Počátky středověké kolonizace české části Českomoravské vrchoviny:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Czech |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Praha
Ústav Archeologie a Muzeologie, Filozofická Fak., Masarykova Univ. [u.a.]
2012
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. vyd. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Dissertationes archaeologicae Brunenses / Pragensesque
14 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The beginnings of mediaeval colonization of the Bohemian section of the Bohemian-Moravian highlands |
| Beschreibung: | 92 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788021061002 |
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| 490 | 1 | |a Dissertationes archaeologicae Brunenses / Pragensesque |v 14 | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The beginnings of mediaeval colonization of the Bohemian section of the Bohemian-Moravian highlands | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text |
OBSAH
1
Uvod
.4
2
Dějiny bádání
.5
3
Přírodní podmínky
.6
3.1
Geomorfologická charakteristika oblasti
.6
3.2
Geologická charakteristika oblasti
.6
3.3
Pedologická charakteristika oblasti
.9
3.4
Hydrologická charakteristika oblasti
.6
3.5
Botanická charakteristika oblasti
.9
3.6
Klima
.12
4
Pravěké nálezy v okresech Pelhřimov a Jihlava
.13
4.1
Neolit a eneolit
.13
4.2
Doba bronzová
.17
4.3
Doba halštatská
.17
4.4
Doba laténská
.18
4.5
Doba římská
.19
4.6
Nedatované
lokality
.21
4.7
Problematické lokality
.22
4.8
Možnosti interpretace
.23
5
Doba změn:
12.
století
- 1.
polovina
13.
století
.24
5.1
Cesty
.24
5.1.1
Haberská cesta
.24
5.1.2
Libická cesta
.26
5.1.3
Želivská cesta
.26
5.1.4
Humpolecká cesta
.27
5.2
Českomoravská vrchovina
-
les
.28
5.3
Exploatace zlata na Českomoravské vrchovině do poloviny
13.
století
.35
5.4
Kolonizace
.44
5.4.1
Církevní instituce
.44
5.4.1.1
Vyšehradská kapitula
.44
5.4.1.2
Olomoucké biskupství
.48
5.4.1.3
Želivský klášter
.
5.4.1.4
Benediktinský klášter ve Vilémově
.60
5.4.1.5
Němečtí rytíři
.62
5.4.1.6
Kanonie premonstrátů Louka
u
Znojma
.68
5.4.1.7
Pražské biskupství
.68
5.4.2
Kostely mimo území v majetku církve
.73
5.4.3
Postup kolonizace
.78
6
Závěr
.79
7
Seznam pramenů a literatury
.82
8
Resumé
.89
9
Seznam zkratek
.92
8.
RESUME
8
RESUME
The Beginnings of Mediaeval Colonization
of the Bohemian Section of the Bohemian-
Moravian Highlands
(Excursus: Prehistoric Agricultural Finds
in
Pelhřimov
and
Jihlava
Districts)
Prehistory
Although the observed area situated between Bohemia and
Moravia does not count among "traditional" settlement ones,
the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands bear witness to human ex¬
istence from early prehistory onwards.
The earliest finds come from the Upper Palaeolithic and
Mesolithic. The most frequent among them are Neolithic and
Eneolithic artefacts, followed by finds from late prehistory. To
this day, no finds from the early Middle Ages have been record¬
ed. Naturally, the amount
ofinformation
corresponds to the state
of research. Thanks to the efforts of archaeologists and local
collectors willing to share information, the collection of finds
has been steadily expanding.
The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic finds might be interpreted as
evidence of hunters' points. The
Světlá nad Sázavou
-
Na Bra¬
dle
location with a collection of
171
items of chipped industry
makes a convincing example; another large collection of stone
chipped industry comes from
Horní Cerekev.
From the Neolith¬
ic onwards, some finds can be possibly interpreted as evidence
of seasonal grazing and the driving of cattle to remote pastures.
The occurrence of prehistoric artefacts at locations that are not
quite convenient for agriculture outside the Czech Republic (the
Alps,
Schwarzwald)
is often explained in this manner.
Another interpretation might be associated with the acquisi¬
tion of materials for the manufacture of stone chipped tools, as
was the case of the settlement near
Kněžice (Jihlava
district)'.
In late prehistory, the exploitation of secondary sources of
gold in the Pacov and
Humpolec
regions cannot be ruled out.
This speculation is supported by the connection between
Hall¬
statt
and
La Tene
finds and gold deposits. Yet any reliable evi¬
dence concerning prehistoric gold mining is missing.
