Wybory do samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce: dwadzieścia lat doświadczeń w subregionie ciechanowskim
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Toruń
Europejskie Centrum Edukacyjne
2012
Łysomice |
| Schriftenreihe: | Samorząd Terytorialny
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Elections to the local self-government in Poland |
| Beschreibung: | 269 s. il. - graph. Darst. 23 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788362363476 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Wybory do samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce |b dwadzieścia lat doświadczeń w subregionie ciechanowskim |
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Elections to the local self-government in Poland | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804150057603170304 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
Wykaz skrótów
.................................................... 5
Wstęp
............................................................ 7
Rozdział I
Samorząd terytorialny w warunkach demokratyzacji
polskiego systemu politycznego
...................................... 19
1.
Istota samorządu terytorialnego
we współczesnym państwie demokratycznym
....................... 19
2.
Budowanie podstaw samorządności w Polsce
....................... 34
3.
Funkcjonowanie samorządu terytorialnego
we współczesnej Polsce
........................................ 56
Rozdział
II
System wyborczy do samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce
................ 76
1.
Zasady prawa wyborczego w kontekście wyborów samorządowych
..... 76
2.
Miejsce wyborów samorządowych w polskim systemie wyborczym
.... 97
3.
Formalne uwarunkowania bezpośrednich wyborów wójta,
burmistrza i prezydenta miasta
..................................124
Rozdział III
Rywalizacja wyborcza do organów stanowiących
i wykonawczych na poziomie gminy, powiatu
i województwa w subregionie ciechanowskim
.........................132
1.
Wybory do organów stanowiących gmin
...........................132
2.
Rywalizacja do jednoosobowych organów wykonawczych
.............152
Spis
tresei
3,
Werdykt wyborczy na poziomie powiatów
......................... 163
4.
Wybory do sejmiku województwa
................................176
Rozdział
IV
Komparatystyka wyborów na poziomie lokalnym, regionalnym
oraz krajowym
....................................................183
1.
Porównanie wyników wyborów na poziomie samorządowym
w subregionie ciechanowskim
...................................183
2.
Zestawienie wyborów w subregionie ciechanowskim
na tle rozstrzygnięć ogólnopolskich
...............................199
Zakończenie
......................................................219
Spis tabel
.........................................................225
Spis rysunków
.....................................................230
Bibliografia
.......................................................232
Summary.
.........................................................262
SUMMARY
Elections to the local self-government in Poland
Twenty years of experience ¡n the subregion of
Ciechanów
The issue of elections constitutes fundamental problem in political scien¬
ce analysis. Owing to the research into this question political scientists are
capable of explaining and prognosticating political processes. These studies
result from the impulse to explicate the basic problem of the modern political
science analysis as they might indicate conditions determining causes and re¬
sults of the decisions made by the voters influencing the system of a country.
Periodic elections are typical of modern democratic state. Once the elec¬
tions meet democratic standards the state may be deemed a democratic one. It
is worth to remember that the first democratic elections in Poland after
1989
on 27th May were local government elections. However, this political event has
been often depreciated in Poland. What is more, a capable self- government
together with democratic elections are considered to be the cornerstone of
an efficient state. Owing to the fact that various remits are devolved to the
local self
-
government it plays a vital role in the state. Being separate from
the state on the country level the local self government gives people oppor¬
tunities to exert influence on the process of making decisions which directly
apply their situation. It is performed by the elected bodies ruling on behalf of
people inhabiting the given territory.
The objective of the study is the analysis of the local self-government
elections in the subregion of
Ciechanów.
The pivotal issue is comparing the
conclusions to the local self-government elections on the country level. The
study covers the period from the first local self- government elections in
1990
to the latest elections which were held in
2010.
The analysis pertains to the all tiers of local self-government. The analysis
of the years
1990-1994
concerns the elections to the commune councils whe-
Summary
—— .................................................................................................................................... 263
reas
the examination of the period from
1998
to
2010
concerns the commune
councils, the county councils as well as voivodship councils. The scrutiny of the
elections for the head of the commune (wojt), mayor and president of the city
addresses the period starting from
2002.
