The World scientific handbook of energy:
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New Jersey [u.a.]
World Scientific
2013
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| Schriftenreihe: | World Scientific series in materials and energy
3 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 563 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789814343510 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The World scientific handbook of energy |c ed.: Gerard M. Crawley ... |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Handbook of energy |
| 264 | 1 | |a New Jersey [u.a.] |b World Scientific |c 2013 | |
| 300 | |a XXII, 563 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804150129052090368 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: The World scientific handbook of energy
Autor: Crawley, Gerard M
Jahr: 2013
Contents
Foreword xix
1. Introduction 1
Gerard M. Crawley
2. Energy, Power, Units, and Conversions 5
Gerard M. Crawley
1 Introduction............................... 5
2 Different Forms of Energy....................... 6
2.1 Mechanical Energy........................ 6
2.2 Thermal Energy.......................... 7
2.3 Electrical Energy......................... 7
2.4 Atomic and Nuclear Energy................... 8
2.5 Chemical Energy ......................... 8
3 Large Energy Units........................... 9
4 Power .................................. 9
References.................................. 9
3. Coal 11
Thomas Sarkus, Adrian Radziwon, and William Ellis
1 Introduction............................... 11
2 Coal Rank................................ 12
3 Coal Resources and Geographic Distribution............. 13
3.1 Coal Resources of the US..................... 13
3.2 Coal Analyses........................... 14
3.3 US Coal Production and Representative Coal Analyses .... 14
4 Worldwide Coal Resources, Reserves, and Production Levels .... 14
5 Coal Utilization............................. 15
5.1 Pulverized Coal (aka Pulverized Fuel) Combustion....... 16
5.2 Fluidized Bed Combustion.................... 23
5.3 Gasification ............................ 25
5.4 Liquefaction............................ 28
6 Other Coal Uses............................. 29
7 Challenges in Coal Production..................... 30
8 Challenges in Coal Usage........................ 31
8.1 Worldwide Coal Usage...................... 31
8.2 Coal Usage Projections for OECD Nations........... 32
8.3 Coal Usage Projections for Non-OECD Nations........ 35
9 Carbon Dioxide............................. 37
9.1 Carbon Dioxide Produced per Kg of Coal............ 37
9.2 Geologic Storage of Carbon Dioxide............... 38
9.2.1 Saline-bearing formations................. 38
9.2.2 Natural gas and oil-bearing formations......... 38
9.2.3 Unmineable coal seams.................. 38
9.2.4 Organic-rich shale basins................. 39,
9.2.5 Basalt............................ 39
9.3 Carbon Dioxide Utilization.................... 39
9.4 Cost of Carbon Storage...................... 39
References.................................. 40
4. Petroleum Liquids 41
William L. Fisher
1 Introduction............................... 41
2 Production and Consumption..................... 42
3 Reserves and Resources......................... 44
3.1 Reserves.............................. 46
3.2 Resources.............................. 47
4 Petroleum Refining........................... 52
4.1 Combustion of Gasoline and Diesel Fuel............. 53
5 Future Production ........................... 54
6 Oil Production Costs.......................... 54
References.................................. 57
5. Natural Gas 59
John B. Curtis
1 Introduction............................... 59
2 Why is Natural Gas Important?.................... 60
3 How Natural Gas Forms........................ 61
4 Exploration............................... 62
5 Development............................... 63
6 Production................................ 64
6.1 Gas Fields . . .-.......................... 64
6.2 Stranded Gas ........................... 64
6.3 Producing Wells.......................... 65
6.3.1 Marketed production................... 66
6.4 Shale Gas ............................. 66
6.5 Natural Gas Hydrates....................... 67
7 Delivering Natural Gas from Producing Region to Market..... 67
7.1 Processing............................. 67
7.2 Transportation........................... 68
7.3 Delivery .............................. 68
7.4 Storage............................... 69
7.5 Commerce............................. 69
7.6 The Integrated Delivery System................. 70
7.7 Liquefied Natural Gas....................... 71
8 How Natural Gas is Used........................ 72
8.1 Power Generation......................... 72
