Individual differences and personality:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]Elsevier
Elsevier
2013
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXIV, 391 S., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780124160095 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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SMI
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XV
PREFACE XVII
INTRODUCTION XIX
THE STUDY OF PERSONALITY XIX
THE UNIVERSAL, THE UNIQUE, AND THE IN-BETWEEN XX
IDIOGRAPHIC VERSUS NOMOTHETIC APPROACHES XXI
OUTLINE OF THIS BOOK XXIII
1. BASIC CONCEPTS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT 1
1.1. SOME SIMPLE STATISTICAL IDEAS 2
1.1.1 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT 2
1.1.2 STANDARD SCORES 3
1.1.3 CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS 5
1.2. ASSESSING QUALITY OF MEASUREMENT: RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY 9
1.2.1 RELIABILITY 9
1.2.1.1 INTERNAL-CONSISTENCY RELIABILITY 10
1.2.1.2 INTERRATER (INTEROBSERVER) RELIABILITY 13
1.2.1.3 TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY 14
1.2.2 VALIDITY 16
1.2.2.1 CONTENT VALIDITY 16
1.2.2.2 CONSTRUCT VALIDITY: CONVERGENT AND DISCRIMINANT 17
1.2.2.3 CRITERION VALIDITY 18
1.3. METHODS OF MEASUREMENT: SELF- AND OBSERVER REPORTS, DIRECT
OBSERVATIONS, BIODATA 19
1.3.1 SELF-REPORTS 19
1.3.2 OBSERVER REPORTS 20
1.3.3 DIRECT OBSERVATIONS 21
1.3.4 BIODATA (LIFE OUTCOME DATA) 22
1.3.5 COMPARING THE METHODS OF MEASUREMENT 22
1.4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 24
2. PERSONALITY TRAITS AND THE INVENTORIES THAT MEASURE THEM 27
2.1. THE IDEA OF A PERSONALITY TRAIT 27
2.1.1 DIFFERENCES AMONG INDIVIDUALS 28
2.1.2 IN A TYPICAL TENDENCY TO BEHAVE, THINK, OR FEEL 28
2.1.3 IN SOME CONCEPTUALLY RELATED WAYS 28
2.1.4 ACROSS A VARIETY OF RELEVANT SITUATIONS 29
2.1.5 OVER SOME FAIRLY LONG PERIOD OF TIME 29
IMAGE 2
CONTENTS
2.2. PERSONALITY TRAITS AND OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 29
2.3. DO PERSONALITY TRAITS EXIST? 30
2.3.1 RESEARCH STUDIES TESTING THE EXISTENCE OF TRAITS 31
2.4. MEASURING TRAITS BY SELF- OR OBSERVER REPORT: STRUCTURED
PERSONALITY INVENTORIES 35
2.5. STRATEGIES OF PERSONALITY INVENTORY CONSTRUCTION 36
2.5.1 THE EMPIRICAL STRATEGY 37
2.5.2 THE FACTOR-ANALYTIC STRATEGY 39
2.5.3 THE RATIONAL STRATEGY 40
2.5.4 COMPARISONS OF THE THREE STRATEGIES 41
2.6. SELF- AND OBSERVER REPORTS ON PERSONALITY INVENTORY SCALES 47
2.6.1 AGREEMENT BETWEEN SELF- AND OBSERVER REPORTS 47
2.6.2 WHY DO SELF- AND OBSERVER REPORTS TEND TO AGREE? 48
2.6.3 THE VALIDITY OF SELF- AND OBSERVER REPORTS IN PREDICTING BEHAVIOR
49
2.6.4 BIASES IN SELF- AND OBSERVER REPORTS 52
2.7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 54
3. PERSONALITY STRUCTURE: CLASSIFYING TRAITS 57
3.1. WHICH TRAITS TO MEASURE? COMPLETENESS WITHOUT REDUNDANCY 57
3.2. A GENTLE INTRODUCTION TO FACTOR ANALYSIS 59
3.3. FACTOR ANALYSIS OF PERSONALITY TRAITS: HOW TO FIND A REPRESENTATIVE
SET OF TRAITS? 64
3.3.1 THE IDEA OF THE LEXICAL APPROACH 65
3.3.2 THE EARLY USE OF THE LEXICAL APPROACH 66
3.4. LEXICAL STUDIES IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE: THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY
FACTORS 66
3.4.1 THE BIG FIVE 66
3.4.2 PERSONALITY INVENTORIES AND THE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL 68
3.5. LEXICAL STUDIES IN MANY LANGUAGES: THE HEXACO PERSONALITY FACTORS
70
3.5.1 DIFFERENT LANGUAGES, SAME SIX FACTORS 70
3.5.2 THE HEXACO MODEL OF PERSONALITY STRUCTURE 75
