Filosofia istoriei la Gh. I. Brătianu: devenire şi sinteză istorică = The philosophy of history at Gh. I. Brătianu
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Bucureşti
Ed. Acad. Române
2012
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung und Inh.-Verz. in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 299 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789732722534 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Filosofia istoriei la Gh. I. Brătianu |b devenire şi sinteză istorică = The philosophy of history at Gh. I. Brătianu |c Mihai Popa |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a The philosophy of history at Gh. I. Brătianu |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804150106120781824 |
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| adam_text | Contents
Foreword
.......................................................................... 7
I. FOR A NEW HISTORICAL SYNTHESIS
.............. 15
Theoretical models of the historical synthesis
............. 15
Classical and modern in the historiographical synthesis
.. 20
Comprehension and the model of the historical becoming
29
The rigours of the historical discipline
........................ 35
Historical experience and becoming
................................ 38
Objectivity and subjectivity in the historical knowledge
. 42
The appeal to the tradition and the conceptual
harmonization
....................................................... 53
History-problem and the historical event
......................... 55
The value of the time as a historical synthesis
................. 63
The new history
-
a scientifically argued synthesis
..... 67
II. UNIVERSAL HISTORY AND NATIONAL HISTORY
76
The relationships between the Occident and the Orient
81
The crisis of the Occident
................................................ 84
The European cultural model
........................................... 91
297
FILOSOFIA
ISTORIEI
LA GH.
I.
BRĂTIANU
_____________
Unification of the scientific language
-
premises for
a dialogue between historians
................................. 104
Knowledge and integration
.............................................. 106
Historicity as a capitalization of the possible
.................. 110
Historical narrative
-
relating about a virtual fact
........... 118
Ontology of the historical fact
...................................... 121
III. AN ENIGMA AND A MIRACLE: THE ROMANIAN
PEOPLE
................................................................... 127
The concept of culture: universal and particular in the
cultural-historical creation
........................................... 128
The unity of the language and of the categories of culture in
the historical becoming
............................................... 129
Institutions, forms and cultural values
............................. 140
Unity and diversity in the national synthesis
............... 152
The human experience and the historical synthesis
......... 152
Explanation and understanding in historiography
........... 158
Updating of the experience and of the historical forms
.. 167
The historical determinism and the paradigms of the
social development
................................................... 171
Necessity and freedom in the historical becoming
.......... 172
Centre and periphery
-
cultural and historical
topoi
........ 179
IV. ARE THERE ANY BARRIERS THAT SEPARATE
PEOPLE AND CIVILIZATIONS?
........................ 186
The historical dimension of the Romanian existence at
Mircea
Vulcănescu,
Gh.
I.
Brătianu
and Vasile
Băncilă
186
The antinomic categories of the historical becoming
...... 196
298
DEVENIRE ŞI SINTEZA ISTORICĂ
Cultural
space and globalization
...................................... 205
Historical synthesis and national creation at Gh. I.
Brattami
and M. Eminescu
...................................... 214
Cultural synthesis and the creation of the national values
.. 218
National and universal in culture
..................................... 230
Tradition and historical truth at Gh. I.
Brătianu
........ 236
Historical tradition and collective memory
...................... 243
The historical imaginary in Dimitrie Cantemir s work
.... 245
HISTORICAL SYSTHESIS AND NATIONAL CREATION
AT GH.
L
BRÀTIANU
AND ML EMINESCU (English
version)
...................................................................... 260
Bibliography
.................................................................... 287
299
FILOSOFIA
ISTORIEI
LA GH.
I.
BRÄTIANU
HISTORICAL SYNTHESIS
AND NATIONAL CREATION AT
GH. I.
BRĂTIANU
AND MIHAIEMINESCU
Historical synthesis is a concept that, at the
beginning of the XXth century raised a special
scientific interest, in the world of the personalities
concerned with a new methodology in the field, with
opening towards the disciplines and the theories
adjacent to the human science, but cooperating to the
idea of total history. Thus, sociology, political
economy,
politology,
anthropology have all an
historical component; consequently, the phrases
historical sociology , historical economy etc.
complete the history field, providing a methodolo¬
gical and terminological corpus from which history
itself, first of all as theory and then as scientific
practice, enriches. The synthesis (from
syn
-
assembly and thesis
-
affirmation) can be also a
negotiation between apparently opposed scientific
views, between theses and opinions that can be
coordinated only through a conceptual unity
historically achieved
-
here can be seen the
theoretical role of the Hegelian synthesis, as a
moment that overcomes, preserves and unifies the
thesis and the antithesis (negation). The
Illuminisi
idea of claiming the historical component in sciences
had to display also a reverse
-
including the theories
260
DEVENIRE ŞI SINTEZĂ ISTORICĂ
of various
sciences
in history. Then, there is a
component, this time metatheoretical, of unification
between the natural and the social sciences, which
includes the intention of uniformization of the
scientific languages (H. Berr)1. The theory of
synthesis is thus an alternative to the classical theory
of history, proposed by historians first of all, but also
by philosophers, economists, sociologists (such as
A.D.