8.2 Combined Heat and Power Generation............. 73
8.2.1 Combined-cycle generation................ 73
8.2.2 Cogeneration........................ 73
8.3 Transportation........................... 74
9 The Role of Reserves and Potential Resources............ 75
References.................................. 79
6. Nuclear Power 83
Bertrand Barre
1 Introduction............................... 83
2 Radioactivity, Fission, and Fusion................... 85
3 How Does a Nuclear Reactor Operate?................ 90
4 Reactor Types.............................. 91
4.1 Generations of Nuclear Reactors ............... 93
4.2 Pressurized Water Reactors ................... 93
4.3 Boiling Water Reactors...................... 93
4.4 Gas-Cooled Reactors (Maghox, AGR, HTR).......... 93
4.5 Heavy Water Reactors (PHWR or Candu)........... 94
4.6 Light Water Graphite Reactors ................. 94
4.7 Fast Breeder Reactors....................... 94
5 Safety and Accident Prevention.................... 95
5.1 Barriers and Defense-in-Depth.................. 95
5.2 The INES International Nuclear Events Scale ......... 96
5.3 What Happened in Fukushima?................. 97
6 The Nuclear Fuel Cycle......................... 98
6.1 Uranium Resources........................ 98
6.2 Exploration, Mining, and Concentration ............ 99
6.3 Conversion and Isotopic Enrichment............... 100
6.4 Fuel Manufacture (PWR)..................... 101
6.5 Open Cycle or Closed Cycle?................... 102
6.6 Reprocessing and Vitrification.................. 103
7 Radioactive Waste Management and Dismantling.......... 104
7.1 Waste Categories......................... 104
7.2 Radioactive Waste Disposal ................... 104
7.3 Dismantling............................ 105
8 Economics................................ 106
9 Non-Proliferation............................ 107
9.1 Brief History............................ 107
9.2 Proliferation and Civilian Nuclear Technologies ........ 108
10 Prospects ................................ 109
References.................................. 110
Further Suggested Readings ........................ 110
7. Magnetic Fusion Energy 111
R.J. Goldston and M.C. Zarnstorff
1 Overview................................. 111
2 MFE Physics and Technology..................... 115
2.1 Breakeven, Gain, and Ignition.................. 115
2.2 Magnetic Confinement ....................... 117
2.2.1 Transport and turbulence................. 117
2.2.2 Stability.......................... 118
2.2.3 Sustainment........................ 119
2.2.4 Plasma-material interaction............... 120
2.2.5 Neutron-material interaction (including
tritium breeding) ..................... 120
2.2.6 Magnets.......................... 121
2.2.7 Magnetic field configurations............... 121
3 Progress Toward Fusion Energy.................... 123
3.1 National and International Research Facilities......... 123
3.2 ITER: Role and Characteristics................. 125
3.3 Theory and Modeling....................... 126
4 Development Plans and Design Studies................ 126
5 Summary................................. 128
References.................................. 129
8. Progress Toward Inertial Fusion Energy 131
Erik Storm
1 Introduction............................... 131
2 Review of Basic ICF Physics...................... 132
2.1 DT Burn Physics......................... 134
2.2 Compression and Central Ignition................ 135
2.3 Fluid instabilities, Mix, and Low-Entropy Implosions..... 136
2.4 Indirect- and Direct-Drive Approaches to ICF......... 137
2.5 Alternative Ignition Concepts.................. 140
3 Progress Toward Ignition and High-Gain ICF ............ 142
4 IFE Systems............................... 146
4.1 Review of IFE Basics....................... 146
4.2 Review of IFE Subsystems — Targets, Driver, Chamber,
Balance of Plant.......................... 150
4.3 Self-Consistent IFE Systems................... 153
5 Progress Toward Laser IFE Technologies............... 155
6 Conclusion................................ 161
Further Suggested Readings ........................ 161
9. Energy from Photovoltaics 165
Ignacio Rey-Stolle
1 Introduction............................... 165
2 Solar Radiation............................. 166
2.1 Fundamentals........................... 166
2.2 Basic PV Terminology and Notation
for Solar Radiation........................ 167
2.3 Components of Solar Radiation................. 167
2.4 World Distribution of Solar Radiation.............. 168
2.5 Solar Radiation Collected by PV Systems............ 168
3 Solar Cells................................ 169
3.1 Definition ............................. 169
3.2 Basic Solar Cell Equations and Equivalent Circuits...... 169
3.2.1 Simple equivalent circuit for a solar cell