There have been examined the elec¬
tions in the towns which belong to the both categories; urban municipalities
and urban —rural municipalities. Consequently, majority election system and
proportional representation system have been addressed in the examination.
The study also relates to the most important events occurring in the
years
1990-2010
such as the reform of administration in
1998,
passing local
authorities elections ordinance to the commune councils, county councils and
voivodship councils in
1998
as well as alteration in elections of the head of the
commune (wojt), mayor and president of the city passed in
2002.
The first chapter begins theoretical analysis of the issue of local self-go¬
vernment. It delineates the stages of forming local self-government in Poland
from the II Republic. Also disappearance of local self- government in People s
Republic of Poland is described. Next it passes to the problem of restoration
of local self-government after
1989.
Moreover, examination of the rebuilding
of local self-government in changing conditions is connected with showing
its role in the state.
The second chapter addresses the shape of the election system to local
self-government in Poland. Thus, the types, formulae as well as electoral
adjectives functioning in the electoral law in Poland are described. Another
issue which is analyzed is the electoral ordinance to the commune councils,
county councils and local government assemblies at the voivodship level as
well as the statute regulating direct elections of the head of the commune
(wojt), mayor and president of the city.
The third chapter concerned the analysis of the elections for regulatory
authorities and executive authorities of the subregion of
Ciechanów.
The garne¬
red empirical data were classified in four subsections dealing with four elected
bodies in three tier local government in Poland (commune-commune council
and the wojt of the commune, mayor, president of the city; county
-
county
council; voivodship
—
local government assembly at the voivodship level). The
third chapter is an attempt to answer the following research questions: Does
the number of appointed candidates affect the level of voter turnout?; Does
the increase of women in the election lists lead to greater number of women
in the elected bodies? What share in rivalry for the voters and won mandates
do fall to local committees in relation to the committees of the parties on the
country level? In what degree does the electoral system deform the will of
voters in local self-government elections? How much rivalry is there in the
elections for local self
-
government? How many committees among those
Summary
264-----
-ь—
--------—
participating in the elections have obtained posts in the bodies to which there
have been appointed candidates?
The last chapter is a synthesis and was devoted to comparing the results
of the local self-government elections in the subregion of
Ciechanów
with the
elections on the country level. The acquired results permit to compare the
similarities and differences among the units of the analyzed territory and pre¬
senting them in the background of the Polish nationwide results. Showing the
profile of the results of the elections within the examined territory and collating
them with the results on the country level will allow to show the character of
the elections in the local community and document its comportment. Hence
it requires collating the obtained results on the level of the town (communes)
in the subregion of
Ciechanów
with the results of these towns (communes)
within the county as a whole as well as referring to the results of the elections
to the local government assembly at the voivodship level.
Considering the issue of local self-government after restoring independence
in Poland one discerns problems owing to the partition of the country. The
groundbreaking moment is considered to be passing March Constitution in
1921
and subsequently reuniting statute in
1933.
The temporary development
of local self-government in the interwar Poland was inhibited by II World
War and the political system existing in the People
s
Republic of Poland. As a
result, the independence of local government entities was abolished and in its
place a hierarchically organized system of National Councils was introduced.
The process of restoring of local self-government at the turn of the nine¬
ties took advantage of the system and social transformations of that period.
The reconstruction drew upon traditions from the interwar Poland as well as
experiences of the countries from Western Europe. The major transformation
took place in
1998
when three
-
tier division of local self- government was
implemented which introduced the second level of self government and re¬
stored local government in voivodships (regions).
Efficient local self-government cannot be achieved without democratic
process of forming its bodies. In local self-government elections in Poland
two election formulae are employed depending on the municipality. These
are majority election system used in electing commune councilors in localities
under
20 000
inhabitants and for the post of wojt (mayor, president of the
city) as well as proportional election system employed in other communes,
counties and voivodships. The fact that the elections are universal, equal, direct
and conducted by universal ballot guarantee that the elections are democratic
and permit choosing representatives for the elected bodies. All these legal
regulations are stated in the election ordinances.