Xenopol), reunited under the emblem
-
desiderate with the name of new history or new
historiographie
revolution , whose artisan was Henri
Berr
(1863-1954),
in an early stage grouped around
the Revue
de synthèse historique
(1900) -
Xenopol
was a frequent collaborator of it
-,
then, as a
declared manifest,
Annales d histoire économique
et sociale (1929)2.
Gh.
I.
Brătianu
was one of the supporters of the
movement, in his theoretical papers, but also in the
historical ones, using the method and the principles
of the new philosophy , whose roots he saw in the
Illuminist thinking (Voltaire), the French encyclopedists
and historians being the initiators of a social and
history philosophy centered on the idea of progress,
becoming now the organic concept of universal
history 3. Focusing on the critical history, the new
1
L
histoire
traditionelle
et la synthèse, Paris,
1921,
p.
Ш.
2
Pamffi
Nichiţelea,
Gh.
Brătianu, filosof al istoriei,
Bucureşti
-
Chişinău, Litera
-
Litera Internaţional,
2003,
p.
87.
3
Gh.
I.
Brătianu, Criza ideii de progres, iaşi, Viafa
Românească
S.A., 1928,
p.
12.
261
FILOSOFIA
ISTORIEI
LA GH.
I.
BRĂTIANU
complete knowledge of sources (L.
von Ranke -
that
Iorga appreciated superlatively, as the historian
through definition). The critical history (in Romania
represented by D. Onciul, I.
Bogdan, N.
Iorga)
promoted such a conception, which made available for
the historian, by the works of E.
Bernheim
or Ch.
Langlois
and Ch. Seignobos, a real labour legislation
[...],
as it was the famous sentence that begins the work
of the latter ones history is done only with
documents , and breaking the rules established by
them was a heresy 7.
Historical synthesis, as understood and practiced
by the adepts of this orientation, brings into discussion,
in the context of the theoretical correspondences
resulted from the efforts of the disciplines focused
on the human being and the society, the history of
the event and the history of the institutions, struggling
to include all the sides of life: the political, the
social, the economic, but also the religious, artistic
or literary ones 8.
Brătianu,
as we can see following the evolution
of his work9 and of the general conception, is the adept
7
P.
Nichiţelea,
op. cit., p.
94.
Gh. I.
Brătianu, Concepţia actuală a istoriei medievale,
Bucureşti, Cultura Naţională,
1924,
p.
31.
9
We mention here only some of the most important
works exposing the new historical method and the theory of
synthesis explicitely:
СоНсерЏипеа
actuală a istoriei
medievale, Bucureşti,
1924;
Teorii noi în învăţământul istoriei,
264
DEVENIRE ŞI SINTEZĂ ISTORICĂ
of a correlation of the historical factors and of the
principles on which we formulate/describe history,
using both the analysis of the document traditionally
(critically) and the synthesis.
Revealing the importance of the historical factors,
the interdisciplinary character and the
universalism
-
a
globalist
conception, which allows in the dynamic
of becoming the
interactionist
formula, in which
history is written not only starting from documents,
but integrating the documents and other proofs
traditionally non-historical
-,
Brătianu
is closer, in
our opinion, to Xenopol s view of philosophic
history . The theory of historical synthesis is a
philosophy of history, as the theory of the historical
series corresponds to the intention of the author of
The Fundamental Principles of History to unify the
Iaşi,
1926;
Criza ideii de progres,
„Minerva ,
I,
Iaşi,
1928;
Recherches
sur le commerce génois dans la Mer Noire au XlII-e
siècle, Paris,
1929;
Une nouvelle histoire de l Europe au
Moyen Âge,
Bucureşti,
1937;
Une énigme et un miracle
historique: le peuple roumain.
Apropos du
livre de M. Ferdinand
Lot sur ¡es invasions barbares et de quelques ouvrages récents
sur les origines du peuple roumain,
Bucureşti,
1937;
O enigmă
şi un miracol: poporul român (traducerea autorului şi a lui Al.
Iordan, ediţie revăzută şi adăugită), Bucureşti,
1940;
Études
byzantines d histoire économique et sociale, Paris,
1938;
Chestiunea Mării Negre, curs,
1941-1942,1942-1943,
Bucureşti,
1943;
La Bassarabie. Droits nationaux et historiques,
Bucureşti,
1943;
Origines et formation de l unité roumain,
Bucureşti,
1943;
Sfatul domnesc şi adunarea stărilor în Principatele
Române, Evry,
1977.
265
FILOSOFIA
ISTORIEI
LA GH.
I.
BRÄTIANU
determinism
-
theory of causality
-,
ontology and
gnoseology, to offer the historical way a
theoretical support, a conceptual structure. At both
Brătianu
and Xenopol, the intention is not necessarily
metaphysical
-
in this field, maybe only V.