A change in the exploitation of the observed area probably
did not occur until the early Middle Ages, or at least there exist
written records from this period that give a more precise idea
of the region's past. Until the late 1230s, when the mining of
polymetallic ores started in the
Havlíčkův Brod
and
Jihlava
regions, the observed area was only peripheral. The borderland
between Bohemia and Moravia possibly resembled "a deep pri¬
meval forest that separated Bohemia from its sister, Moravia,
in a broad belt, and was almost deserted, only illuminated by
1
Possible exploitation of local crystal by the Moravian Painted
Ware culture has been pointed out
(Vokáč
2004).
several enclaves, guard posts and fortified places found chiefly
along the existing routes" {Urban
2003, 78).
This fitting de¬
scription, however, deserves a more detailed analysis. In the
article, the subject is addressed through four theme circles that
appear crucial for certain development phases of the observed
region: Forest, Routes, Gold and Colonization.
Forest
Apart from timber and firewood the forest also provided
resources that were no less important for the functioning of the
society such as charcoal, tar, resin and honey. Cattle grazed in
forests, and they were also used for hunting, a favourite pastime
of medieval aristocracy. At the onset of colonization, the "mil¬
itary and defensive" function of the deep forest in the central
sections of the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands, i.e. between
Bohemia and Moravia, was still vital.
Systematic interference in forests accompanied coloniza¬
tion and occurred from the 12th century onwards. Thanks to
environmental analyses it has been proved that mainly fir and
beech forests were exploited in the earliest phase, in some cases
also containing spruces and pines. The make-up of tree and
plant species is reflected (relatively in accord with the results
of environmental analyses) in the names of settlements recorded
in
1203 -
Buchowa, Smirchowecz
(CDB
И, р.
31,
no.
33),
as
well as in
1226 -
Bucow, Lizcowici, Wreznik and
Borek
(CDB
II, p.
275,
no.
281).
The shape of the landscape was fundamentally affected by
activities associated with the mining and processing of poly¬
metallic ores (from the late 1230s onward). A massive deforest¬
ation of the area over a short period of time is presumed, caused
by demand for charcoal on the part of mining and metallurgy
works.
Routes
Routes passing through the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands
presumably existed since prehistory.
A more concrete picture arises in the 12th century. In all
probability, the network of communications was even denser
than can be proved today, and written records from the period
only mention some of the routes.
A route known as
Haberská
cesta
is probably the most
popular communication conveyed by historical literature.
Ko¬
smas
the chronicler described it in
1101
as "narrow and very
constricted" (FRB II,
149/
The importance of this route has
recently been subject to new research. It appears that Kosmas's
comment can be indeed accepted for the 12th century and for
the early 13th century, and
Haberská
cesta
can be thus deleted
from the list of the main land routes. Its importance only grew
from the mid-13th century onwards when it came to link two
89
POČÁTKY STŘEDOVĚKÉ KOLONIZACE ČESKÉ ČÁSTI ČESKOMORAVSKÉ VRCHOVINY
major mining centres,
Jihlava and (Havlíčkův) Brod.
The fact
that the course of the
que vocatur
Nahaber route was employed
in
1233
for the demarcation of the
Borek
forest border does not
say much about its size and importance, nor about the frequency
of movement on this route.
The same document from
1233
also features the
Hum¬
polecká
cesta
route, via Humpolcensis, qua itur in Moraviam
(CDB
III, pp.
АЪ-АА,
no.
43),
also demarcating the border of
the
Borek
forest.
The
Želivská
cesta
route, antiqua via,
que conducit
ad Seleu,
is mentioned in
1178.
This route marked the western border of
the
Svatavin Újezd
area
(CDB
1,
no.
287,
p.
253).
The
Čáslav
and Brno regions were linked by a communi¬
cation referred to in literature as Libicka
cesta (via
Lubetina).
It is recorded in a document from the
11
40s that also mentions
people called
s
traz
whose duty was to maintain order on the
route
(CDB
I, p.
164,
no.
158).
Cold
The Bohemian-Moravian Highlands contain three main ar¬
eas with the occurrence of primary and secondary deposits of
gold:
Humpolec, Pacov
and
Želetava
regions. All of them were
exploited in the past. In some cases
(Želiv, Zlátenka)
there exists
a spatial connection between finds from late prehistory
(Hall¬
statt,
La Tene)
and terrain relics of gold mining, yet no direct
evidence of prehistoric mining is available.
