Psychometrics: an introduction
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Thousand Oaks, Calif. [u.a.]
SAGE
2013
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Copyright 2014 |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 442 S. graph. Darst. |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Furr, R. Michael |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Psychometrics |b an introduction |c R. Michael Furr and Verne R. Bacharach |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Thousand Oaks, Calif. [u.a.] |b SAGE |c 2013 | |
| 300 | |a XXII, 442 S. |c graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Copyright 2014 | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Psychometrics | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Psychometrie |0 (DE-588)4176236-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4151278-9 |a Einführung |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Psychometrie |0 (DE-588)4176236-8 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Bacharach, Verne R. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
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| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025781429 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804150139369029632 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface
xiii
The Conceptual Orientation of This Book, Its Purpose,
and the Intended Audience
xiii
Organizational Overview
xiv
Acknowledgments
xxi
About the Authors
xxiii
Chapter
1.
Psychometrics and the Importance
of Psychological Measurement
1
Why Psychological Testing Matters to You
2
Observable Behavior and Unobservable Psychological Attributes
4
Psychological Tests: Definition and Types
6
What Is a Psychological Test?
6
Types of Tests
7
Psychometrics
9
What Is Psychometrics?
9
Francis Galton and the Scope of Psychometrics
9
Challenges to Measurement in Psychology
10
Theme: The Importance of Individual Differences
14
Suggested Readings
15
PART I. BASIC CONCEPTS IN MEASUREMENT
Chapter
2.
Scaling
19
Fundamental Issues With Numbers
20
The Property of Identity
20
The Property of Order
21
The Property of Quantity
22
The Number
0 23
Units of Measurement
25
Additivity and Counting
27
Additivify
27
Counts: When Do They Qualify as Measurement?
29
Four Scales of Measurement
29
Nominal Scales
30
Ordinal Scales
31
Interval Scales
31
Ratio Scales
32
Scales of Measurement: Practical Implications
33
Additional Issues Regarding Scales of Measurement
33
Summary
34
Suggested Readings
35
Chapter
3.
individual Differences and Correlations
37
The Nature of Variability
37
Importance of Indiyidual Differences
38
Variability and Distributions of Scores
40
Central Tendency
41
Variability
41
Distribution Shapes and Normal Distributions
45
Quantifying the Association Between Distributions
47
Interpreting the Association Between Two Variables
47
Covariance
48
Correlation
51
Variance and Covariance for Composite Variables
52
Binary Items
53
Interpreting Test Scores
56
z
Scores (Standard Scores)
58
Converted Standard Scores (Standardized Scores)
61
Percentile Ranks
62
Normalized Scores
65
Test Norms
66
Representativeness of the Reference Sample
67
Summary
68
Suggested Readings
69
Chapter
4.
Test Dimensionality and Factor Analysis
71
Test Dimensionality
73
Three Dimensionality Questions
74
Unidimensional
Tests
74
Multidimensional Tests With Correlated Dimensions
(Tests With Higher-Order Factors)
76
Multidimensional Tests With Uncorrelated Dimensions
78
The Psychological Meaning of Test Dimensions
78
Factor Analysis: Examining the Dimensionality of a Test
79
The Logic and Purpose of Exploratory Factor Analysis:
A Conceptual Overview
79
Conducting and Interpreting an Exploratory Factor Analysis
82
A Quick Look at Confirmatory Factor Analysis
96
Summary
97
Suggested Readings
98
PART II. RELIABILITY
Chapter
5.
Reliability: Conceptual Basis
101
Overview of Reliability and Classical Test Theory
102
Observed Scores, True Scores, and Measurement Error
104
Variances in Observed Scores, True Scores, and Error Scores
107
Four Ways to Think of Reliability
109
Reliability as the Ratio of True Score Variance to
Observed Score Variance
110
Lack of Error Variance
1 1 2
The (Squared) Correlation Between Observed Scores
and True Scores
114
Lack of (Squared) Correlation Between Observed Scores
and Error Scores
116
Reliability and the Standard Error of Measurement
118
Parallel Tests
119
Domain Sampling Theory
122
Summary
122
Suggested Readings
123
Chapter
6.