Due to the fact that the election ordinance is sometimes changed permit
one to draw a conclusion that it is a significant tool in shaping local politics
Summary
—-----» 265
especially for the political force which possesses parliamentary majority. Evi¬
dently the shape of the election ordinance has an impact upon the results of
elections. The implemented amendments changing the mode of distribution
of seats or introducing in
2006
the procedure of grouping lists seem to prove
that conclusion.
A new electoral ordinance to the councils of communes, counties and
voivodships was passed and the election was held according to the ordinance.
This bill, though after numerous alterations, was in force until
2010
when it
was the basis of the elections for the local self-government for the last time.
The most important alterations in the ordination in the years between
1998
and
2010
included: changing the category of entities qualifying for majority
election system from the municipalities of
40 000
inhabitants to
20 000
inha¬
bitants, modification of the dimension of the constituencies from single-seat
constituencies to single and
multi-
seat constituencies, changing the mode of
distribution of seats effected on the basis of the modified Saint-Lague method
to d Hondt method, introducing electoral threshold
(5%)
on all tiers of the
self- government, diminishing the number of councilors, implementing the
procedure of grouping lists acquiring electoral rights by the citizens of Eu¬
ropean Union who are not Polish citizens. The analysis of the modifications in
the election ordinance gives rise to the conclusion that local self-government
elections have been politicized. In its present form the system favors political
parties and at the same time depreciates participation of local organizations
or civic initiatives.
The implementation of a new statute about direct election of wojt, mayor
and president of the city introduces a new quality to local self-government. It
the sole legal document that regulates those elections since the constitution
does not raise that question. Introducing direct election strengthened the po¬
sition of wojt (mayor, president of the city) as a democratic body (earlier he or
she presided over
collégial
board) in relation to the council. It also increased
the status of the position and facilitated decision making process. Thanks to
the direct election at the commune level there are also closer ties between a
voter and a person being chosen. However these closer ties are not preserved
in the executive bodies of other levels of local government
—
in counties and
in voivodships.
The obtained data from the elections to the commune councils in the
subregion of
Ciechanów
show that the lowest voter turnout was in
1994
(32%)
and the highest in
2010 (51,11%)
(Table
3.1).
As far as the invalid votes
are concerned it might be observed that the lowest percentage of such votes
occurs in majority election system. In the entities where originally majority
election system was in use there was low level of invalid votes whereas after
introducing proportional election system the number of invalid votes increased
Summary
266 ——
і——
—«—»—___
(Table
3.2).
The same regularity may be noted in the number of candidates
per one mandate. In the entities where the formula of proportional election
system was employed the number of invalid votes is higher in comparison to
localities where majority election system was in use (Table
3.10).
However,
the higher number of appointed candidates in election lists might be noted
what directly translates into the higher number of candidates per one mandate.
The augmented number of candidates, nonetheless, does not translate
directly into raised voter turnout. On this level an increased number of wins
by the local committees might be reported. In
2002
the local committees in
3
towns obtained the majority in the council whereas in
2006
there were
4
com¬
mittees which achieved such a result. It was observed that despite introducing
5%
voter threshold
(2006)
in three entities out of four in which elections are
performed according to proportional election system there was an increase
in the general number of persons represented in the council.
The dominant position in the examined entities occupies
Ciechanów.
It is
due to the fact that in terms of the number of registered lists of candidates,
the number of committees (as well as participation of the committees of po¬
litical parties or coalitions of political parties) and the number of appointed
candidates (the average number of candidates per one mandate) the obtained
data are higher in comparison to other municipalities.
Focusing attention on the problem of participation of women in elections to
commune councils it might be observed that their number has systematically
increased (Table
3.12).