and I-V characteristic................... 169
3.2.2 General equivalent circuit for a solar cell
and I-V characteristic................... 170
3.3 The I-V Curve of a Solar Cell.................. 170
3.3.1 General look and key parameters ............ 170
3.3.2 Effect of variations in series and parallel resistance
on the I-V curve...................... 171
3.3.3 Effect of variations in irradiance on the I-V curve . . . 172
3.3.4 Effect of variations in temperature............ 172
3.3.5 Standard test conditions for solar cells ......... 173
3.4 Overview of Solar Cell Technologies............... 173
4 PV Modules............................... 174
4.1 Fundamental Principles...................... 174
4.1.1 Concept and mission ................... 174
4.1.2 Construction........................ 174
4.2 Characteristic Equation and I-V Curve............. 176
4.2.1 I-V characteristic of a PV module............ 176
4.3 Electrical Performance...................... 177
4.3.1 Standard test conditions................. 177
4.3.2 Factors affecting the electrical power of solar
panels under real operation................ 177
4.3.3 Modeling the equilibrium cell temperature
in a PV module...................... 178
4.3.4 Electrical power of solar panels at any irradiance
and temperature...................... 179
4.3.5 Electrical energy from a PV module........... 179
5 PV Arrays and Systems ........................ 179
5.1 Basic Definitions.......................... 179
5.2 Balance of System Components of PV Systems......... 180
5.2.1 Power conditioning.................... 180
5.2.2 Storage........................... 180
5.2.3 Electric components.................... 180
5.2.4 Mounting structures.................... 180
5.3 Types of PV Systems....................... 181
5.4 Designing a PV System...................... 182
5.4.1 Location.......................... 182
5.4.2 Orientation and tilt.................... 182
5.4.3 Sizing............................ 183
5.5 PV System Performance..................... 183
5.5.1 Output power of PV systems............... 183
5.5.2 Energy rating of PV systems............... 184
5.5.3 Alternative (simpler) energy rating of PV systems . . . 184
6 Uses and World Market of PV Solar Energy............. 185
6.1 Overview on the Uses of PV Energy............... 185
6.2 World PV Market......................... 186
6.2.1 Size and historic evolution of the world
PV market......................... 186
6.2.2 PV cell production by technology............ 187
6.2.3 Evolution of PV module costs and PV electricity . . . 187
7 Material Usage and Environmental Impact of PV
Solar Energy............................... 188
7.1 The Value Chain of PV Technology............... 188
7.2 Material Usage of PV Technology................ 189
7.3 Energy Payback Time of PV Systems.............. 189
7.4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions of PV Systems........... 190
7.5 Operational Hazards of PV Systems............... 190
7.6 PV Module Decommissioning and Recycling.......... 191
References.................................. 192
10. Concentrating Solar Thermal Power 195
Wes Stein
1 Introduction............................... 195
2 Solar Radiation and Concentration.................. 196
3 Receiving and Absorbing Solar Radiation............... 197
3.1 Energy Balance.......................... 197
3.2 Selective Surface Theory..................... 198
4 Types of Solar Collectors for Power and Fuels............ 199
4.1 Solar Pond............................. 200
4.2 Solar Chimney........................... 200
4.3 Parabolic Trough......................... 202
4.3.1 Heat transfer fluid..................... 203
4.4 Linear Fresnel........................... 205
4.5 Central Receiver (Power Tower)................. 207
4.5.1 Heliostats and field layout................ 207
4.5.2 Receivers.......................... 208
4.6 Dish Concentrators........................ 208
5 Thermal Storage ............................ 211
5.1 Two-Tank Molten Salt...................... 211
5.2 Single Tank Molten Salt ..................... 212
5.3 Alternative Thermal Storage Options.............. 212
5.4 Thermochemical Storage..................... 213
5.5 Cost Reduction of Thermal Storage Through Higher
Temperatures........................... 215
6 Concentrating Solar Power Systems.................. 215
6.1 Rankine Cycle........................... 216
6.2 Brayton Cycle........................... 216
6.3 Stirling Cycle ........................... 218
7 CSP and Solar Fuels.......................... 218
8 CSP in the Market........................... 220
9 Conclusions............................... 222
References.................................. 222
11. Biomass 225
Mark Downing and Anthony F. Turhollow Jr.