3.6. WHAT IT ALL MEANS: A FEW DIMENSIONS, BUT MANY PERSONALITIES 76
3.7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 78
4. DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE AND STABILITY OF PERSONALITY 81
4.1. DEFINING CHANGE AND STABILITY 81
4.2. DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN MEAN LEVELS OF PERSONALITY TRAITS 83
4.2.1 LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH STUDIES 83
4.2.2 PATTERNS OF LIFE SPAN CHANGE: INCREASING MATURITY? 84
4.3. STABILITY OF TRAITS ACROSS THE YEARS (AND THE LIFE SPAN) 86
4.3.1 STABILITY ACROSS A PERIOD OF SEVERAL YEARS DURING ADULTHOOD 86
4.3.2 STABILITY ACROSS LONGER PERIODS OF TIME DURING ADULTHOOD 87
4.3.3 STABILITY DURING ADOLESCENCE AND YOUNG ADULTHOOD 88
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS VII
4.4. PERSONALITY IN CHILDHOOD AND INFANCY: MEASUREMENT AND STRUCTURE 89
4.4.1 PERSONALITY STRUCTURE DURING CHILDHOOD 92
4.4.2 DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE IN PERSONALITY TRAITS DURING CHILDHOOD 93
4.4.3 STABILITY OF TRAITS DURING CHILDHOOD 94
4.4.4 STABILITY OF TRAITS BETWEEN CHILDHOOD AND ADULTHOOD 96
4.5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 99
5. BIOLOGICAL BASES OF PERSONALITY 101
5.1. EARLY IDEAS: THE FOUR HUMORS AND PERSONALITY 102
5.2. NEUROTRANSMITTERS 104
5.2.1 CLONINGER S THEORY 105
5.2.1.1 DOPAMINE AND NOVELTY-SEEKING 105
5.2.1.2 SEROTONIN AND HARM AVOIDANCE 106
5.2.1.3 NOREPINEPHRINE AND REWARD DEPENDENCE 106
5.2.1.4 EMPIRICAL TESTS OF CLONINGER S THEORY 107
5.3. BRAIN STRUCTURES 107
5.3.1 GRAY S THEORY 108
5.3.1.1 THE BEHAVIORAL ACTIVATION SYSTEM 108
5.3.1.2 THE BEHAVIORAL INHIBITION SYSTEM 108
5.3.1.3 THE FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT SYSTEM 109
5.3.2 EYSENCK S THEORY 109
5.3.2.1 EXTRAVERSION 110
5.3.2.2 NEUROTICISM 110
5.3.2.3 PSYCHOTICISM 111
5.3.3 COMPARING GRAY S AND EYSENCK S DIMENSIONS 111
5.3.4 EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE AND THE THEORIES OF GRAY AND EYSENCK 111
5.3.5 ZUCKERMAN S MODEL 113
5.4. HORMONES 115
5.4.1 TESTOSTERONE 115
5.4.2 CORTISOL 117
5.4.3 OXYTOCIN 118
5.5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 120
6. GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON PERSONALITY 123
6.1. THE QUESTION: NATURE VERSUS NURTURE 123
6.2. EXAMINING THE SIMILARITY OF RELATIVES 124
6.3. SEPARATING HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT 126
6.3.1 EXAMINING THE SIMILARITY OF IDENTICAL TWINS RAISED APART 126
6.3.2 EXAMINING THE SIMILARITY OF OTHER RELATIVES RAISED APART 126
6.3.3 COMPARING THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN IDENTICAL TWINS AND BETWEEN
FRATERNAL TWINS 127
6.3.4 ADDITIVE AND NON-ADDITIVE GENETIC INFLUENCES 128
IMAGE 4
VIII CONTENTS
6.3.5 COMMON (SHARED) ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCES 129
6.3.6 UNIQUE (NONSHARED) ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCES 130
6.4. THE ANSWERS 132
6.4.1 RESULTS FROM COMPARISONS OF THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN IDENTICAL
TWINS
AND BETWEEN FRATERNAL TWINS 132
6.4.2 RESULTS FROM STUDIES OF THE SIMILARITY BETWEEN RELATIVES 134
6.5. ASSUMPTIONS UNDERLYING HERITABILITY STUDIES IN GENERAL 135
6.5.1 ARE RELATIVES PERSONALITIES REALLY MEASURED INDEPENDENTLY? 135
6.5.2 IS THERE REALLY NO ASSORTATIVE MATING FOR PERSONALITY? 137
6.6. ASSUMPTIONS UNDERLYING TWIN-BASED HERITABILITY STUDIES IN
PARTICULAR 138
6.6.1 ARE TWINS EARLY ENVIRONMENTS REALLY SEPARATE? 139
6.6.2 ARE TWINS ADOPTIVE HOUSEHOLDS REALLY VERY DIFFERENT? 140
6.6.3 ARE IDENTICAL TWINS REALLY TREATED DIFFERENTLY BY OTHERS? 142