However it does not translate directly into the higher
number of mandates obtained by the women. The average number of women
receiving mandates has never exceeded
20%
(Table
3.13).
There are however
cases (Plonsk
2006)
when women posses
42%
of mandates in the councils.
The study has not revealed the relationship between the employed election
system and participation of women in the mandates allotment. It depends
mainly on the studied entity. It rarely depends on the used formula
The calculated rate of proportionality in the towns of the subregion of
Ciechanów
moderately deforms the will of voters. The most substantial de¬
formations, which proves the rule, was observed in the municipality where
the majority election system was in use.
Considering the issue of direct election of wojt, mayor, president of the
city it was observed that voter turnout (Table
3.19)
in the run-off diminishes
by
10%
and the percentage of invalid votes (Table
3.21)
is at the same time
the lowest among all studied elections. Generalizing one may assert that the
winner of the first round of voting is also a winner in the run-off (the exception
Ciechanów
2002).
It was also noted that a mayor (president of the city) who
holds office always seeks re-election
■■
:
■■;.■ :, ■ ;■■
Summary
—-------------
^
---
^
-----
í
267
As far as the candidates running for this office is concerned it was observed
that apart from mayors (president of the city) running for office in most cases
there was a complete exchange of candidates appointed by electoral committe¬
es. Focusing attention on participation of women in the elections for executive
bodies in the municipalities one can perceive their minor participation. Out
of
67
candidates running for election there were
12
women and in
2006
there
were not any women running for election. In the years
2002-2006
none of the
women candidates succeeded in passing to the second round of voting and the
percentage of votes never exceeded
10%
(the exception
Ciechanów
13,2%).
In
2010
the situation changed: in four out of five towns the women who ran for
the executive body managed to pass to the second round of voting but they
did not win in these elections.
The elections for the one-man executive body in the analyzed municipa¬
lities were characterized by a low level of rivalry. Such data may indicate that
one of the candidates possesses considerable capability to win the majority of
votes but not enough to win in the first round of voting.
It turned out that the elections to county councils in the studied towns were
marked by higher percentage of invalid votes in comparison to the elections
to the commune councils (Table
3.27).
The number of candidates standing
for elections augmented what was reflected in the number of candidates
per one mandate (Table
3.33; 3.34).
The participation of party committees
increased in relation to electoral committees and organizational committees.
In two entities the majority of mandates were obtained by local electoral
committees whereas in another entities the majority of votes was acquired by
party committees (coalition of political parties). As far as the participation of
women in the elections to the county councils is concerned it was observed
that there was a growing number of women on the electoral county lists but
at the same time the number of mandates obtained by them in the electoral
districts decreased (Table
3.35).
The analysis of the elections to the voivodship councils in the selected
towns of the
Mazowieckie
Voivodship has indicated that at this level there is
the highest percentage of invalid votes in comparison to the elections to other
bodies. It has to be noted that the rate of participation of the party committees
in these types of elections has been rising. The analysis of the elections to the
voivodship council has shown that the most substantial percentage of votes
is gained by the same political groupings (in
1998
in the three entities won
SLD, and in the other two the winner was AWS, in
2002
SLD-UP, and in the
years
2006
and
2010 -
PSL).
It might be also perceived that there is a low level of rivalry in the afore¬
mentioned elections. Investigating the data referring to the elections to the
five county councils of the subregion of
Ciechanów
it is observed that voter
Summary
268 -------«---------—»__,_——»_
turnout of these elections preponderates the voter turnout of the communal
elections. However the percentage of invalid votes significantly increases.
It is also noticed that the number of appointed lists of candidates rise,
though the lowest level was observed in
2002.
