Aquatic entomology:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford
Oxford Univ. Press
2013
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | X, 285 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780199573226 9780199573219 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Aquatic entomology |c Jill Lancaster and Barbara J. Downes |
| 250 | |a 1. ed. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804150251146182656 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Aquatic Entomology
Jil l Lancaster and Barbara J Downes
The University of Melbourne, Australia
M
OXTORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Aquatic Entomology First Edition Jill Lancaster amp; Barbara J Downes
©Jill Lancaster amp; Barbara J Downes 2013 Published 2013 by Oxford University Press
Contents
Part 1 Introduction to Aquatic Insects
1 Insect body structure and the aquatic insect orders 3
1 1 Introduction 3
1 2 Insect life cycle 4
1 3 Insect body plan 4
131 Head 4
132 Thorax 6
133 Abdomen 7
1 4 Aquatic insect orders 9
141 Ephemeroptera—mayflies 9
142 Odonata—dragonflies and damselflies 10
143 Plecoptera—stoneflies 11
144 Trichoptera—caddisflies 12
145 Megaloptera—alderflies, dobsonflies, and fishflies 13
146 Hemiptera—true bugs 14
147 Lepidoptera—aquatic moths 15
148 Diptera—true flies 15
149 Neuroptera—lacewings and spongillaflies 16
1 4 10 Coleoptera—beetles 17
1 4 11 Rarely aquatic insects 18
2 Evolution, biogeography, and aquatic insect distributions 20
2 1 Introduction 20
2 2 The fossil record and establishing phylogenies 21
2 3 Evolution of the insects 22
2 4 History and evolution of aquatic habits 24
241 The first aquatic insects 24
242 Early freshwater feeding habits 26
2 5 Historical biogeography of aquatic insects 27
2 6 Environments inhabited by aquatic insects 28
261 Flowing surface water: rivers and streams 29
262 Standing surface water: lakes and ponds 30
263 Wetlands, springs, pools, puddles, and phytotelmata 31
264 Groundwater 32
265 Marine environments, including estuaries 33
266 Artificial human-made environments 34
Part 2 Environmental Constraints on Distribution
3 Gas exchange 37
3 1 Introduction 37
3 2 Diffusion and the physical properties of gases 38
3 3 The tracheal system 39
331 Tracheae and tracheoles 39
332 Spiracles 40
333 Movement of gases within the tracheal system 40
3 4 Open tracheal systems 41
341 Complete dependence on atmospheric air 42
342 Compressible gas gills 43
343 Plastrons and spiracular gills 45
3 5 Closed tracheal systems 47
351 Currents and ventilatory movements 48
3 6 Respiration when oxygen is scarce 50
3 7 Blood-based gas exchange 53
4 Physico-chemical gradients and extremes 54
4 1} Introduction 54
it
4 2 Temperature 55
421 Thermoregulation 56
422 Extreme heat 58
423 Extreme cold 59
4 3 Water balance 61
431 Water loss and gain 61
432 Excretion and osmoregulation 62
4 4 Desiccation resistance and cryptobiosis 64
5 The biomechanics of living in and on water 65
5 1 Introduction 65
5 2 Some physico-chemical properties of water 65
5 3 Living in still (or close to still) water 66
5 4 Standing on the surface of water 67
5 5 The physics of flowing water 70
551 Reynolds numbers, drag, and streamlining 70
552 Boundary layers and velocity gradients 71
5 6 Adaptations to living in water 73
561 Dealing with drag at high Re 73
562 Flowing and still water: Dealing with drag at low Rc 78
563 Using flow to feed 79
CONTENTSvii
Part 3 Sensory Systems, Movement, and Dispersal
6 Sensory systems—photoreception 83
6 1 Introduction 83
6 2 Properties of light in water 84
6 3 Structure of compound eyes 85
6 4 Functioning of the compound eye 88
641 Image formation 88
642 Resolution 89
643 Light sensitivity and adaptation 90
644 Colour vision 91
645 Polarization sensitivity 92
646 Divided and specialized compound eyes 92
6 5 Ocelli 94
6 6 Stemmata 94
6 7 Bioluminescence 97
7 Sensory systems—mechano- and chemoreception 99
7 1 Introduction 99
7 2 Mechanoreception 100
721 Cuticular mechanoreceptors 101
722 Chordotonal organs 103
7 3 Communication via mechanical signals 108
731 Hydrodynamic cues 108
732 Substrate vibrations and percussion 109
733 Stridulation 110
734 Sound via vibration and tymbal mechanisms 111
735 Air expulsion 112
7 4 Chemoreception 112
741 Olfactory and contact chemoreceptors 113
742 Fluid mechanics of olfaction 115
743 Thermo-hygroreceptors 116
7 5 Function of chemoreception and chemical communication 117
751 Perception of the environment 117
752 Communication via chemical cues 117
8 Locomotion in and on water 119
8 1 Introduction 119
8 2 Basic leg structure and movement 119
8 3 Movement in the water column—self-propelled 122
831 Swimming using jointed appendages 122
832 Swimming using undulations of the body 126
833 Jet propulsion 128
