Lexical analysis: norms and exploitations
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge, Mass. [u.a.]
MIT Press
2013
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverz. S. [437] - 453 |
| Beschreibung: | XV, 462 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780262018579 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804150110316134400 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Acknowledgments
xiii
Chapter
1
Words and Meanings: The Need for a New Approach
1
1.1
Using Words to Make Meanings
1
1.2
Competence in Rule-Governed Behavior
8
1.3
Making Comparisons to Make Meanings
9
1.4
Exploiting Normal Usage
10
1.5
Open Choice and Idiomatic Constraints
15
1.6
A Lexically Based Approach to Linguistic Theory
17
1.7
Ontologies
18
1.8
Evidence and Intuition
20
1.9
What This Book Is About
22
1.10
Summary
23
Chapter
2__________________________________________
What Is a Word?
25
2.1
Competing Concepts of Word
25
2.2
Is the Lexicon of a Language a Finite Set?
29
2.3
Zipf s Law
31
2.4
The Dynamic Lexicon
32
2.5
Proper Names
33
2.6
How New Terminology Is Created
42
2.7
The Words Scientists Use
45
2.8
Contextual
Anchoring
49
2.9
Multiword Expressions
50
2.10
Implications
62
2.11
Summary
63
Chapter
3
Do Word Meanings Exist?
65
3.1
A Serious Question
65
3.2
Common Sense
66
3.3
Ockham s Razor
69
3.4
Peaceful Coexistence of Incompatible Components
71
3.5
Meaning Events and Meaning Potentials
73
3.6
Clause Structure and Wider Context
75
3.7
Where Corpus Analysis Runs Out
80
3.8
Implications
81
3.9
Summary
82
Chapter
4___________________________________________________________
Prototypes and Norms
85
4.1
Problems with Received Wisdom
85
4.2
Meanings as Events and Meanings as Beliefs: Gricean Implicatures
87
4.3
How to Identify a Norm
91
4.4
Meaning Potentials and Phraseology
96
4.5
Meaning, Preference Semantics, and Prototype Theory
99
4.6
Climb: Empirical Analysis
101
4.7
Implications
104
4.8
Summary
105
Appendix
4.1:
Uses of Climb, a Verb of Motion [[Process]]
107
Appendix
4.2:
Contextually Generated Implicatures of Climb (Verb) 111
Chapter
5___________________________________________________________
Contextual Dependency and Lexical Sets
113
5.1
Recognizing Patterns
113
5.2
Norms of Usage and Belief: Verbs
115
Contents
5.3
Norms of Usage and
Belief:
Nouns
134
5.4
Projecting Meaning Potentials onto Syntax
136
5.5
Domain-Specific Norms
139
5.6
A Dictionary without Definitions
140
5.7
Creativity and
Cliché
141
5.8
Implications
141
5.9
Summary
143
Chapter
6
Norms Change over Time
145
6.1
A Monumental Inscription
145
6.2
Associating Norms of Meaning and Use: The Case of Enthusiasm
147
6.3
Exploiting and Alternating Norms: Enthusiasm
151
6.4
The Problem of Negatives and Questions
153
6.5
What Did Jane Austen Mean by Enthusiasm!
154
6.6
What Did Jane Austen Mean by Condescension?
160
6.7
Norms, Mutual Beliefs, and Social Status
165
6.8
More Mundane Examples of Meaning Change
166
6.9
When New Senses Drive Out Established Senses
167
6.10
Words with Two or More Literal Meanings
170
6.11
Summary
171
Chapter
7________________________________________________________
Three Types of Alternation
173
7.1
Semantic Epicenters
173
7.2
Lexical Alternations
174
7.3
Semantic-Type Alternations
176
7.4
Syntactic Alternations
186
7.5
Implications
207
7.6
Summary
209
Chapter
8
Exploitations
211
8.1
What Is an Exploitation?
211
8.2
Typology of
Exploitations
215
8.3
Are All Rhetorical Tropes Exploitations?