Conta
and later V.
Pârvan
will try a conceptual systemati-
zation
-,
but rather a unification of history and
philosophy, beyond the limits of the
positivist
theory
felt as insufficient, and also beyond the conceptual
framework of the speculative philosophy.
Cultural synthesis and historical becoming
In this paper we will take into account a less
approached aspect of the historical synthesis and that
is, in our opinion, the one that the historians should
develop in their researches: the historical creation,
the spiritual element in the community life. The
historical synthesis, at the beginning a methodo¬
logical concept, which guides the research of the
historical fact also from the perspective of the other
social disciplines, catches however the attention
through its rational, gnoseological fundaments. If the
synthesis was not regarded as spiritual becoming, it
would risk to stagnate, to remain a simple annexation
of concepts which enlighten more or less a researched
event. The fact that
Brătianu
correlates a series of
linguistic, economic, demographic elements, which
266
DEVENIRE ŞI SINTEZĂ ISTORICĂ
together contribute to an objective description of the
event, is meant to preserve however the
epistemic
interest in the area in which knowledge should be
also a synthesis of both its objective and subjective
functions. He grants equal importance to all the
theories and hypotheses regarding a certain historical
process, but he also criticizes them severely, with
arguments from all the areas of scientific interest.
Thus he proceeds in the case of the theories
concerning the migration of the populations after the
Romans left
Dacia:
To be above any doubt of
preconceived opinions, even if legitimate, and to the
wonder of my possible critics, I will declare these
theories good for the moment, considering them
perfectly justified through the objective examination
of the sources and fully verified through the careful
study of the historical facts and conditions. At the
same time, without manifesting any preference, I
will have to consider that they are all equally well-
founded and to grant equal value to their different
arguments and conclusions. Yet, it is necessary that
before beginning another research, we should
compare the results up to now and to correlate their
data more or less convergent 10. These are in fact,
succinctly presented, the principles of a research that
10
Gheorghe I.
Brătianu, O
enigma
şi un miracol istoric:
poporul român,
ed.
cit., p.
51.
267
FILOSOFIA
ISTORIEI
LA GH.
I.
BRÃTIANU
does not lack the objective verification of all the
opinions. The next step, previous to synthesis, before
beginning another research , should be the
comparison of the results and the correlation of the
data
-
characteristic for the intellectual functions
-,
in
other words, the necessary separation of the elements
of the fact researched before the synthesis
-,
characteristic for the transcendental (unifying) reason.
The historian in general and the historian
Brătianu
can be subject to the Kantian gnoseological
process, in which the rational synthesis cannot elude
the experience data, in this case, the historical
datum. Yet, any (synthetic) statement is necessarily
subjective
-
to the same extent objective (scientific)
and creative spiritually, revealing the reality of the
subject. However, this whole process is for a
historian first of all a dialogue between consciences:
the last step is to ask his historical conscience, a
temporal genetic, anterior alter-ego temporal.
Our question regarding the possibility of a
historiographical re-construction, in the limits of the
quite generous concept of the historical synthesis, is
if in the framework of this process the essential of a
historical fact can be perceived: the cultural element,
its being surprised in the dialogue in time and over
time. Maintaining this level of the dialogue between
two historical consciences we have to identify the
general, ontological character of the datum
-
as a
268
DEVENIRE ŞI SINTEZĂ ISTORICĂ
temporal and historical fact
-,
and not incidental, of
phenomenon revealed by the conditions of
discovering the document in which we identify it.
Some documents (sources) are incomplete, others
are missing, there is a certain probability, but also a
game of fortune, a statistics specific to the discovery
of the historical evidence. Because of this, the
criticism of the sources is supported by an
interdisciplinary process. The epistemology of the
historical sciences brings forth the data collected
from the fields that can support the historical
research. Thus, we can notice that
Brătianu,
in most
of his works, focuses on more discourses (theories),
concentrating the
epistemic
results from various
areas (archaeology, ethnography, political economy
etc.) towards the event he describes. Are these
elements, sometimes dispersed, through their
scientific and particular character
-
they belong to a
distinct discipline, even if each describes, through a
series of general rules, a segment of social life
-,
able to be synthesized, to form a unity?
A historian believes
-
and we do too
-
only in
this manner a fact identified as historical becomes a
general fact. And this quality belongs to him
through its connection to some cultural feet which
an event is a simple anecdote.
In the historical synthesis belonging to the
Romanian theoretician and historian, the spirit the
creative character, occupies the first place,
reveding
269
FILOSOFIA
ISTORIEI
LA
GH.
I.