834 Vertical movement using changes in buoyancy 128
835 Movement at low Re 128
viii CONTENTS
8 4 Movement in the water column—exploiting water currents 129
8 5 Movement over the substrate surface 130
851 Walking and crawling 130
852 Using silk 131
853 Burrowing 132
8 6 Movement on the water s surface 132
861 Surface walking, rowing, running, and jumping 133
862 Skimming, sailing, and skating 134
863 Meniscus climbing 135
864 Marangoni propulsion 135
8 7 Hitching a ride: phoretic relationships 135
9 Dispersal in the terrestrial environment 137
9 1 Introduction 137
9 2 Wing structure and movement 137
9 3 The principles of flight—lift and thrust 140
9 4 Dispersal by flying 143
941 Wing morphology and flight capability 143
942 Flight directions and distances 145
943 Cues, attractions, and barriers 148
9 5 Migration 150
9 6 Flight polymorphisms 150
961 Wing polymorphism 151
962 Flight muscle polymorphism 151
963 Flightlessness 152
,£9 7 Dispersal by vectors 152
Part 4 Population Dynamics and Population Persistence
10 Reproduction and mating behaviour 157
10 1 Introduction 157
10 2 Female reproductive organs and egg formation 157
10 2 1 Internal organs 158
10 2 2 The mature egg 159
10 2 3 Vitellogenesis and choriogenesis 159
10 2 4 Form and function of the chorion 160
10 3 Male reproductive organs 161
10 4 Sexual maturation and fecundity 162
10 4 1 Temperature 162
10 4 2 Feeding versus stored energy reserves 163
10 5 Aggregation and sexual communication 164
10 5 1 Vision 165
10 5 2 Vibrational signalling 165
10 5 3 Sound communication 166
10 5 4 Chemical communication 167
CONTENTS ix
10 6 Copulation and sperm transfer 168
10 6 1 Copulation in Odonata 169
10 7 Post-copulation behaviour and sexual selection 170
10 8 Parthenogenesis 171
11 Oviposition and eggs 173
11 1 Introduction 173
11 2 Pre-oviposition 173
11 2 1 Oviposition sites and strategies for oviposition 173
11 2 2 Locating oviposition sites 175
11 2 3 Mate guarding during oviposition 177
11 3 Oviposition 178
11 3 1 Oviposition mechanisms and controls 179
11 3 2 Endophytic oviposition 179
11 3 3 Unusual oviposition 180
11 4 Post-oviposition eggs 180
11 4 1 Gas exchange in eggs 180
11 4 2 Egg coatings and accessory glands 182
11 4 3 Attachment devices 184
11 4 4 Floating eggs (rafts) 186
11 4 5 Egg enemies and defences 186
11 5 Parental care of eggs 189
12 Development 190
^ 12 1 Introduction 190
,v 12 2 Embryogenesis to egg hatch 191
12 3 Larval development 192
12 3 1 Types of larvae 193
12 3 2 Moulting 194
12 3 3 Number of instars 196
12 4 Metamorphosis of hemimetabolous insects 196
12 4 1 Mayfly subimago and imago 196
12 5 Metamorphosis and emergence of holometabolous insects 197
12 5 1 Type of pupae, pupal cells, and pupation habits 198
12 5 2 Prepupation and events prior to pupation 201
12 5 3 Abiotic stress, gas exchange, and pupal enemies 201
12 5 4 Eclosion: appearance of the adult 202
12 6 Habitat transition 203
12 7 Environmental influences on development 203
12 7 1 Temperature 204
12 7 2 Voltinism 204
12 7 3 Dormancy, diapause, and quiescence 205
12 7 4 Phases and control of diapause 206
12 8 Life histories 206
xCONTENTS
Part 5 Trophic Relationships
13 Feeding devices and foraging strategies 211
13 1 Introduction 211
13 2 Food of aquatic insects 211
13 3 Predators 213
13 3 1 Engulfers 213
13 3 2 Piercers 215
13 3 3 Raptorial or prehensile appendages 216
13 4 Parasites 217
13 5 Shredders, chewers, and xylophages 218
13 6 Algal piercers/bursters 219
13 7 Grazers 219
13 8 Collector-gatherers 222
13 9 Filter feeders 223
13 9 1 Filtering with body parts 223
13 9 2 Filtering with tubes, burrows, and nets 224
13 9 3 Feeding using filters 224
14 Diet, digestion, and defecation 226
14 1 Introduction 226
14 2 Structure of the alimentary system 226
14 2 1 Preoral cavity 227
$ 14 2 2 Foregut 228
14 2 3 Midgut 228
14 2 4 Hindgut 229
14 3 Gut structure and function of non-feeding insects 230
14 4 Excretion and defecation 232
14 4 1 Excretory organs and nitrogenous wastes 232
14 4 2 Defecation 232
14 5 Nutrition, digestion, and absorption 233
14 5 1 Food quality 233
14 5 2 Enzymes and food absorption 234
14 5 3 Microorganisms and digestion 234
14 5 4 Plant chemical compounds 236
References 238
Index 275
|
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| dewey-tens | 590 - Animals |
| discipline | Biologie |
| edition | 1. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| title | Aquatic entomology |
| title_auth | Aquatic entomology |
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| title_fullStr | Aquatic entomology Jill Lancaster and Barbara J. Downes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Aquatic entomology Jill Lancaster and Barbara J. Downes |
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