1 Introduction............................... 225
2 Ethanol ................................. 226
3 Ethanol Production from Sugarcane in Brazil............ 226
4 Biodiesel................................. 228
5 Thermal Processes ........................... 228
5.1 Pyrolysis.............................. 229
5.2 Gasification ............................ 229
5.3 Combustion............................ 230
6 Biological Processes........................... 230
6.1 Anaerobic Digestion........................ 230
6.2 Fermentation............................ 231
6.3 Algae................................ 233
7 Dedicated Energy Crops........................ 233
7.1 Switchgrass ............................ 233
7.2 Sorghum.............................. 234
7.3 Miscanthus............................. 235
7.4 Sugarcane and Energy Cane................... 236
7.5 Hybrid Poplar........................... 236
7.6 Willow............................... 237
7.7 Eucalyptus............................. 238
7.8 Oilseeds .............................. 238
8 Future Use of Biofuels ......................... 239
References.................................. 239
Appendix................................... 243
12. Geothermal Energy 245
Gordon Bloomquist, John Lund, and Magnus Gehringer
1 Introduction to Geothermal Energy and Its Utilization....... 245
2 World Overview of Utilization..................... 247
2.1 Direct Use of Geothermal Resources............... 247
2.2 Geothermal Direct Utilization Technologies........... 249
2.2.1 District cooling ...................... 250
2.3 Economics of Direct-Use Systems................ 250
2.4 Future Utilization Scenario for Power Generation
and Direct Use........................... 251
3 Geothermal Geology.......................... 252
4 Development of Geothermal Power Generation Projects....... 253
4.1 Exploration ............................ 255
4.2 Drilling and Well Testing..................... 256
4.2.1 Well testing........................ 257
5 Geothermal Power Generation Technologies............. 258
5.1 Flash Plants, Condensing Units................. 258
5.2 Binary Cycles........................... 260
5.3 Additional Technologies...................... 261
5.4 Power Plant Condensers ..................... 262
5.5 Power Plant Cooling ....................... 262
5.6 Constructing Power Plants According to the Stepwise
Approach.............................. 263
5.7 Determination of Power Plant Size by Demand Analysis . . . 263
6 Economics of Power Generation.................... 264
6.1 Risk/Cost Profiles and Financing Options ........... 266
6.2 Incremental Costs......................... 267
7 Other Geothermal Resource Types and Applications ........ 268
7.1 Geopressured Resources...................... 268
7.2 Co-Produced Resources...................... 268
7.3 Enhanced Geothermal Systems.................. 268
7.4 Mineral Extraction........................ 269
7.5 Geothermal Heat Pumps..................... 270
8 Environmental Impacts, Mitigation Measures, and Benefits..... 270
References.................................. 272
13. Hydropower and Pumped Storage 275
Torbj0rn K. Nielsen
1 Introduction............................... 275
2 Global Hydropower Resources..................... 276
3 Worldwide Use of Hydropower..................... 277
4 Hydropower and Turbines....................... 278
4.1 Basic Equations.......................... 278
4.2 Hydraulic Loss........................... 280
4.3 Turbine Types........................... 282
4.4 Turbine Theory.......................... 285
4.5 Efficiency.............................. 287
4.6 Classification of Turbines..................... 289
4.7 Cavitation............................. 290
4.8 Technical Advances in Turbine Design.............. 292
5 Hydropower Plant Performance.................... 293
5.1 Steady State Performance .................... 294
5.2 Governing Power ......................... 294
5.3 Transient Behavior ........................ 295
6 Small-Scale Hydropower........................ 295
6.1 Cross-Flow Turbines ....................... 296
6.2 Turgo Turbine........................... 297
6.3 Centrifugal Pumps Run as Turbines............... 297
7 Issues with Hydropower as a Future Component
of Renewable Energy.......................... 297
8 Pump Storage Plants.......................... 298
8.1 Introduction............................ 298
8.2 Separate Pump and Turbine................... 299
8.3 Reversible Pump Turbine..................... 302
8.4 Control and Electrical Interface................. 304
References.................................. 304