BRĂTIANU
____________
finally, which revels the historical being of a
community, a fact underlined by the great majority
of the creators in the cultural field. Regarding this,
Brătianu
the historian, and Eminescu , the
historian met in a meta-historic discourse, but also
in the philosophy of history. Because for both the
historical events are life facts and cultural facts
simultaneously, an essential condition
-
not
historicized
-
of the existence in history. In
Eminescu s case, for example, are important the
things, the facts, the events in his life to which can be
attached from the beginning a cultural signification,
one belonging to Romanian culture 11. Through this
affirmation belonging to Noica, we are in another
part of the discourse and, at the same time, we
highlight the intentionality of every cognitive action:
the author
-
the historian, as well as the artist
-
gives
a cultural signification to the experience, fact and
events starting from his own experience to the time
in which he lives and experiments. The synthesis, as
scientific model, has to be first interiorized and with
as reference the subject, becomes a cultural
synthesis. Eminescu, for example, in his discourse
Viorel Cernica,
Modelul ontologic noician: sensuri,
aplicaţii, aporii, in Studii de istorie afilosofiei româneşti, voi.
V,
Centenar „Constantin Noica ,
coord.
Alexandro Surdu,
Viorel Cernica,
Titus
Lates,
edition supervised by
Mona
Mamulea,
Bucureşti, Editura Academiei Române,
2009,
ρ.
294.
270
DEVENIRE ŞI SINTEZĂ ISTORICĂ
having national character, which contains historical
elements too, blames the politics, economic
parasitism, idleness, saying that only through hard
work and cultural creation a people can affirm in the
history. Their contribution, personal effort, their own
ideal offered to the cultural destiny are the example
Bratianu and Eminescu gave. Their works are an
example of obedience towards the historical reality
lived through a cultural fact12. Yet, the study of
cultural facts, an excursion in the recent or ancient
history, must be contextualized. the historian may
give to his discourse a superior meaning, has the
right and the duty to find a leading thread in telling
the facts, the similitudes between institutions and
different historic periods are allowed to a great
extent. We cannot conceive elimination of some
essential elements of universal history, because they
do not correspond to strictly research of present day
settlements. Medieval history, without popes and
emperors would be a mutilated edifice, and their
noisy conflict proves that time entire mentality: there
was a time when religious problems had the
significance the social and economic issues have
nowadays 13.
12
Constantin Noica, Pagini despre sufletul românesc,
Bucureşti, Editura
Humanitas, 1991,
p.
78-83.
13 Gh.
I. Bratianu,
Studii şi articole de istorie,
edition
supervised by Victor
Spinéi
and Alexandra-Florin
Platon,
271
FILOSOFIA
ISTORIEI
LA GH.
I.
BRÀTIANU
_____________
The interdisciplinary characteristic
of synthesis in historiography
Noica, as most of the researchers of his
writings emphasized, considers that a culture must
be re-founded, that the historical becoming of a
people justifies itself by a rethinking of existence.
The discussions and ideas related to the historical
becoming, the theoretical context after
1920,
claimed the interest of thinkers (philosophers,
historians, sociologists) for a content which should
assert us distinctively and permanently on the universal
conscience. Only the people who have reconsidered
the world and placed their reason into the absolute
have created something lasting in history. That is the
reason why our culture, obsessed by traditions, must
reconsider their entire spiritual course, must have a
row with the past, so that they could finally join the
cultures which have a permanent historical
contribution mainly in the creation of a spiritual
European pattern. The historical becoming of the
human being is, sometimes, a systematic concern
about the studies or articles of Nae Ionescu, Mircea
Eliade, Mircea
Vulcănescu, Constantin
Noica. We
are no less aware of the breach with the past and the
inter-war Romanian historiography. The concepts of
the true historical synthesis have, in the theories
about history, a methodological turn of phrase which
Elena Adam,
Ionuţ Acrudoaie
and
Anca Ancuţa, Iaşi, Editura
Universităţii „Alexandru
loan
Cuza ,
2010,
p.
51.
272
DEVENIRE ŞI SINTEZĂ ISTORICĂ
tends to emphasize the interface necessary to
research the events. The synthesis of the research
means offer, according to Gh. I.
Brătianu,
another
pattern of the European medievalism and
modernism, in which the South-East and the Orient
are privileged, in any case they move on other
spiritual, more dynamic coordinates than the West.
To this purpose, the Romanian historian, similar to
the French ones (H. Berr, M. Bloch, F. Braudel,
Pierre Chaunu), will impose a true methodological
deconstruction in the
historiographie
research. The
center of gravity is transferred to the social and
economic interpretations, the politics being placed on
a second level. In the project of a new medieval
history,
Une nouvelle histoire de l Europe au Moyen
Âge,
there are presented the research
objectives
(and
the scientific interest) which interests the new
historical school: It may be more interesting and
efficacious to render a bigger ampleness to the
phenomena of economic and social history and to
integrate the history of civilization and reason, of
letters and arts in the narration of facts and events.
The method would allow reconciliation of two opposed
tendencies which seem to assert themselves with
more vigour within the fields of historical studies:
that of the history of institutions and of the social facts,
necessarily collective and impersonal, and that of the
personalities who left their mark of their genius and
temperament onto the centuries which have seen
them born and act.
