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Basic and clinical science course: 2012 - 2013 Section 3 Clinical optics

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Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	San Francisco, Calif. 2012
Schlagworte:	Augenoptik
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XIV, 376 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9781615252923

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MARC


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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents General Introduction........................ xv Objectives 1 Physical Optics 3 Wave Theory .............................3 Photon Aspects of Light ........................7 Interference and Coherence ......................7 Applications of Interference anci Coherence ..............8 Polarization .............................10 Applications of Polarization ....................10 Reflection .............................12 Applications of Reflection ....................13 Transmission and Absorption ....................13 Diffraction ..............................13 Applications of Diffraction .....................1.4 Scattering .............................16 Applications of Light Scattering ..................16 Illumination ............................16 Brightness and Trradiance ....................19 Light Hazards ...........................19 Laser Fundamentals ..........................19 Properties of Laser Light .....................20 Elements of a Laser .......................21 Laser Sources ..........................24 Laser-Tissue Interactions ....................25 Geometric Optics 27 Pinhole Imaging .......................... 27 Imaging With Lenses and Mirrors ................... 30 Object Characteristics ........................ 31 Image Characteristics ........................ 31 Magnification .......................... 32 Image Location ......................... 36 Depth of Focus ......................... 36 Image Quality ......................... 37 Light Propagation .......................... 39 Optical Media and Refractive Index ................ 39 Law of Rectilinear Propagation .................. 41 Optical Interfaces ........................ 42 Specular Reflection: Law of Reflection ............... 42 Specular Transmission: Law of Refraction ............. 44 vi · Contents Normal Incidence ........................ 46 Total Internal Reflection ..................... 46 Dispersion ........................... 49 Reflection and Refraction at Curved Surfaces ............ 51 The Fermat Principle ...................... 51 Stigmatic Imaging Using a Single Refracting Surface ......... 53 First-Order Optics ......................... 55 Ignoring Image Quality ..................... 56 Paraxial Approximation ..................... 56 Small-Angle Approximation ................... 57 The Lensmaker s Equation .................... 60 Ophthalmic Lenses ......................... 62 Transverse Magnification for a Single Spherical Refracting Surface ........................... 64 Thin-Lens Approximation .................... 66 Lens Combinations ....................... 66 Virtual Images and Objects .................... 67 Focal Points and Planes ..................... 69 Paraxial Ray Tracing Through Convex Spherical Lenses ....... 69 Concave Lenses ......................... 72 Paraxial Ray Tracing Through Concave Spherical Lenses ....... 73 Objects and Images at Infinity .................. 74 Principal Planes and Points .................... 75 Modeling an Unknown Optical System ............... 76 Thick Lenses .......................... 76 Focal Lengths .......................... 78 Gaussian Reduction ....................... 79 Knapp s Law, the Badal Principle, and the Lensmeter ......... 79 Afocal Systems ......................... 80 Ophthalmic Prisms ......................... 83 Plane Parallel Plate ....................... 83 Angle of Deviation ....................... 84 Prism Diopter ......................... 85 Displacement of Images by Prisms ................. 86 Prismatic Effect of Lenses (the Prentice Rule) ............ 87 Vector Addition of Prisms .................... 88 Prism Aberrations ........................ 88 Fresnel Prisms ......................... 88 Mirrors .............................. 89 Reflecting Power ........................ 89 Reversal of Image Space ..................... 90 Central Ray for Mirrors ..................... 90 Vergence Calculations ...................... 90 Optical Aberrations ......................... 93 Regular Astigmatism ...................... 93 Transposition .......................... 97 Combining Spherocylindrical Lenses ............... 99 Contents · vii Combining Cylinders at Oblique Axes ...............99 Spherical Aberration .......................99 Chromatic Aberration ......................100 Optics of the Human Eye ..................103 The Human Eye as an Optical System .................103 Schematic Eyes ...........................103 Important Axes of the Eye ......................106 Pupil Size and Its Effect on Visual Resolution ..............107 Visual Acuity ............................108 Contrast Sensitivity and the Contrast Sensitivity Function ........ Ill Refractive States of the Eyes .....................113 Binocular States of the Eyes .....................116 Accommodation and Presbyopia ...................116 Epidemiology of Refractive Errors ..................117 Developmental Myopia .......................118 Developmental Hyperopia ......................119 Prevention of Refractive Errors ....................119 Treatment of Refractive Errors ....................120 Clinical Refraction .....................121 Objective Refraction: Retinoscopy ..................121 Positioning and Alignment ....................122 Fixation and Fogging ......................122 The Retinal Reflex ........................122 The Correcting Lens .......................124 Finding Neutrality ........................125 Retinoscopy of Regular Astigmatism ................125 Aberrations of the Retinoscopic Reflex ...............129 Summary of Retinoscopy .....................129 Subjective Refraction Techniques ...................130 Astigmatic Dial Technique ....................130 Cross-Cylinder Technique ....................132 Refining the Sphere .......................135 Binocular Balance ........................136 Cycloplegic and Xoncycloplegic (Manifest) Refraction ..........137 Overrefraction ...........................138 Spectacle Correction of Ametropias ..................138 Spherical Correcting Lenses and the Far Point Concept ........138 Vertex Distance .........................139 Cylindrical Correcting Lenses and the Far Point Concept .......139 Prescribing for Children .......................141 Myopia ............................141 Hyperopia ...........................141 Anisometropia .........................142 Clinical Accommodative Problems ..................142 Presbyopia ...........................142 Accommodative Insufficiency ...................142 viii · Contents Accommodative Excess .....................143 Accommodative Convergence/Accommodation Ratio ........143 Effect of Spectacle and Contact Lens Correction on Accommodation and Convergence ...............144 Prescribing Multifocal Lenses ....................145 Determining the Power of a Bifocal Add ..............145 Types of Bifocal Lenses ......................147 Trifocal Lenses .........................147 Progressive Addition Lenses ...................147 The Prentice Rule and Bifocal Design ...............150 Occupation and Bifocal Segment .................156 Prescribing Special Lenses ......................157 Aphakic Lenses .........................158 Absorptive Lenses ........................159 Special Lens Materials ......................161 Therapeutic Use of Prisms ....................163 Monocular Diplopia .........................164 Contact Lenses ........................167 Introduction ............................ 167 Contact Lens Glossary ........................ 167 Clinically Important Features of Contact Lens Optics .......... 170 Field of Vision ......................... 170 Image Size ........................... 170 Accommodation ........................ 172 Convergence Demands ..................... 173 Tear Lens ........................... 173 Correcting Astigmatism ..................... 174 Correcting Presbyopia ...................... 176 Contact Lens Materials and Manufacturing ............... 176 Materials ............................ 176 Manufacturing ......................... 178 Patient Examination and Contact Lens Selection ............ 179 Patient Examination ....................... 179 Contact Lens Selection ...................... 180 Contact Lens Fitting ........................ 181 Soft Contact Lenses ....................... 182 RGP Contact Lenses ....................... 182 Toric Soft Contact Lenses .................... 186 Contact Lenses for Presbyopia .................. 189 Keratoconus and the Abnormal Cornea .............. 190 Gas-Permeable Scierai Contact Lenses ............... 191 Therapeutic Lens Usage ....................... 193 Orthokeratology and Corneal Reshaping ................ 194 Custom Contact Lenses and Wavefront Technology ........... 195 Contact Lens Care and Solutions .................. 196 Contents · ix Contact Lens-Related Problems and Complications ...........197 Cornea ............................197 The Red Eye ..........................199 HIV Transmission in Contact Lens Care ..............201 Federal Law and Contact Lenses ...................201 6 Intraocular Lenses .....................203 Intraocular Lens Designs ......................203 Classification ..........................203 Background ..........................204 Posterior Chamber Lenses ....................208 Anterior Chamber Lenses ....................210 Optical Considerations for IOLs ...................211 IOL Power Calculation ......................211 Piggyback IOLs .........................219 IOL Power Calculation After Corneal Refractive Surgery .........220 Instrument Error ........................220 Index of Refraction Error .....................220 Formula Error .........................221 Power Calculation Methods for the Postkeratorefractive Eye .....221 IOL Power in Corneal Transplant Eyes .................222 Silicone Oil Eyes ..........................222 Pediatrie Eyes ...........................223 Image Magnification ........................223 Lens-Related Visual Disturbances ...................223 Nonspherical Optics ........................225 Multifocal