts. The defence of this sector was strengthe-
ned by 14 dams which maintained a continuous water obstacle.
After the outbreak of hostilities the fortifications of the O.W.B.
were partially disarmed and the equipment was diverted to the At-
lantic Wall. Aircraft engines were manufactured in the under-
grounds. Preparations for defence were re-started in 1944. The for-
tifications were partially modernized by the addition of field posi-
tions and over 200 reinforced concrete firing positions of the ”To-
bruk” type. The Germans were convinced that thanks to the
O.W.B. fortifications they could stop a frontal attack on Berlin.
Their plans were foiled by Colonel JGussakovsky’s 44th Guards
Armoured Brigade (1st Guards Tank Army) which on the night of
January 29th, 1945 broke throught the weakly manned defences of
the O.W.B. near Kalawa and Wysoka. However, before the main
units of the Soviet Army reached the O.W.B. some German units,
in a desperate race against time, managed to man the empty posi-
tions. A two day battle was fought by the leading units of four So-
viet armies. The Soviets reached the Odra River but the Germans,
nevertheless, managed to hold two bridgeheads of fundamental im-
portance behind the Russians lines - in Frankfurt and Fortress
Kostrzyh. This stopped the Russians from crossing the Odra River
on a wide front and delayed the assault on Berlin until April 1945.
After the Second World War the fortifications of the O.W.B.
were partially blown up and later vandalized. Despite this, the basic
structure has remained intact. One can only hope that after the for-
tifications of the O.W.B. have been popularized they will see better
days. At the present moment some work is being carried out to
open the undergrounds to tourists.
By handing this book over to the Reader (it is a result of 20
years of field studies and research in Polish and West German ar-
chives) apart from making the touring of the O.W.B. easier the Aut-
hors hope that their weak voice supported by the stronger voice of
the ever growing number of fortifications fans will help preserve
this superb monument of technical though for future generations.
SIGHTSEEING
At the present moment, the most interesting middle sector -
its objects are connected by underground tunnels - can be toured
only with qualified guides. The guided tour begins at Pz.W.717 (rea-
ched by road from Kalawa) and passes through underground bar-
racks and communication tunnels to the two remaining objects of
the ”Schamhorst” Group. Among the network of undergrounds the
best known, but most distant from Kalawa, are the undergrounds
of the so-called ”Boryszyn Loop” which formed the rear of the
unfinished Armoured Battery No.5 and the ”Nietoperska Loop” -
the rear of a strong group of planned A-Panzerwerkes.
The undergrounds are characterized by a stable temperature
of +11 C. hence it is advisable to wear warm clothes and a spare
flashlight is also a must. While underground one must be very ca-
reful of drainage sumps and wells and the lack of barriers in the
stairwells.
Among the fortifications of the northern flank (which like the
southern flank fortifications can be toured individually) it is worth
seeing (despite the considerable damage) the objects of the ”Luden-
dorff”, ”Roon” and ”Moltke” Groups, as well as the ”Schill” Group
belonging to the central sector. On the southern flank notable is the
”water castle” in Olobok and the system of dams together with
panzerwerkes on the Olobok River.
8S
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Miniewicz, Janusz Perzyk, Bogusław |
| author_facet | Miniewicz, Janusz Perzyk, Bogusław |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Miniewicz, Janusz |
| author_variant | j m jm b p bp |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040959229 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)722209192 (DE-599)BVBBV040959229 |
| era | Geschichte 1934-1945 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1934-1945 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Warthe-Gebiet (DE-588)4107584-5 gnd Oder-Gebiet (DE-588)4101979-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Warthe-Gebiet Oder-Gebiet |
| id | DE-604.BV040959229 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:36:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 8390086808 |
| language | Polish German English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025937622 |
| oclc_num | 722209192 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-209 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-209 DE-12 |
| physical | 91 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1993 |
| publishDateSearch | 1993 |
| publishDateSort | 1993 |
| publisher | ME-GI |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Miniewicz, Janusz Verfasser aut Międzyrzecki rejon umocniony 1934 - 1945 = Die Festungsfront Oder-Warthe-Bogen = The fortified front of the odra-warta rivers Janusz Miniewicz ; Bogusław Perzyk Die Festungsfront Oder-Warthe-Bogen The fortified front of the odra-warta rivers Warszawa ME-GI 1993 91 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Text poln. u. teilw. dt. u. engl. Geschichte 1934-1945 gnd rswk-swf Befestigung (DE-588)4069225-5 gnd rswk-swf Warthe-Gebiet (DE-588)4107584-5 gnd rswk-swf Oder-Gebiet (DE-588)4101979-9 gnd rswk-swf Oder-Gebiet (DE-588)4101979-9 g Warthe-Gebiet (DE-588)4107584-5 g Befestigung (DE-588)4069225-5 s Geschichte 1934-1945 z DE-604 Perzyk, Bogusław Verfasser aut Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025937622&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025937622&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025937622&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Miniewicz, Janusz Perzyk, Bogusław Międzyrzecki rejon umocniony 1934 - 1945 = Die Festungsfront Oder-Warthe-Bogen = The fortified front of the odra-warta rivers Befestigung (DE-588)4069225-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4069225-5 (DE-588)4107584-5 (DE-588)4101979-9 |
| title | Międzyrzecki rejon umocniony 1934 - 1945 = Die Festungsfront Oder-Warthe-Bogen = The fortified front of the odra-warta rivers |
| title_alt | Die Festungsfront Oder-Warthe-Bogen The fortified front of the odra-warta rivers |
| title_auth | Międzyrzecki rejon umocniony 1934 - 1945 = Die Festungsfront Oder-Warthe-Bogen = The fortified front of the odra-warta rivers |
| title_exact_search | Międzyrzecki rejon umocniony 1934 - 1945 = Die Festungsfront Oder-Warthe-Bogen = The fortified front of the odra-warta rivers |
| title_full | Międzyrzecki rejon umocniony 1934 - 1945 = Die Festungsfront Oder-Warthe-Bogen = The fortified front of the odra-warta rivers Janusz Miniewicz ; Bogusław Perzyk |
| title_fullStr | Międzyrzecki rejon umocniony 1934 - 1945 = Die Festungsfront Oder-Warthe-Bogen = The fortified front of the odra-warta rivers Janusz Miniewicz ; Bogusław Perzyk |
| title_full_unstemmed | Międzyrzecki rejon umocniony 1934 - 1945 = Die Festungsfront Oder-Warthe-Bogen = The fortified front of the odra-warta rivers Janusz Miniewicz ; Bogusław Perzyk |
| title_short | Międzyrzecki rejon umocniony |
| title_sort | miedzyrzecki rejon umocniony 1934 1945 die festungsfront oder warthe bogen the fortified front of the odra warta rivers |
| title_sub | 1934 - 1945 = Die Festungsfront Oder-Warthe-Bogen = The fortified front of the odra-warta rivers |
| topic | Befestigung (DE-588)4069225-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Befestigung Warthe-Gebiet Oder-Gebiet |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025937622&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025937622&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025937622&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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