Appendix................................... 305
14. Wind Energy 307
Jos Beurskens and Arno Brand
1 Introduction............................... 307
2 Wind Resource............................. 308
2.1 The Origin of the Wind and its Variations........... 308
2.2 Power of the Wind ........................ 308
2.3 Variability of the Wind...................... 310
2.4 World and Regional Wind Potential............... 313
3 Wind Turbines ............................. 315
3.1 Drag Machines and Lift Machines................ 315
3.2 Rotor Characteristics....................... 316
3.3 Energy Conversion and Control................. 318
3.4 Power Curves and Energy Output................ 320
3.5 Concepts and Structural Aspects ................ 323
4 Wakes and Clusters........................... 325
4.1 Clusters of Wind Turbines: Wind Farms............ 325
4.2 Single Wind Turbine Wakes................... 326
4.3 Internal Wakes Inside a Wind Farm............... 327
4.4 Wind Farm Wakes......................... 327
4.5 Wind Farm Clusters........................ 328
5 Grid Integration............................. 329
5.1 Introduction............................ 329
5.2 Grid Requirements........................ 330
5.2.1 System balance ...................... 330
5.2.2 Program imbalance.................... 330
5.3 The Natural Variability and the Limited Predictability
of Wind Energy.......................... 331
5.3.1 Variability......................... 331
5.3.2 Predictability ....................... 333
6 Market Developments.......................... 334
References.................................. 339
15. Ocean Energy 343
Ian Bryden
1 Introduction............................... 343
2 Wave Energy .............................. 344
2.1 The Technology.......................... 344
2.2 Resource.............................. 346
2.3 The Status............................. 347
3 Tidal Current Energy.......................... 349
3.1 The Technology.......................... 349
3.2 The Resource........................... 350
3.3 The Status............................. 352
4 Tidal Entrainment ........................... 353
4.1 The Technology.......................... 353
4.1.1 Single basin tidal barrage schemes............ 354
4.1.2 Double basin systems................... 356
4.2 The Resource ........................... 356
4.3 The Status............................. 357
References.................................. 358
16. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 359
Gerard C. Nihous
1 Basic Concept of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion........ 359
2 Available OTEC Resources....................... 365
3 Advantages and Disadvantages of OTEC............... 366
4 Status of OTEC Development..................... 370
References.................................. 371
17. Capacitive Electric Storage 373
Lu Wei and Gleb Yushin
1 Introduction............................... 373
2 Dielectric Capacitors.......................... 375
3 Electrolytic Capacitors......................... 376
4 Electrochemical Capacitors....................... 378
4.1 EDLCs............................... 378
4.2 Pseudocapacitors......................... 383
4.2.1 Pseudocapacitors with surface compounds....... 383
4.2.2 Pseudocapacitors with metal oxides........... 384
4.2.3 Pseudocapacitors with conducting polymers...... 386
4.3 Hybrid Capacitors......................... 387
5 Promising Applications of Electrochemical Capacitors........ 390
6 Conclusions and Outlook........................ 393
References.................................. 393
18. Batteries 405
Habiballah Rahimi-Eichi and Mo-Yuen Chow
1 Electrochemical Structure of a Battery................ 405
2 Battery Technologies and Applications................ 407
2.1 Primary Batteries......................... 407
2.2 Secondary Batteries........................ 407
3 Batteries Compared with Other Energy-Storage Technologies . . . 415
4 Directions and Challenges of Battery Technology.......... 417
4.1 Battery Technology Goals for PHEV/PEVs .......... 417
4.2 Peak Power ............................ 419
4.3 Energy Capacity.......................... 420
4.4 Lifetime .............................. 421
4.5 Safety................................ 422
4.6 Cost ................................ 422
4.7 Battery Technologies for the Smart Grid............ 423
4.8 Battery Management System................... 423
5 Summary................................. 424
References.................................. 424
19. Fuel Cells and the Hydrogen Economy 427
John T.S. Irvine, Gael P. G. Corre, and Xiaoxiang Xu