6.7. EFFECTS OF THE UNIQUE ENVIRONMENT ON PERSONALITY? PARENTAL
TREATMENT, PEER GROUPS,
AND BIRTH ORDER 144
6.7.1 PARENTAL TREATMENT AND PEER GROUPS 144
6.7.2 BIRTH ORDER 145
6.8. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 147
6.9. APPENDIX: DIFFICULTIES IN SEPARATING THE EFFECTS OF HEREDITY AND
ENVIRONMENT 148
6.9.1 GENOTYPE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS 148
6.9.2 GENOTYPE-ENVIRONMENT CORRELATIONS: PASSIVE, REACTIVE, AND ACTIVE
149
7. THE EVOLUTIONARY FUNCTION OF PERSONALITY 153
7.1. THE IDEA OF EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION 154
7.2. WHY ARE WE NOT ALL THE SAME? FLUCTUATING OPTIMUM AND FREQUENCY
DEPENDENCE 156
7.2.1 SEVERAL REASONS WHY VARIATION DOES NOT GO AWAY 156
7.2.2 FLUCTUATING OPTIMUM: IDEAL LEVELS OF A CHARACTERISTIC VARY ACROSS
PLACES AND TIMES 157
7.2.3 FREQUENCY DEPENDENCE: THE ADVANTAGES OF DOING WHAT
OTHERS ARE NOT DOING 158
7.2.4 PERSONALITY VARIATION IN NON-HUMAN ANIMALS: EXAMPLES OF
FLUCTUATING
OPTIMUM LEVELS AND FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT SELECTION 159
7.2.5 THE OPERATION OF THE FLUCTUATING OPTIMUM AND FREQUENCY DEPENDENCE:
GENETIC AND DEVELOPMENTAL ROUTES 159
7.3. ADAPTIVE TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN HIGH AND LOW LEVELS OF THE HEXACO
PERSONALITY FACTORS 162
7.3.1 HONESTY-HUMILITY 162
7.3.2 AGREEABLENESS 164
7.3.3 EMOTIONALITY 164
7.3.4 SUMMARY FOR HONESTY-HUMILITY, AGREEABLENESS, AND EMOTIONALITY:
ALTRUISM VERSUS AGGRESSION 165
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS
7.3.5 EXTRAVERSION 165
7.3.6 CONSCIENTIOUSNESS 166
7.3.7 OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE 167
7.3.8 SUMMARY FOR EXTRAVERSION, CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, AND OPENNESS TO
EXPERIENCE:
ENGAGEMENT IN AREAS OF ENDEAVOR 167
7.4. THE OPERATION OF THE FLUCTUATING OPTIMUM AND FREQUENCY DEPENDENCE:
SOME EXAMPLES 168
7.4.1 HONESTY-HUMILITY AND AGREEABLENESS 169
7.4.2 EMOTIONALITY 171
7.4.3 EXTRAVERSION 172
7.4.4 CONSCIENTIOUSNESS 173
7.4.5 OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE 173
7.5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 175
8. PERSONALITY DISORDERS 179
8.1. THE IDEA OF A PERSONALITY DISORDER 179
8.2. THE DSM-5 PERSONALITY DISORDERS 181
181
181
182
182
182
183
183
183
184
184
184
185
8.3. AN ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM FOR PERSONALITY DISORDERS 186
8.3.1 IMPAIRED PERSONALITY FUNCTIONING 186
8.3.1.1 SELF PROBLEMS (IDENTITY AND SELF-DIRECTION) 186
8.3.1.2 INTERPERSONAL PROBLEMS (EMPATHY AND INTIMACY) 187
8.3.2 PATHOLOGICAL PERSONALITY TRAITS 187
8.3.3 DIAGNOSING PERSONALITY DISORDERS IN THE PROPOSED NEW SYSTEM 190
8.4. ORIGINS OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS: DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE AND
STABILITY,
BIOLOGICAL BASES, HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT, AND EVOLUTION 192
8.5. TREATMENT OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS 193
8.5.1 PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY 194
8.5.2 COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY (CBT) 194
8.5.3 DIALECTICAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY (DBT) 194
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
8.2.4
8.2.5
8.2.6
8.2.7
8.2.8
8.2.9
8.2.10
8.2.11
8.2.12
SCHIZOID
SCHIZOTYPAL
PARANOID
ANTISOCIAL
BORDERLINE
HISTRIONIC
NARCISSISTIC
AVOIDANT
DEPENDENT
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE
CLASSIFYING THE DSM-5 PERSONALITY DISORDERS: CLUSTERS A, B, AND C
PROBLEMS WITH THE DSM-5 PERSONALITY DISORDERS