The earliest evidence of gold mining in the Bohemi¬
an-Moravian Highlands has been revealed through the analysis
of the profile of the
Březina
stream alluvial plain, in the
Česká
Bělá
cadastral zone. A worked wooden plank was excavated
in the depth of about two metres from the terrain level, possi¬
bly a part of mining equipment. Calibrated radiocarbon dating
derived from a wood sample spans the years
1016-1155.
The
wood was found in a layer with gold. Although this unique find
will have to be verified by excavations at further locations, it
appears that the beginnings of gold mining in the region can be
indeed placed in the 12th century.
The discovery of gold and the outset of its exploitation in
the
Želetava
region are sought in the 12th century and the first
third of the 13th century. A trunk of a silver fir (Abies alba)
was found during research into a rampart in the
Předín
cadastral
zone, the felling of which has been dendrochronologically dated
to
1209.
The layer also contained wood with traces of burning
and possibly working.
Colonization
Systematic colonization of the Bohemian part of the Bohe¬
mian-Moravian Highlands started in the 1140s when the area
also began to feature in written sources. The earliest colonized
section was probably Svatavin
Újezd,
reputedly donated to
the
Vyšehrad
Chapter in Prague by Queen
Svatava
of Po¬
land
(1046/48-1126).
The area is first mentioned as circuitus
in
1178
(CDB
I, no.
287,
p.
253).
The name Svatavin
Újezd
is recorded in a document of
1352
in which King Charles
IV confirms its holding to the
Vyšehrad
Chapter, and which
also lists the locations on its territory. However, the document
does not convey anything about the settlement of the area in
the 12th and 13th centuries. After
1219
the
Vyšehrad
Chapter
acquired the territory neighbouring on Svatavin
Újezd, Újezd
Zahrádka
(Zaradcham,
et
circuitus,
CDB
II, no.
374,
p.
409).
The colonization of the area is evidenced, among other things,
by the Church of St. Vitus in an eponymous location. Archaeo¬
logical research has revealed two Romanesque construction
phases on the site.
The
Olomouc
bishopric owned, before the mid-12th century,
the
Libický Újezd
area (circuitus
de Lubac).
Bishop
Jindřich
Zdík
had Prince Vladislav II confirm, in a decree issued be¬
tween
1146
and
1148,
the bishopric's ownership of the area
(CDB
I, no.
158,
pp.
163-165).
The earliest building phase of
the Church of St. Giles in
Libice nad Doubravou
is dated to the
second half of the 12th century
(Škabrada-Smetánka 1975a,
178-181,238-239).
Větrný Jeníkov
is another location associated with the
Ol¬
omouc
bishopric. According to the chronicler Jarloch, Bishop
Jindřich Zdík
spent Christmas
1149
there (FRB II, p.
490).
Al¬
though Jarloch's writings do not mention whether the location
was owned by the bishop or not, it would be hardly surprising.
Let us note here that the
Olomouc
bishopric also held property in
other locations in the Bohemian part of the Bohemian-Moravian
Highlands. One example is a farmstead in
Jezbořice (Chrudim
district), purchased from
Olomouc
fief holders by
Olomouc
Bishop Jan II
(1104-1126)
in the early 12th century. Thanks to
its convenient situation on a route between Bohemia and the
Olomouc
region it could play the part of a travelling station
(CDB
I, no.
115,
p.
121;
Žemlíčka
2002, 158).
Another episco¬
pal farmstead on the Czech side of the borderland was
Lozice
u Luže,
where the latest research has placed the ambush of
Jindřich Zdík
in
1145
(Bolina
2003).
This opens up a space for
speculations concerning the
Olomouc
bishop's involvement in
the protection of the eastern border of the Czech princedom in
the
1
140s (in the case of
Libický Újezd
the existence of guards
is explicitly mentioned).
The history of settlement in the
Želiv
area goes back before
the mid-12th century. An eponymous location,
Újezd Želiv,2
is
recorded aspredium Seleu in a document of
1144
(CDB
I, no.
138,
p.
142).
Predium Seleu was originally owned by a Czech
prince who donated it, together with unspecified facilities, to the
Prague bishopric, as a compensation for the loss of
Podivín.
The
Prague bishop established a Benedictine monastery in
Želiv
in
the same year (the Benedictines were replaced by the Premon-
stratensians in
1149).