273
FILOSOFIA
ISTORIEI
LA GH.
I.
BRÃTIANU
A true cultural synthesis starts from a fact of
living. In history (just like in art) we have numerous
moments to which the historian (the artist) can allot
theoretical or/and aesthetical significances. But not
any fact can require a specific interest from the
subject. We find ourselves at the limit where, in the
cognitive process, the individual-general ratio,
common to the description of the (historical) event
from the life of an individual or of a community can
equal to an
epistemic
interest. Most of the times it is
difficult for a historian to capture a truly historical
meaning among the mixture of the events presented
by documents. He calls on the criticism of the
sources, and not on the proper set of facts, which,
most of the times, and after an apparent criticism
-
as it happens in the case of apologetic ideological
descriptions
-
was an argument to launch
a pseudo
theory. Here we can see the historical and scientific
probity of a researcher who, detecting a fact, must
introduce it into an argumentative narration. It is
what Gh. I.
Brătianu
invokes in most of his writings.
Let us take as an example An enigma and a
historical miracle: the Romanian people, a
significant work in point of the historical and
scientific argumentation. The historian looks over
the main theories concerning the Romanian people
continuity, allotting equal justification at least to the
scientific premises where they begin from. After a
274
DEVENIRE ŞI SINTEZĂ ISTORICĂ
solid archaeological,
linguistic, ethnographic and
demographic critics, in turns he debunks the false
arguments calling on the resources synthesis. He
does not stop only at the sources which successively
confirm the continuity, but also takes into account
the hypothesis related to the subsequent South-
Danubian migration, insomuch as they are logically
built. But even so, setting aside the most notorious
confessions in favour of the North-Danubian
Vlachs vernacularity (Kekaumenos and Kinnamos,
among others
-
the
1
1th and 12th century) apart from
the archaeological and epigraphic discoveries and
others, the continuity theory (at the level of the
1940
research) does not appear diminished. The synthesis
of the documents and their critics cannot ignore a
more profound state , impossible to conceal by the
pseudoscientific arguments, namely the historical
and cultural synthesis of the inhabitants civilization
from the Romanians ethnogenesis. Thus one can
reach absurdities, at least of the kind framed by
Jacob
Bromberg
-
quoted by the Romanian historian
in his paper
-,
which support the eminently
Slavonian (Russian) character of the princedom
founded by
Dragos
at the East of the Carpathians,
based on the fact that, quoting from the above
-
mentioned researcher, the population within this
space was Slavonian, Bessarabia is, in fact, the
historical cradle of the Slavonian world , and the
275
FILOSOFIA
ISTORIEI
LA GH.
I.
BRÀTIANU
ethnic characteristic lasted throughout the entire
Middle Ages: at least, following the series of these
arguments, one can certainly state that Moldavia is
a political and cultural Russian area, and it is
impossible to prove that Stephen the Great spoke
Romanian . Instead, it is undoubtedly that he was
spoke Russian 14. We will not give the whole series
of theories dismantled by the Romanian thinker,
because some of these are well
-
known to the
public, but we will limit ourselves to emphasize the
solidarity of the argumentation used in all cases,
noticed by most researchers who have read his
works, not only Romanian, but also
foreigne15.
14
1.
Bromberg, Toponymical
and Historical Miscellanies
on Mediaeval Dobrudja, Bessarabia and Moldo-Vallachia, in
„Byzantion ,
XII,
p.
151-207, 459^*75
si
XIII,
p.
9-72,
quoted
after Gh. I. Bratianu, quoted worb, p.
57-59
(n.l and
2,
p.
58).
15
If the refreshment of the immigration theory can be
understood and politically amended , given the situation of
the 30s from the previous century, its political finality becomes
obvious once with the starting war. The science is flooded by
politics and the few genuine contributions lose themselves in the
mass of tendentious interpretations of facts (St. Brezeanu, quoted
worb, p.
32).
In the Romanian historiography, but also in
philosophy, the scholars (N. Iorga, V.
Pârvan
or Sextil
Puşcariu
and
N.
Draganu
and others) give even more solid arguments in
favour of the continuity, as well as the area of the birth of the
Romanian people, extended on both banks of the Danube, the
Romanians being descendants of the whole Eastern Romanity
(ibidem, p.
33).
We mention, apart from other contributions to
the critics advanced by the European representatives of the new
276
DEVENIRE ŞI SINTEZĂ ISTORICĂ
Apart from these judgements/arguments, we
are also interested in Bratianu s original way, deep
attachment to the logical and semantic means he
uses. Although, at a first lecture, in contrast with the
old school historians, let us say
N.
Iorga, A. D.
Xenopol and even V.
Pârvan,
Gh.
I.