Empirical Estimates of Reliability
125
Alternate Forms Reliability
126
Test-Retest Reliability
129
Internal Consistency Reliability
132
Split-Half Estimates of Reliability
132
Raw Coefficient Alpha
136
Standardized Coefficient Alpha
139
Raw Alpha for Binary Items: KR20
141
Accuracy and Use of Internal Consistency Estimates
of Reliability: Theory and Reality
142
Internal Consistency Versus Dimensionality
144
Factors Affecting the Reliability of Test Scores
145
Sample Homogeneity and Reliability Generalization
151
Reliability of Difference Scores
152
Estimating the Reliability of Difference Scores
154
Factors Affecting the Reliability of Difference Scores
155
The Problem of Unequal Variability
157
Difference Scores: Summary and Caution
160
Summary
161
Note
162
Suggested Readings
163
Chapter
7.
The Importance of Reliability
165
Applied Behavioral Practice: Evaluation of an
Individual s Test Score
165
Point Estimates of True Scores
166
True Score Confidence Intervals
169
Behavioral Research
172
Reliability, True Associations, and Observed Associations
172
Measurement Error (Low Reliability) Attenuates the Observed
Associations Between Measures
175
Reliability, Effect Sizes, and Statistical Significance
178
Implications for Conducting and Interpreting
Behavioral Research
1 82
Test Construction and Refinement
186
Item Discrimination and Other Information
Regarding Internal Consistency
187
Item Difficulty (Mean) and Item Variance
191
Summary
193
Suggested Readings
193
PART III. VALIDITY
Chapter
8.
Validity: Conceptual Basis
197
What Is Validity?
198
The Importance of Validity
202
Validity Evidence: Test Content
204
Threats to Content Validity
204
Content Validity Versus Face Validity
205
Validity Evidence: Internal Structure of the Test
206
Validity Evidence: Response Processes
209
Validity Evidence: Associations With Other Variables
211
Validity Evidence: Consequences of Testing
214
Other Perspectives on Validity
216
Contrasting Reliability and Validity
219
Summary
220
Suggested Readings
220
Chapter
9.
Estimating and Evaluating Convergent
and Discriminant Validity Evidence
221
Methods for Evaluating Convergent and Discriminant Validity
222
Focused Associations
222
Sets of Correlations
225
Multitrait-Multimethod Matrices
228
Quantifying Construct Validity
235
Factors Affecting a Validity Coefficient
239
Associations Between Constructs
240
Measurement Error and Reliability
240
Restricted Range
242
Skew and Relative Proportions
246
Method Variance
250
Time
251
Predictions of Single Events
251
Interpreting
α
Validity Coefficient
253
Squared Correlations and Variance Explained
253
Estimating Practical Effects: Binomial Effect Size Display,
Taylor-Russell Tables, Utility Analysis, and
Sensitivity/Specificity
25Ó
Guidelines or Norms for a Field
261
Statistical Significance
263
Summary
268
Notes
268
Suggested Readings
268
PART IV. THREATS TO PSYCHOMETRIC QUALITY
Chapter
10.
Response Biases
273
Types of Response Biases
274
Acquiescence Bias ( Yea-Saying and Nay-Saying )
274
Extreme and Moderate Responding
278
Social Desirability
281
Malingering
285
Careless or Random Responding
286
Guessing
287
Methods for Coping With Response Biases
287
Minimizing the Existence of Bias by Managing the
Testing Context
288
Minimizing the Existence of Bias by Managing Test Content
289
Minimizing the Effects of Bias by Managing
Test Content or Scoring
291
Managing Test Content to Detect Bias and Intervene
294
Using Specialized Tests to Detect Bias and Intervene
297
Response Biases, Response Sets, and Response Styles
298
Summary
299
Suggested Readings
299
Chapter
11.
Test Bias
301
Why Worry About Test Score Bias?