IOLs ...........................225 Types of Multifocal IOLs .....................226 Clinical Results of Multifocal IOLs .................228 Accommodating IOLs ......................229 IOL Standards ...........................229 7 Optical Considerations in Refractive Surgery ......231 Corneal Shape ...........................231 Angle Kappa ............................236 Pupil Size .............................236 Irregular Astigmatism ........................237 Wavefront Analysis .......................237 Causes of Irregular Astigmatism ..................240 Conclusion ............................241 8 Telescopes and Optical Instruments ...........243 Direct Ophthalmoscope .......................243 Indirect Ophthalmoscope ......................245 Optics of Fundus Image Formation ................245 Aerial Image ..........................245 Contents Conjugacy of Pupils .......................246 Fundus Illumination .......................246 Binocular Observation ......................246 Fundus Camera ..........................248 Slit-Lamp Biomicroscope ......................251 Slit-Lamp Fundus Lenses .....................253 Goldmann Applanation Tonometer ..................256 Dynamic Contour Tonometry ....................258 Pachymeter ............................259 Specular Microscope ........................260 Operating Microscope ........................262 Keratometer ............................263 Corneal Topographer ........................265 Manual Lensmeter .........................268 Measuring the Bifocal Add ....................270 Automatic Lensmeter ........................271 Diagnostic Ultrasonography .....................272 Automated Refraction ........................275 Macular Function Testing ......................277 Laser Interferometer .......................277 Potential Acuity Meter ......................277 Glare Testing ............................278 Wavefront Aberrometers .......................279 Optical Coherence Tomography ...................281 9 Vision Rehabilitation ....................283 Epidemiology of Vision Impairment ..................284 Important Definitions in Low Vision .................284 Legal Blindness .........................284 Low Vision ...........................285 Visual Function .........................285 Classification of Visual Function Deficits ...............286 Cloudy Media .........................286 Central Visual Field Deficit ...................286 Peripheral Visual Field Deficit ..................288 Patient Assessment .........................288 Functional History .......................288 Well-Being ...........................289 Measuring risual Function ....................289 Helping Patients Function Better ...................294 Refraction ...........................294 Distance Spectacles .......................295 Optical Aids Providing Magnification ...............295 Prisms .............................300 Nonoptical Aids .........................301 Contrast Enhancement .......................304 Lighting and Glare Control ......................304 Contents · x¡ Instruction and Training.......................304 Counseling and Support Groups ...................305 Vision Rehabilitation Professionals and Services ............305 Levels of Vision Rehabilitation Services ................305 Pediatric Low Vision Issues .....................306 Infants .............................306 Preschool Children .......................306 Kindergartners to Préadolescents .................307 Teenagers ...........................307 Appendix: Common Guidelines for Prescribing Cylinders ........309 Basic Texts .............................325 Related Academy Materials .....................327 Credit Reporting Form .......................329 Study Questions ..........................333 Answers ..............................342 Index ...............................351
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spelling	Basic and clinical science course 2012 - 2013 Section 3 Clinical optics American Acad. of Ophthalmology 2012 San Francisco, Calif. XIV, 376 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Augenoptik (DE-588)4126655-9 gnd rswk-swf Augenoptik (DE-588)4126655-9 s DE-604 American Academy of Ophthalmology Sonstige (DE-588)94387-3 oth (DE-604)BV040795078 3 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025775318&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Basic and clinical science course 2012 - 2013 Augenoptik (DE-588)4126655-9 gnd
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title	Basic and clinical science course 2012 - 2013
title_auth	Basic and clinical science course 2012 - 2013
title_exact_search	Basic and clinical science course 2012 - 2013
title_full	Basic and clinical science course 2012 - 2013 Section 3 Clinical optics American Acad. of Ophthalmology
title_fullStr	Basic and clinical science course 2012 - 2013 Section 3 Clinical optics American Acad. of Ophthalmology
title_full_unstemmed	Basic and clinical science course 2012 - 2013 Section 3 Clinical optics American Acad. of Ophthalmology
title_short	Basic and clinical science course
title_sort	basic and clinical science course 2012 2013 clinical optics
title_sub	2012 - 2013
topic	Augenoptik (DE-588)4126655-9 gnd
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