The area on which the monastery com¬
plex was built had possibly not been completely deserted; there
probably existed an earlier settlement around a farmstead. The
colonization of the area thus started in
1144
at the latest, and its
outcome is illustrated by a document of Pope Honorius III from
1226
that lists
64
toponyms. Locations colonized before
1226
were predominantly connected with the
Želivka
river,
Hejnický
potok
and
Jankovský potok
streams (including their tributar¬
ies). The main European watershed was transgressed, and the
River
Jihlava
came to demarcate the land border in
1226.
Thir¬
ty seven locations can be identified with contemporary towns
and villages, i.e. they can be easily located in today's cadastres.
However, it is obvious that not all of the locations mentioned
2
The term
újezd,
circuitus, only comes from Jarloch (FRB II,
p.
489).
90
8.
RESUMÉ
in the pope's document are situated in the Bohemian-Moravian
Highlands. The majority of the identified locations are found
at
500-600
m
above sea level, yet some also lie at 600 m. It is
currently unfeasible to determine which locations came into
existence through Benedictine colonization
(1144-1149),
which
through Premonstratensian colonization
(1149-1226)
and which
had been part of the
1144
donation.
Červená Řečice,
situated approximately 4 km south-west
of
Želiv,
probably became the central Prague bishopric hold¬
ing in this part of the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands in
1144.
A skeletal burial ground with graves containing S-shaped rings
excavated in the courtyard of the
Červená Řečice
castle does
not rule out an earlier, now non-existent, sacred building that
might have been part of an episcopal administration centre. The
territory presumably held by the Prague bishopric chiefly in¬
cludes the settlement area south of
Pelhřimov.
This supposition
is based on a document issued on the occasion of the consecra¬
tion of the Church of St. Lawrence in
Rynárec
in
1203
(CDB
II,
no.
33,
p.
31). 19
locations can be more or less exactly placed.
On the other hand, the question of the age of the Church of St.
Vitus in
Pelhřimov
has not been clearly answered. Although an
earlier settlement by a ford can be presumed, the construction
of a church is placed in the period around the mid-13th century.
The establishment of a Benedictine monastery in
Vilémov
is
sought in the 12th century (its existence is confirmed in
1160).
There is not much information about the property situation of
the monastery from its establishment until the first half of the
13th century. The monastery probably participated in the col¬
onization of the
Železné Hory
mountains in the
Bojanovský
Újezd
area.
The Order of the Teutonic Knights owned property in the
observed area in the first third of the 13th century. The order
possibly built the Church of St. Nicholas in
Humpolec
and the
Church of St. John the Baptist in
Jihlava
(the latter included
an infirmary). The order sold both buildings and several villag¬
es in the
Jihlava
region to the Premonstratensians in
Želiv
in
1233.
The Teutonic Knights returned to the Bohemian-Moravian
Highlands in
1242
when they acquired from Jan of
Polná,
apart
from patronage over the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin
Mary in
Polná,
the territory of the
Slubický
les
forest, where
they established a dominion with a centre in Krucemburk (the
order held the territory until
1321).
In the case of the
Slubický
les
forest, the mid-13th century colonization reached areas sit¬
uated 550 m above sea level and higher.
Apart from the Premonstratensians from
Želiv,
Premon¬
stratensians from the monastery in Znojmo-Louka were active
on the Bohemian side of the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands. In
1227
they bought, from the
Bitov
demesne administrator
Petr,
Lovětínský Újezd
(circuitum quendam nomine Lovetin,
CDB
Π,
no.
305,
pp.
303-304)
spreading between Lovetin in the east
and
Kamenice nad Lipou
in the west.
Activities of aristocratic families also played an important
part in the colonization of the area, alongside church institu¬
tions. They are demonstrated, for example, by the architecture
of churches employing Romanesque building elements. This
category includes Jan of
Polná
who probably constructed the
Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary in
Polná
(the
church positively existed in
1242
when its patronage passed to
the Order of the Teutonic Knights). The seat of the nobleman
Nimir (Nimiras
de
Posna)
mentioned in
1235
(CDB
III/l, no.
103,
p.
122)
is possibly associated with
Pošná,
near Pacov, and
the Church of St. Bartholomew.
Bedřich
of
Hořepník (Bedřich
de
Horupnik,
CDB
IV/1, no.
240,
p.
413)
and
Markvart
of
Onšov
(Markwart de
Onsov,
CDB IV/1,
no.
240,
p.
413)
are
mentioned in
1252.
Rapota of
Buřenice
was appointed Prague
Castle
burgrave
in
1279.
Another group comprises stone churches the builders of
which are unknown: the Church of St. Wenceslas in
Chřenovice
consecrated in
1227-1236,
the Church of St.