226
8.4
Puns
236
8.5
Making Sense of Complex Exploitations
238
8.6
Exploiting Pattern Ambiguity
240
8.7
Exploiting Existing Words to Form New Ones
241
8.8
General Contextual Resolution of Ambiguity
243
8.9
Minimally Exploited Words and Unexpected
Exploitations
244
8.10
Distinguishing Exploitations from Mistakes
245
8.11
Implications
249
8.12
Summary
250
Chapter
9_________________________________________________
Intertextuality: Literature and the Exploitation of Norms
251
9.1
The Intertextuality of the Lexicon
251
9.2
The Resilience of Ancient Fables and Folk Stories
253
9.3
Intertextuality in Lighter Texts
257
9.4
How Poetry Exploits Lexical Norms
258
9.5
The Influence of Shakespeare
262
9.6
The Influence of the Bible
266
9.7
Playing with Language for Its Own Sake
271
9.8
Extremes of Exploitation and Otherwise
273
9.9
Ultimate Exploitations
275
9.10
Linguistic Evidence, Drama, and Fiction
279
9.11
Summary
281
Chapter
10________________________________________________
Word and Pattern Meaning: A Complex Linguistic
Gestalt 283
10.1
Semantic and Syntagmatic Complexity: A Matter of
Degree
283
10.2
How Exploitations Become Secondary Norms
289
10.3
Latin
and Greek Secondary Norms Can Be Primary Norms in English
301
10.4
Summary
302
Chapter
11___________________________________________________________
Meaning, Philosophy of Language, and Anthropology
305
11.1
Priorities: Evidence before Theory
306
11.2
Aristotle, Lexical Semantics, and Definitions
310
11.3
The Enlightenment: From Wilkins to Wierzbicka
312
11.4
Wittgenstein: The Variable Nature of Word Meaning
324
11.5
Ogden and Richards: The Semantic Triangle
329
11.6
Grice and Austin: Ordinary-Language Philosophy
331
11.7
Rosch and Putnam: Prototypes and Stereotypes in Lexical Analysis
334
11.8
Summary
345
Chapter
12___________________________________________________________
The Role of the Lexicon in Linguistic Theory
347
12.1
Theoretical Streams in Linguistics
347
12.2
The Lexicon in European Structuralism
348
12.3
The Russian Tradition
355
12.4
The Lexicon in Generative Linguistics
363
12.5
Pustejovsky s Generative Lexicon
376
12.6
The Lexicon in Cognitive Linguistics
380
12.7
Fillmore: Frame Semantics and FrameNet
383
12.8
Construction Grammar
388
12.9
The Firthian Tradition
390
12.10
Conclusion
405
12.11
Summary
407
Chapter
13___________________________________________________________
The Broader Picture
409
13.1
Using Words; Making Meanings
409
13.2
Summary of the Theory of Norms and Exploitations
410
13.3
Linguistic Rules and Linguistic Data
414
13.4
Theory and Application
417
13.5
Conclusion
428
Notes
431
References
437
Index
455
In Lexical Analysis, Patrick Hanks offers a wide-
ranging empirical investigation of word use and
meaning in language. The book fills the need for a
lexically based, corpus-driven theoretical approach
that will help people understand how words go to¬
gether in collocational patterns and constructions to
make meanings. Such an approach is now possible,
Hanks writes, because of the availability of new
forms of evidence (corpora, the Internet) and the
development of new methods of statistical analysis
and inferencing.
Hanks offers a new theory of language, the
Theory of Norms and Exploitations
(TNE),
which
makes a systematic distinction between normal and
abnormal usage
—
between rules for using words
normally and rules for exploiting such norms in
metaphor and other creative use of language. Using
hundreds of carefully chosen citations from corpora
and other texts, he shows how matching each use of
a word against established contextual patterns plays
a large part in determining the meaning of an utter¬
ance. His goal is to develop a coherent and practical
lexically driven theory of language that takes into
account the immense variability of everyday usage
and that shows that this variability is rule governed
rather than random. Such a theory will complement
other theoretical approaches to language, including
cognitive linguistics, construction grammar,
een-
erative lexicon
theory, priming theory, and pattern
|
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| spelling | Hanks, Patrick 1940-2024 Verfasser (DE-588)1151057800 aut Lexical analysis norms and exploitations Patrick Hanks Cambridge, Mass. [u.a.] MIT Press 2013 XV, 462 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverz. S. [437] - 453 Englisch Lexicology English language Word formation English language New words Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd rswk-swf Wortschatz (DE-588)4126555-5 gnd rswk-swf Lexikologie (DE-588)4114409-0 gnd rswk-swf Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 s Wortschatz (DE-588)4126555-5 s Lexikologie (DE-588)4114409-0 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025756184&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025756184&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Hanks, Patrick 1940-2024 Lexical analysis norms and exploitations Englisch Lexicology English language Word formation English language New words Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd Wortschatz (DE-588)4126555-5 gnd Lexikologie (DE-588)4114409-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4014777-0 (DE-588)4126555-5 (DE-588)4114409-0 |
| title | Lexical analysis norms and exploitations |
| title_auth | Lexical analysis norms and exploitations |
| title_exact_search | Lexical analysis norms and exploitations |
| title_full | Lexical analysis norms and exploitations Patrick Hanks |
| title_fullStr | Lexical analysis norms and exploitations Patrick Hanks |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lexical analysis norms and exploitations Patrick Hanks |
| title_short | Lexical analysis |
| title_sort | lexical analysis norms and exploitations |
| title_sub | norms and exploitations |
| topic | Englisch Lexicology English language Word formation English language New words Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd Wortschatz (DE-588)4126555-5 gnd Lexikologie (DE-588)4114409-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Englisch Lexicology English language Word formation English language New words Wortschatz Lexikologie |
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