Brătianu
is
closer to the new critical school, with a more
technical and rarely sterile speech, regarding the
similarity to the demonstrations appropriate to the
natural sciences or
positivist
descriptions,
as a
whole his work overreaches. And this is noticed on
wide spaces, in the genuine
monographies
of
school of historiography, especially that of The Annals , that
Brătianu
advanced the new concept of sources, presented for
example by
Lucien
Febvre, who illustrates the best the
Romanian historian s conception: History is undoubtedly made
with written documents. When they exist. But it is made, it must
be made without written documents if these are missing.
[...]
With signs. With landscapes and clay tablets. With the shapes
of the plain and with weeds. With moon eclipses and with
harnesses of the carts. With stone expertise made by geologists
and the analysis of the metallic swords made by the chemists.
In a word, with all that belonged to man serves for the man,
expresses the man, means the man s presence, activity, tastes
and way of being
{Combatspour l histoire,
2™ ed.,
Paris,
1965,
p.
428,
apud
St. Brezeanu,
op. cit., p.
34).
We quoted this
passage emblematic for The School of Annals because it is
more and more current for
Ле
historiographie
and historical
tendencies, and the spirit of modem research was also admirably
represented by the Romanian school, particularly by Gh.
1.
Brătianu.
277
FILOSOFIA
ISTORIEI
LA GH.
I.
BRÃTIANU
_____________
synthesis, as those dedicated to the Byzantine
history, South-Eastern European medieval history,
the history of the political and social space and of
the commercial relationships from the ample
historical and cultural evocation of the Black Sea
etc. Here and in many others, the soul of his writing,
despite the argumentation built with so precise as
well as so flexible logic, the historical narration
and the depiction of events acquire the grandeur of a
harmonious edifice in the classical meaning. It is
what approaches him to his great and rival colleagues
from the European historiography, especially to the
French L. Febvre or M. Bloch, and among the
Romanian ones, to
N.
Iorga, B. P. Hasdeu or even D.
Cantemir. We have mentioned these ones
-
although
there are many others
-
for a certain reason: they are
historians who possess the gift of veridical re¬
construction and who arouse a certain historical
pathos while reading their writings. In our opinion, it
is here that we discover the power of synthesis,
which is mainly cultural, specific to
Brătianu
the
historian, a way of being in and for the historical
culture, worldwide or national, similar to Eminescu s.
National
—
universal in culture
We cannot separate the abstract, the patriotic and
moral sentiment and the artistic from Eminescu s
278
DEVENIRE ŞI SINTEZĂ ISTORICĂ
unitary and self coherent thinking regarding the
world and history. Eminescu is a complex and multi-
valent personality, which Noica tries to render not
only in terms of poetical work, but also by the
complex laboratory of creation (semantic and logical
and theoretical tool) represented by the Notebooks.
In our attempt to bring forward Eminescu s
conception on a necessary historical synthesis in
terms of the concept of national creation, we will
linger on the criticisms made by him to the
Romanian society through his articles from
Curierul de Iaşi
and
Timpul .
We will also take
into account the point of this criticism in terms of its
efficiency in modernizing the society. We will not
appeal to an exhaustive presentation of Eminescu s
newspaper writing significance, but only to a
synthesis of his cultural, political and economic
arguments. It is known that his polemical writings
on national topics mainly pointed at an ideal of
advancement of the Romanian people, by appealing
to creation, to the stimulation of collective work, to
national education, and not to a xenophobic attitude,
although this latter aspect was the one which drew
the attention of the current nationalist (parties)
representatives from the inter-war period. If there is
a counter balance of the negative Austrian influence,
279
FILOSOFIA
ISTORIEI
LA GH.
I.
BRATIANU
especially in
Bukovina,
which Eminescu railed
against in his articles in
Timpul
or in
Convorbiri
literare 16,
later extended upon the political,
industrial and commercial class, generally upon the
liberal reforms17, the attitude must be correlative
with his consistent urge for national education
reform, and social and economic freedom which
must be given to the peasants. In order to generally
delimitate Eminescu
s
economically, judicially and
historically well-informed newspaper writing, from
his debate with the Liberals, one must reconsider the
context in which it was published18. The poet was
mainly animated by the cultural ideal when he
condemned the gain without work, the politicking,
the vices of the administrative and educational
system, the development of a chaotic commerce etc. He
generally condemns laziness, lie, the lack of national
16
See for that purpose the article
Influenţa austriacă
asupra românilor din principate
{The Austrian Influence on the
Romanians from the Prindpalitis), issue from
1
August
1876.
17
Eminescu took a stand against the Liberals, had acidly
polemic attitudes, as representative of the Conservatory
movement, especially at
Timpul ,
1880-1881.
18
С.
Rădulescu-Motru
makes a right assessment to the
poet in The Nationalism. The way it is understood. As it must
be understood, published in
Noua revistă română ,
in
1909.
Also see The Romanian character, the catechism of a new
spirituality.
280
DEVENIRE ŞI SINTEZĂ ISTORICĂ
spiritual and political
ideal
of the leaders, the lack of
control in the industrial politics, recommending a true
resurrection of the national spirit through education
and cultivation. Let us not forget that Dimitrie
Cantemir also had in mind the same flaws of the
Moldavian people in Descriptio
Moldáviáé.