303
Detecting Construct Bias: Internal Evaluation of a Test
303
Item Discrimination Index
305
Factor Analysis
307
Differential Item Functioning Analyses
308
Rank Order
311
Summary
311
Detecting Predictive Bias: External Evaluation of a Test
312
Basics of Regression Analysis
ЗІЗ
One Size Fits All: The Common Regression Equation
315
Intercept Bias
316
Slope Bias
318
Intercept and Slope Bias
319
Outcome Score Bias
320
The Effect of Reliability
320
Other Statistical Procedures
320
Test Fairness
321
Example: Is the SAT Biased in Terms of Race or
Socioeconomic Status?
322
Race/Ethnicity
322
Socioeconomic Status
324
Summary
327
Suggested Readings
328
PART V. ADVANCED PSYCHOMETRIC APPROACHES
Chapter
12.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis
331
On the Use of EFA and
CFA
332
The Frequency and Roles of EFA and
CFA
332
Using
CFA
to Evaluate Measurement Models
333
The Process of
CFA
for Analysis of a Scale s internal Structure
334
Overview of
CFA
and Example
334
Preliminary Steps
336
Step
1 :
Specification of Measurement Model
336
Step
2:
Computations
339
Step
3:
Interpreting and Reporting Output
342
Step
4:
Model Modification and Reanalysis (If Necessary)
346
Comparing Models
347
Summary
348
CFA
and Reliability
348
CFA
and Validity
351
Summary
353
Chapter
13.
Generalizability Theory
355
Multiple Facets of Measurement
356
Generalizability, Universes, and Variance Components
358
G
Studies and
D
Studies
360
Conducting and Interpreting Generalizability Theory Analysis:
A One-Facet Design
361
Phase
1 :
G
Study
362
Phase
2:
D
Study
365
Conducting and Interpreting Generalizability Theory Analysis:
A Two-Facet Design
368
Phase
1 :
G
Study
370
Phase
2:
D
Study
375
Other Measurement Designs
377
Number of Facets
377
Random Versus Fixed Facets
378
Crossed Versus Nested Designs
380
Relative Versus Absolute Decisions
381
Summary
383
Suggested Readings
383
Chapter
14.
Item Response Theory and
Rasch
Models
385
Factors Affecting Responses to Test Items
386
Respondent Trait Level as a Determinant of Item Responses
386
Item Difficulty as a Determinant of Item Responses
386
Item Discrimination as a Determinant of Item Responses
388
Guessing
389
IRT
Measurement Models
389
One-Parameter Logistic Model (or
Rasch
Model)
390
Two-Parameter Logistic Model
391
Graded Response Model
393
Obtaining Parameter Estimates: A
1
PL Example
396
Item and Test Information
398
Item Characteristic Curves
398
Item Information and Test Information
401
Applications of
IRT
407
Test Development and Improvement
407
Differential Item Functioning
408
Person Fit
408
Computerized Adaptive Testing
409
Summary
411
Suggested Readings
411
References
413
Subject Index
423
Author Index
439
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| language | English |
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| spelling | Furr, R. Michael Verfasser aut Psychometrics an introduction R. Michael Furr and Verne R. Bacharach 2. ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif. [u.a.] SAGE 2013 XXII, 442 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Copyright 2014 Psychometrics Psychometrie (DE-588)4176236-8 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Psychometrie (DE-588)4176236-8 s DE-604 Bacharach, Verne R. Sonstige oth Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025781429&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Furr, R. Michael Psychometrics an introduction Psychometrics Psychometrie (DE-588)4176236-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4176236-8 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | Psychometrics an introduction |
| title_auth | Psychometrics an introduction |
| title_exact_search | Psychometrics an introduction |
| title_full | Psychometrics an introduction R. Michael Furr and Verne R. Bacharach |
| title_fullStr | Psychometrics an introduction R. Michael Furr and Verne R. Bacharach |
| title_full_unstemmed | Psychometrics an introduction R. Michael Furr and Verne R. Bacharach |
| title_short | Psychometrics |
| title_sort | psychometrics an introduction |
| title_sub | an introduction |
| topic | Psychometrics Psychometrie (DE-588)4176236-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Psychometrics Psychometrie Einführung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025781429&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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