1 Introduction............................... 427
2 Fuel Cell Types............................. 429
3 Fuels................................... 430
3.1 Hydrogen.............................. 430
3.2 Fuel Processing.......................... 432
4 Fuel Cell Applications ......................... 435
5 Proton-Conducting Electrolyte Fuel Cells............... 436
5.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells............. 436
5.2 Solid Acid Fuel Cells....................... 437
5.3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells.................... 437
6 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells ......................... 439
6.1 Basic Definitions.......................... 439
6.2 History of SOFC.......................... 440
6.3 Characteristics........................... 441
6.4 Design............................... 442
6.5 Materials.............................. 443
7 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell...................... 445
8 Efficiency ................................ 445
8.1 Thermodynamics of Fuel Cells.................. 445
8.2 Fuel Cell Efficiency........................ 447
8.2.1 Heating efficiency..................... 447
8.2.2 Thermodynamic efficiency ................ 447
8.2.3 Current efficiency..................... 448
8.2.4 Voltage efficiency ..................... 449
8.2.5 Internal resistance..................... 450
8.2.6 Charge transfer or activation polarization........ 450
8.2.7 Diffusion or concentration polarization......... 451
9 Summary................................. 452
References.................................. 452
20. Electrical Grids 455
Roisin Duignan and Mark O Malley
1 Introduction............................... 455
2 Power Grids............................... 455
2.1 Electric Power Infrastructure................... 456
2.2 Operation, Planning, and Service Restoration......... 456
3 Electric Power Grid Analysis Tools and Fundamentals ....... 461
3.1 Phasors Fundamentals ...................... 461
3.2 Alternating Current and Direct Current............. 462
3.3 Power Fundamentals....................... 462
3.4 Phase Circuit Fundamentals................... 463
3.5 Electric Power Fundamentals................... 465
4 Transformers............................... 465
4.1 Transformers: Introduction.................... 466
4.2 Ideal Transformer......................... 466
4.3 Real Transformer......................... 466
4.4 Transformer Core Losses..................... 467
4.5 Determination of Real Transformer Circuit Parameters .... 468
4.6 Transformer Cooling and Winding Connections ........ 468
5 Synchronous Machines......................... 469
5.1 Synchronous Machines: Introduction .............. 469
5.2 Synchronous Motor Operation.................. 469
5.3 Synchronous Machines Example — Pumped Storage Schemes 471
6 Transmission of Electricity....................... 471
6.1 Electricity Transmission Fundamentals............. 471
6.2 Transmission Line Fundamentals................. 472
6.3 Power Flows on Transmission Lines............... 473
6.4 Transmission Line Efficiencies.................. 474
6.5 Transmission Interconnection................... 474
6.6 Direct Current Transmission................... 475
7 Power Systems Operations....................... 477
7.1 Unit Commitment......................... 477
7.2 Economic Dispatch........................ 477
7.3 Electricity Market Environment................. 477
8 Renewables and the Electrical Power Grid.............. 477
8.1 Renewables and the Electrical Power Grid: Introduction . . . 477
8.2 Renewable Example — Wind Turbines............. 478
References.................................. 480
21. Energy Use and Energy Conservation 481
V. Ismet Ugursal
1 Energy Use: Trends and Implications................. 481
2 Energy Management and Conservation................ 496
2.1 Energy Audit ........................... 498
2.2 Energy Conservation Opportunities — Examples ....... 506
References.................................. 509
Further Suggested Readings........................ 510
22. The Earth s Energy Balance 511
Gerard M. Crawley
1 Introduction..............................• . 511
2 Black Body Radiation ......................... 512
3 Albedo.................................. 514
4 Calculation of the Earth s Temperature at the Upper Atmosphere . 515
5 Effect of the Atmosphere on the Earth s Surface Temperature . . . 516
5.1 Composition of the Earth s Atmosphere............. 516
5.2 Radiation Balance for Short- and Long-Wavelength Radiation 517
5.3 Abundances of Greenhouse Gases................ 519