For
Eminescu, the ideal of national construction (that he
assimilated with a historical and cultural synthesis)
had to be a moral resurrection, based on the real
knowledge of the spiritual possibilities of the
Romanian people, based on the knowledge of its
history. If he could not do it systematically, through
a historical research, he did it instead creatively, by
cultivating the Romanian language and his poetical
genius, which reflected the genius of folk creations,
the metaphysical vision of the language, of folkloric
creations or ancient art etc. The synthesis Eminescu
glimpsed in the language and its poetical, scientific
possibilities, some metaphysically elevated, in terms
of direct expression, but even more profound, will
be researched by
Constantin Noica
as well,
following the same directions as the poet, while
probing the philosophical valences of the Romanian
speech: Starting with the very folkloric level, the
Romanian thinking practiced, as it was natural, such
a lack of solemnity
[...]
The being does not only
281
FILOSOFIA
ISTORIEI
LA GH.
I.
BRÃTIANU
_____________
«exist» but it will be being or is to be, in wide
areas, and for our Romanian thinking innate to the
language, the elements, processes and beings in their
transfiguration
[...],
hardly come into being f...]19·
The lucidity of Eminescu the
polemist
correlated with the lucidity of the artist, the creator,
as well as the thinker who had long pondered upon
patterns of the language and the deeper significance
of the folk creation. If in his political writings he
develops hypotheses or concepts of some
fashionable historical and social theories20,
Malthus
theories21, he does not forget to emphosize, on any
occasion, the necessity of the national synthesis
through work, the use of the civic, moral, political,
scientific potential, as
Rădulescu-Motru
also
observed and who admitted more than once the
theoretical and practical value of the press campaign
led by the poet at
Timpul :
The true meaning of
nationalism
-
the nationalism the way it should be
understood
-
has as major premise the truth
С
Noica,
Sentimentul românesc al fiinţei
(The Romanian
Sentense of Being), p.
69.
20
Such as the one of the historian Thomas H. Bukle, the
author of the work The History of Civilisation in England (vol.
I,
1857,
vol. II,
1861),
according to
С
Rădulescu-Motru s
observation in
Naţionalismul,
quoted article (Bucharest,
Albatros
Publishing House, edition supervised by
Constantin
Schifirneţ,
1996,
p.
161-162).
21
Ibidem.
282
DEVENIRE ŞI SINTEZĂ ISTORICĂ
expressed by
Eminescu:
one cannot reach
civilization but through
worki
The way you work
thus your civilization will be! As the positive work
of a people who produces is, the same his
civilization will be! Any other belief- still quoting
Eminescu
-
is nothing but a figment of imagination 22.
Reaching another level of Eminescu s work
reading and leaving his political work aside on a
secondary level, we are interested, as a spiritual
synthesis, in the way the poet approaches the
ontological valences of the language, as reflected in
speech, in the words possessing philosophical
substance , which he exploits in the poetical
creation. To that effect, the reading in Noica s key is
illuminating23. Why the browsing of the whole work
is relevant to the clarification of the concept of
cultural synthesis, Noica highlighted in quoted
studies, from which we will select some motifs ,
the linguistic one being essential. The language
shapes our spirit and rare are the moments when an
exceptional personality can pre-determine its deep
philosophical understanding
-
may he be poet,
historian or philosopher; for that purpose one most
often can reach a result following the words
22
Ibidem, p.
167.
C. Noica, Eminescu
sau gânduri despre omul deplin
al
culturii româneşti (Eminescu
or Thoughts about the
Absolute
Man of the Romanian Culture), Bucharest, Eminescu Publishing
House,
1975.
Also see
Sentimentul românesc al fiinţei
(The
Romanian Sentense of Being).
283
FILOSOFIA
ISTORIEI
LA GH.
I.
BRÃTIANU
direction , as they can determine our thinking and
apprehension about life. By following the clues of
the language (we do not master it enough to
philosophically torture its meanings, but we must
let us be possessed by its spirit), we must look for
the forms of expression that suit best our way of
being (thinking)24.
If the language did not desire to eliminate (or
replace) a word, no matter how hard we would try to
banish it from our thinking or speech we will not
succeed, as we will never master the language,
regardless the aspect
-
historical, philosophical,
literary, etc.
-
but it will guide our reason towards
something settled deeper inside our being, so that we
will find ourselves in accordance with the world and
composition by following its meaning25. Thus it
happens, for example, with some words as
composition or thrashing (with ontological and
historical significance, of an inherent temporality)26,
or with some collocations, as ageless youth , which
can offer a code of the being27. The capacity to feel
the language, to follow its channels significant to
any field of creation, is possessed by the poet (or
philosopher) as the common speaker has it, the
24
Idem, Eminescu..., p.
109-114.
25
Ibidem,?.
112.
26
Ibidem, p.
138-143.