IMAGE 6
CONTENTS
8.5.4 PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS 195
8.5.5 TREATMENT OF ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER 195
8.6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 196
9. PERSONALITY AND LIFE OUTCOMES 199
9.1. DOES PERSONALITY PREDICT FEATURES OF ONE S LIFE STORY? 199
9.2. RELATIONSHIPS AND MARRIAGE 200
9.2.1 ARE SPOUSES SIMILAR IN PERSONALITY? 200
9.2.2 MARITAL SATISFACTION 201
9.2.3 ATTACHMENT STYLES 203
9.2.4 PARENTING STYLES 204
9.3. FRIENDSHIPS AND OTHER PEER RELATIONSHIPS 205
9.3.1 ARE FRIENDS SIMILAR IN PERSONALITY? 205
9.3.2 PERSONALITY AND PEER RELATIONSHIPS 208
9.4. HEALTH-RELATED OUTCOMES 209
9.4.1 SUBSTANCE USE 209
9.4.2 LONGEVITY 211
9.4.3 HEART DISEASE (AND TYPE A PERSONALITY) 214
9.5. ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE 215
9.6. JOB PERFORMANCE 216
9.6.1 HOW TO ASSESS JOB PERFORMANCE? 216
9.6.2 THE ROLE OF CONSCIENTIOUSNESS 217
9.6.3 SPECIFIC TRAITS: THE CASE OF PROACTIVITY 218
9.6.4 INTEGRITY TESTS 219
9.6.5 THE PROBLEM OF FAKING 220
9.7. LAW-ABIDINGNESS VERSUS CRIMINALITY 222
9.7.1 THE ROLE OF SELF-CONTROL 222
9.7.2 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PSYCHOPATHY 223
9.8. LIFE SATISFACTION 225
9.9. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 228
10. MENTAL ABILITY 231
10.1. THE DOMAIN OF MENTAL ABILITY 232
10.2. THE STRUCTURE OF MENTAL ABILITY: ONE DIMENSION OR MANY? 235
10.2.1 SPEARMAN AND THE G FACTOR 236
10.2.2 THURSTONE AND SEVERAL PRIMARY FACTORS 240
10.2.3 G PLUS GROUP FACTORS 241
10.3. DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE AND STABILITY IN MENTAL ABILITIES 243
10.3.1 DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN MEAN LEVELS OF MENTAL ABILITY 243
10.3.2 STABILITY OF MENTAL ABILITY ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN 244
10.4. BIOLOGICAL BASES OF MENTAL ABILITY 245
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS
10.4.1 BRAIN SIZE 245
10.4.2 NERVE CONDUCTION VELOCITY 246
10.4.3 REACTION TIME 247
10.4.4 INSPECTION TIME 249
10.4.5 BRAIN WAVES: AVERAGED EVOKED POTENTIALS 250
10.4.6 BRAIN GLUCOSE METABOLISM 251
10.5. GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON MENTAL ABILITY 252
10.5.1 GENETIC INFLUENCES 252
10.5.2 WOMB ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCES 254
10.5.3 NUTRITION 255
10.5.4 BIRTH ORDER 258
10.6. EVOLUTIONARY FUNCTION OF MENTAL ABILITY 259
10.7. MENTAL ABILITY AND LIFE OUTCOMES 261
10.7.1 ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AND PERFORMANCE 261
10.7.2 JOB PERFORMANCE, OCCUPATIONAL STATUS, AND INCOME 264
10.7.3 LONGEVITY AND HEALTH 266
10.7.4 LAW-ABIDINGNESS VERSUS CRIMINALITY 268
10.7.5 MARRIAGE: ASSORTATIVE MATING 270
10.8. NOT ALL G-LOADED TASKS ARE THE SAME 270
10.8.1 NOVEL VERSUS FAMILIAR TASKS: FLUID AND CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE
271
10.8.2 GENERATIONAL CHANGES IN MENTAL ABILITIES: THE FLYNN EFFECT 272
10.8.3 THE FLYNN EFFECT: ARE PEOPLE REALLY GETTING SMARTER? 273
10.8.4 REASONING WITH NUMBERS AND SHAPES VERSUS UNDERSTANDING VERBAL
CONCEPTS: DIFFERENT RELATIONS WITH PERSONALITY 274
10.9. ALTERNATIVE IDEAS ABOUT MENTAL ABILITIES 275
10.9.1 GARDNER S THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES 276
10.9.2 STERNBERG S TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE 277
10.9.3 EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE 280
10.10. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 282
11. VOCATIONAL INTERESTS 285
11.1. HOW VOCATIONAL INTERESTS ARE MEASURED 286
11.2. SCORE REPORTS FROM VOCATIONAL INTEREST SURVEYS 287