6 Measurements of Earth s Temperature................ 522
7 Sea Ice Extent.............................. 524
8 Sea Level Rise.............................. 525
9 Climate Predictions........................... 527
9.1 Global Temperature Projections................. 529
9.2 Sea-Level Projections....................... 530
9.3 Glacier and Ice Sheet Projections................ 532
References.................................. 533
Index 537
About the Contributors 547
|
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| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TJ163 |
| callnumber-raw | TJ163.235 |
| callnumber-search | TJ163.235 |
| callnumber-sort | TJ 3163.235 |
| callnumber-subject | TJ - Mechanical Engineering and Machinery |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)844033911 (DE-599)BVBBV040794364 |
| dewey-full | 621.042 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics |
| dewey-raw | 621.042 |
| dewey-search | 621.042 |
| dewey-sort | 3621.042 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Energietechnik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV040794364 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:34:00Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789814343510 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2012034832 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025774596 |
| oclc_num | 844033911 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-634 DE-20 |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-634 DE-20 |
| physical | XXII, 563 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | World Scientific |
| record_format | marc |
| series | World Scientific series in materials and energy |
| series2 | World Scientific series in materials and energy |
| spelling | The World scientific handbook of energy ed.: Gerard M. Crawley ... Handbook of energy New Jersey [u.a.] World Scientific 2013 XXII, 563 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier World Scientific series in materials and energy 3 Power resources Handbooks, manuals, etc Biomasse (DE-588)4006877-8 gnd rswk-swf Fossiler Brennstoff (DE-588)4211713-6 gnd rswk-swf Geothermik (DE-588)4020285-9 gnd rswk-swf Sonnenenergie (DE-588)4055572-0 gnd rswk-swf Kernenergie (DE-588)4030318-4 gnd rswk-swf Energieerzeugung (DE-588)4070813-5 gnd rswk-swf Energieerzeugung (DE-588)4070813-5 s Fossiler Brennstoff (DE-588)4211713-6 s Kernenergie (DE-588)4030318-4 s Sonnenenergie (DE-588)4055572-0 s Biomasse (DE-588)4006877-8 s Geothermik (DE-588)4020285-9 s DE-604 Crawley, Gerard M. edt World Scientific series in materials and energy 3 (DE-604)BV039879738 3 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025774596&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | The World scientific handbook of energy World Scientific series in materials and energy Power resources Handbooks, manuals, etc Biomasse (DE-588)4006877-8 gnd Fossiler Brennstoff (DE-588)4211713-6 gnd Geothermik (DE-588)4020285-9 gnd Sonnenenergie (DE-588)4055572-0 gnd Kernenergie (DE-588)4030318-4 gnd Energieerzeugung (DE-588)4070813-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006877-8 (DE-588)4211713-6 (DE-588)4020285-9 (DE-588)4055572-0 (DE-588)4030318-4 (DE-588)4070813-5 |
| title | The World scientific handbook of energy |
| title_alt | Handbook of energy |
| title_auth | The World scientific handbook of energy |
| title_exact_search | The World scientific handbook of energy |
| title_full | The World scientific handbook of energy ed.: Gerard M. Crawley ... |
| title_fullStr | The World scientific handbook of energy ed.: Gerard M. Crawley ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | The World scientific handbook of energy ed.: Gerard M. Crawley ... |
| title_short | The World scientific handbook of energy |
| title_sort | the world scientific handbook of energy |
| topic | Power resources Handbooks, manuals, etc Biomasse (DE-588)4006877-8 gnd Fossiler Brennstoff (DE-588)4211713-6 gnd Geothermik (DE-588)4020285-9 gnd Sonnenenergie (DE-588)4055572-0 gnd Kernenergie (DE-588)4030318-4 gnd Energieerzeugung (DE-588)4070813-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Power resources Handbooks, manuals, etc Biomasse Fossiler Brennstoff Geothermik Sonnenenergie Kernenergie Energieerzeugung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025774596&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV039879738 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT crawleygerardm theworldscientifichandbookofenergy AT crawleygerardm handbookofenergy |