Idem,
Sentimentul românesc al fiinţei
{The Romanian
Sentiment of Being), p.
78-79.
284
DEVENIRE ŞI SINTEZĂ ISTORICĂ
anonymous
creator
of the language, the speaker who
expressed himself in history (in a given time and
throughout the times). An individual
singularizes,
a
work synthesizes, and what is left behind the gesture
or the proper dialogue is the speech.
Corroborated with the national political ideals,
cultural ideas and meaningful speech can fulfill the
concept of national creation with an opening towards
the universal, not as limitation to the specific of a
direction of national architecture. In conclusion, we
can state that the gateway to the great culture, as
cultural synthesis by national creation, was a
fundamental concern in the case of Gh. I.
Brătianu
as well as M. Eminescu. The reading of the two
personalities works as well as biographies will
abundantly prove it.
Conclusions
To conclude one may say that the historical analysis
of the facts is a conjugated, interdisciplinary action.
History is a complex field of events more or less
significant, and, sometimes analyzing contradictory
accounts, the researcher has to correctly use every
source and to weigh the arguments. The historical
becoming suggests a sense of the social life which
can be observed only by comparing and observing
the facts and the happenings for a long period of
285
FILOSOFIA
ISTORIEI
LA GH.
I.
BRÀTIANU
time. Historical issues are socio-cultural issues. The
politics and the economy do not always have the
importance one gives them (in the classical manner
of the historic narration).The becoming of the social
facts, of the events, of the wide-spreading processes,
e.g., wars, rebellions, migrations reflect profound
changes of the moral values and are a clash
between cultures and different mentalities. These are
not irremediable contradictions. Always, the major
events of the human kind were epochs of a cultural,
historical synthesis during a long time period. From
the methodological and logic-scientific point of view
the historical synthesis proves its value. The
conjugation of sources, events, affirmations from
different fields of
socio-human
sciences is an
opportunity of the historian to solve old problems of
this research field.
286
|
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| id | DE-604.BV040775108 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:33:39Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789732722534 |
| language | Romanian |
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| physical | 299 S. |
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| spelling | Popa, Mihai Verfasser aut Filosofia istoriei la Gh. I. Brătianu devenire şi sinteză istorică = The philosophy of history at Gh. I. Brătianu Mihai Popa The philosophy of history at Gh. I. Brătianu Bucureşti Ed. Acad. Române 2012 299 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung und Inh.-Verz. in engl. Sprache Brătianu, George Ioan 1898-1953 (DE-588)118976087 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 gnd rswk-swf Geschichtsphilosophie (DE-588)4020529-0 gnd rswk-swf Brătianu, George Ioan 1898-1953 (DE-588)118976087 p Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 s Geschichtsphilosophie (DE-588)4020529-0 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025753449&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025753449&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Popa, Mihai Filosofia istoriei la Gh. I. Brătianu devenire şi sinteză istorică = The philosophy of history at Gh. I. Brătianu Brătianu, George Ioan 1898-1953 (DE-588)118976087 gnd Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 gnd Geschichtsphilosophie (DE-588)4020529-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118976087 (DE-588)4020531-9 (DE-588)4020529-0 |
| title | Filosofia istoriei la Gh. I. Brătianu devenire şi sinteză istorică = The philosophy of history at Gh. I. Brătianu |
| title_alt | The philosophy of history at Gh. I. Brătianu |
| title_auth | Filosofia istoriei la Gh. I. Brătianu devenire şi sinteză istorică = The philosophy of history at Gh. I. Brătianu |
| title_exact_search | Filosofia istoriei la Gh. I. Brătianu devenire şi sinteză istorică = The philosophy of history at Gh. I. Brătianu |
| title_full | Filosofia istoriei la Gh. I. Brătianu devenire şi sinteză istorică = The philosophy of history at Gh. I. Brătianu Mihai Popa |
| title_fullStr | Filosofia istoriei la Gh. I. Brătianu devenire şi sinteză istorică = The philosophy of history at Gh. I. Brătianu Mihai Popa |
| title_full_unstemmed | Filosofia istoriei la Gh. I. Brătianu devenire şi sinteză istorică = The philosophy of history at Gh. I. Brătianu Mihai Popa |
| title_short | Filosofia istoriei la Gh. I. Brătianu |
| title_sort | filosofia istoriei la gh i bratianu devenire si sinteza istorica the philosophy of history at gh i bratianu |
| title_sub | devenire şi sinteză istorică = The philosophy of history at Gh. I. Brătianu |
| topic | Brătianu, George Ioan 1898-1953 (DE-588)118976087 gnd Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 gnd Geschichtsphilosophie (DE-588)4020529-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Brătianu, George Ioan 1898-1953 Geschichtsschreibung Geschichtsphilosophie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025753449&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025753449&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT popamihai filosofiaistorieilaghibratianudeveniresisintezaistoricathephilosophyofhistoryatghibratianu AT popamihai thephilosophyofhistoryatghibratianu |