11.3. CONSTRUCTING VOCATIONAL INTEREST SCALES: EMPIRICAL AND RATIONAL
STRATEGIES 292
11.4. MAJOR DIMENSIONS OF VOCATIONAL INTERESTS 293
11.5. VOCATIONAL INTERESTS AND PERSONALITY 295
11.6. VOCATIONAL INTERESTS AND MENTAL ABILITIES 296
11.7. VALIDITY OF VOCATIONAL INTEREST SURVEYS 297
11.7.1 RELATIONS WITH JOB SATISFACTION AND (LACK OF) TURNOVER 297
11.7.2 RELATIONS WITH JOB PERFORMANCE 297
IMAGE 8
XII CONTENTS
11.8. ORIGINS OF VOCATIONAL INTERESTS: DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE AND
STABILITY,
GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES, BIOLOGICAL BASES, AND EVOLUTION
298
11.8.1 STABILITY OF VOCATIONAL INTERESTS 299
11.8.2 GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON VOCATIONAL INTERESTS 299
11.8.3 EVOLUTIONARY FUNCTION OF VOCATIONAL INTERESTS 300
11.9. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 301
12. RELIGION AND POLITICS 303
12.1. RELIGION 303
12.1.1 IS RELIGIOSITY A PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTIC? 304
12.1.2 RELIGIOSITY AND THE MAJOR DIMENSIONS OF PERSONALITY 305
12.1.3 DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE AND STABILITY IN RELIGIOSITY 309
12.1.4 RELIGIOSITY AND PARANORMAL BELIEFS 310
12.1.5 RELIGIOSITY AND LIFE OUTCOMES 311
12.2. POLITICS 312
12.2.1 RIGHT-WING AUTHORITARIANISM 312
12.2.2 SOCIAL DOMINANCE ORIENTATION 314
12.2.3 RELATIONS BETWEEN RIGHT-WING AUTHORITARIANISM AND SOCIAL
DOMINANCE ORIENTATION 315
12.2.4 SOCIAL VALUES 316
12.2.5 ATTITUDES, VALUES, AND PERSONALITY 319
12.2.6 DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE AND STABILITY IN POLITICAL ATTITUDES 319
12.3. ORIGINS OF RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND POLITICAL ATTITUDES: BIOLOGICAL
BASES, GENETIC
AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES, AND EVOLUTIONARY FUNCTION 321
12.3.1 BIOLOGICAL BASES 321
12.3.2 GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES 322
12.3.3 EVOLUTIONARY FUNCTION 324
12.4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 325
13. SEXUALITY 329
13.1. MAJOR DIMENSIONS OF SEXUALITY 329
13.2. SEXUALITY AND PERSONALITY 332
13.2.1 SEXUAL AROUSAL AND PERSONALITY 332
13.2.2 SEXUAL COMMITMENT AND PERSONALITY 332
13.2.3 SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND PERSONALITY 333
13.3. ORIGINS OF VARIATION IN SEXUALITY: DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY AND
CHANGE, GENETIC
AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES, BIOLOGICAL BASES, AND EVOLUTION 335
13.4. SEXUAL AROUSAL 337
13.4.1 GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES 337
13.4.2 BIOLOGICAL BASES 337
13.4.3 EVOLUTIONARY FUNCTION 338
IMAGE 9
CONTENTS XIII
13.5. SEXUAL COMMITMENT (OR RESTRICTED VERSUS UNRESTRICTED
SOCIOSEXUALITY) 339
13.5.1 GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES 339
13.5.2 BIOLOGICAL BASES 340
13.5.3 EVOLUTIONARY FUNCTION 340
13.6. SEXUAL ORIENTATION 342
13.6.1 GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES AND BIOLOGICAL BASES 342
13.6.1.1 ESTIMATING THE HERITABILITY OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION 342
13.6.1.2 DEVELOPMENT OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION? EXOTIC BECOMES
EROTIC 343
13.6.1.3 DEVELOPMENT OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION? NUMBER OF OLDER
BROTHERS 345
13.6.2 EVOLUTIONARY FUNCTION 347
13.7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 348
CONCLUSIONS 351
WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED SO FAR 351
WHAT WE HAVE YET TO LEARN 355
FINAL REMARKS 357
REFERENCES 359
INDEX 381