Vojtěch
in
Hav¬
líčkův Brod,
possibly from the second half of the
1
2th century,
the Church of St. James the Greater in
Křeč
(around
1240),
the
Church of St. James the Greater in
Chotěboř
(second quarter
of the 13th century), and probably also the Gothic Church of
St. Bartholomew in
Hněvkovice
featuring a Romanesque win¬
dow from the second half of the 12th century. The Church of
St. Mary Magdalene in
Parížov
(second half of the 12th centu¬
ry) and the Church of St. John the Baptist in
Běstvina
(second
quarter of the 12th century) situated beyond the
Vysočina
Re¬
gion border might have been constructed by the aristocracy, and
might have also belonged to larger settlement units.
The merging of colonists from Bohemia and Moravia
-
and
the first known property disputes
-
occurred on the River
Jihla¬
va
as early as the 1220S-1230S (see the dispute over the
Borek
forest). Several years later, at the end of the 1230s, silver was
discovered in the Highlands, giving rise to an influx of new
settlers. Towns were established in proximity of some earlier
settlements and the settlement network became denser. This
marked the beginning of the final phase of transformation that
started in the area a hundred years before.
91 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Hejhal, Petr |
| author_facet | Hejhal, Petr |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Hejhal, Petr |
| author_variant | p h ph |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040808681 |
| classification_rvk | NF 1650 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)835422848 (DE-599)BVBBV040808681 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| edition | 1. vyd. |
| era | Geschichte 1100-1250 gnd Vor- und Frühgeschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1100-1250 Vor- und Frühgeschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Böhmisch-Mährische Höhe (DE-588)4007477-8 gnd Böhmen Südost (DE-588)4998334-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Böhmisch-Mährische Höhe Böhmen Südost |
| id | DE-604.BV040808681 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-12T15:02:44Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788021061002 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025788586 |
| oclc_num | 835422848 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-188 |
| physical | 92 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Ústav Archeologie a Muzeologie, Filozofická Fak., Masarykova Univ. [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Dissertationes archaeologicae Brunenses / Pragensesque |
| spelling | Hejhal, Petr Verfasser aut Počátky středověké kolonizace české části Českomoravské vrchoviny Petr Hejhal 1. vyd. Praha Ústav Archeologie a Muzeologie, Filozofická Fak., Masarykova Univ. [u.a.] 2012 92 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Dissertationes archaeologicae Brunenses / Pragensesque 14 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The beginnings of mediaeval colonization of the Bohemian section of the Bohemian-Moravian highlands Geschichte 1100-1250 gnd rswk-swf Vor- und Frühgeschichte gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Kolonisation (DE-588)4128651-0 gnd rswk-swf Böhmisch-Mährische Höhe (DE-588)4007477-8 gnd rswk-swf Böhmen Südost (DE-588)4998334-9 gnd rswk-swf Böhmisch-Mährische Höhe (DE-588)4007477-8 g Böhmen Südost (DE-588)4998334-9 g Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s Vor- und Frühgeschichte z DE-604 Kolonisation (DE-588)4128651-0 s Geschichte 1100-1250 z Pragensesque Dissertationes archaeologicae Brunenses 14 (DE-604)BV022424472 14 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025788586&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025788586&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Hejhal, Petr Počátky středověké kolonizace české části Českomoravské vrchoviny Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Kolonisation (DE-588)4128651-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4128651-0 (DE-588)4007477-8 (DE-588)4998334-9 |
| title | Počátky středověké kolonizace české části Českomoravské vrchoviny |
| title_auth | Počátky středověké kolonizace české části Českomoravské vrchoviny |
| title_exact_search | Počátky středověké kolonizace české části Českomoravské vrchoviny |
| title_full | Počátky středověké kolonizace české části Českomoravské vrchoviny Petr Hejhal |
| title_fullStr | Počátky středověké kolonizace české části Českomoravské vrchoviny Petr Hejhal |
| title_full_unstemmed | Počátky středověké kolonizace české části Českomoravské vrchoviny Petr Hejhal |
| title_short | Počátky středověké kolonizace české části Českomoravské vrchoviny |
| title_sort | pocatky stredoveke kolonizace ceske casti ceskomoravske vrchoviny |
| topic | Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Kolonisation (DE-588)4128651-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Funde Kolonisation Böhmisch-Mährische Höhe Böhmen Südost |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025788586&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025788586&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV022424472 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hejhalpetr pocatkystredovekekolonizaceceskecasticeskomoravskevrchoviny |