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Ashton, Michael C. |
| author_facet | Ashton, Michael C. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Ashton, Michael C. |
| author_variant | m c a mc mca |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040898818 |
| classification_rvk | CR 3000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)854685758 (DE-599)BVBBV040898818 |
| dewey-full | 155.2 |
| dewey-hundreds | 100 - Philosophy & psychology |
| dewey-ones | 155 - Differential & developmental psychology |
| dewey-raw | 155.2 |
| dewey-search | 155.2 |
| dewey-sort | 3155.2 |
| dewey-tens | 150 - Psychology |
| discipline | Psychologie |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV040898818 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:34:53Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780124160095 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025878333 |
| oclc_num | 854685758 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 |
| owner_facet | DE-29 |
| physical | XXIV, 391 S., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Ashton, Michael C. Verfasser aut Individual differences and personality Michael Ashton 2. ed. Amsterdam [u.a.]Elsevier Elsevier 2013 XXIV, 391 S., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Sexualität (DE-588)4054684-6 gnd rswk-swf Erblichkeit (DE-588)4152594-2 gnd rswk-swf Persönlichkeitsstörung (DE-588)4173873-1 gnd rswk-swf Persönlichkeitspsychologie (DE-588)4075996-9 gnd rswk-swf Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd rswk-swf Religion (DE-588)4049396-9 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Persönlichkeitspsychologie (DE-588)4075996-9 s Persönlichkeitsstörung (DE-588)4173873-1 s Erblichkeit (DE-588)4152594-2 s Sexualität (DE-588)4054684-6 s Religion (DE-588)4049396-9 s Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 s 2\p DE-604 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025878333&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Ashton, Michael C. Individual differences and personality Sexualität (DE-588)4054684-6 gnd Erblichkeit (DE-588)4152594-2 gnd Persönlichkeitsstörung (DE-588)4173873-1 gnd Persönlichkeitspsychologie (DE-588)4075996-9 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Religion (DE-588)4049396-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4054684-6 (DE-588)4152594-2 (DE-588)4173873-1 (DE-588)4075996-9 (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)4049396-9 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Individual differences and personality |
| title_auth | Individual differences and personality |
| title_exact_search | Individual differences and personality |
| title_full | Individual differences and personality Michael Ashton |
| title_fullStr | Individual differences and personality Michael Ashton |
| title_full_unstemmed | Individual differences and personality Michael Ashton |
| title_short | Individual differences and personality |
| title_sort | individual differences and personality |
| topic | Sexualität (DE-588)4054684-6 gnd Erblichkeit (DE-588)4152594-2 gnd Persönlichkeitsstörung (DE-588)4173873-1 gnd Persönlichkeitspsychologie (DE-588)4075996-9 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Religion (DE-588)4049396-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sexualität Erblichkeit Persönlichkeitsstörung Persönlichkeitspsychologie Politik Religion Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025878333&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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