It translates directly into the
number of appointed candidates and contemporaneously into higher num¬
ber of candidates per one mandate. Despite the difference in the number of
appointed committees the number of councilors has stabilized. In the years
2002-2006
in four county councils the number of councilors did not change
and solely in one
(Żuromin
county) it augmented. In the elections to the
Ma¬
zowieckie
Voivodship council the number of councilors oscillates. In only one
case
(
Żuromin
1998)
the majority of the mandates in the county council was
obtained by local committee while in other cases the majority in the council
was acquired by electoral committees of political parties or coalitions of poli¬
tical parties. Since
2002
there was perceived increased support for PSL which
received the majority of the mandates in three county councils and in
2006
the majority was acquired in all five councils. Taking into consideration the
extent of women s participation in the elections to the bodies of the middle
level of local self —government it is observed that their participation rises on
electoral lists but at the same time diminishes their number holding an office
of county councilors. Solely in the elections to the
Mazowieckie
Voivodship
council together with the increased number of women on the electoral lists
goes their increased number as councilors.
Local self-government elections in the years
1990-2006
were always held
after parliamentary elections (Table
4.15).
Therefore it might be claimed that
the results of the elections to the
Sejm
and
Senat
have an impact on the re¬
sults of local self-government elections. It is usually the case that a political
grouping which wins the majority in parliament chambers usually obtains
the highest percentage of votes in the councils nationwide. It also turns out
that the smaller the body of the local self-government the looser the ties with
political parties and there are greater chances for the local political groupings
to win a mandate. Focusing on the percentage of invalid votes in the local
self-government elections on the national level there is a rule saying that the
higher the level of local self-government the higher percentage of invalid vo¬
tes. The lowest percentage of invalid votes is reported in the elections to the
commune councils in communes where live under
20 000
inhabitants while
the highest percentage is reported in the elections to the voivodship councils.
Focusing on the problem of participation of women in the self-government
elections on the country level one may observe a rise in the number of wo¬
men on the lists which however does not translate into the number of women
who win a mandate (Figure
4.7).
It is noticed a diminishing participation of
women in elected bodies what is indicated by growing disproportion between
Summary
—---------------------------- 269
the number of women on the lists and their number in the councils in the
consecutive elections.
The analyzed results permit to some degree corroborate research hypothe¬
sis. Local self-government elections in the subregion of
Ciechanów
are really
characterized by diversity in the towns but taking into account the sub-region
of
Ciechanów
as a whole the results differ from the country tendency in some
rates exceeding or depressing the country average.
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
|
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| era | Geschichte 1990-2010 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1990-2010 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Ciechanów Region (DE-588)4403373-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ciechanów Region |
| id | DE-604.BV040738241 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:32:52Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788362363476 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025718223 |
| oclc_num | 882208001 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 269 s. il. - graph. Darst. 23 cm. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Europejskie Centrum Edukacyjne |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Samorząd Terytorialny |
| spelling | Tybuchowska-Hartlińska, Karolina Verfasser aut Wybory do samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce dwadzieścia lat doświadczeń w subregionie ciechanowskim Toruń Europejskie Centrum Edukacyjne 2012 Łysomice 269 s. il. - graph. Darst. 23 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Samorząd Terytorialny Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Elections to the local self-government in Poland Geschichte 1990-2010 gnd rswk-swf Selbstverwaltung (DE-588)4054442-4 gnd rswk-swf Region (DE-588)4049029-4 gnd rswk-swf Ciechanów Region (DE-588)4403373-4 gnd rswk-swf Ciechanów Region (DE-588)4403373-4 g Region (DE-588)4049029-4 s Selbstverwaltung (DE-588)4054442-4 s Geschichte 1990-2010 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025718223&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025718223&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Tybuchowska-Hartlińska, Karolina Wybory do samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce dwadzieścia lat doświadczeń w subregionie ciechanowskim Selbstverwaltung (DE-588)4054442-4 gnd Region (DE-588)4049029-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4054442-4 (DE-588)4049029-4 (DE-588)4403373-4 |
| title | Wybory do samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce dwadzieścia lat doświadczeń w subregionie ciechanowskim |
| title_auth | Wybory do samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce dwadzieścia lat doświadczeń w subregionie ciechanowskim |
| title_exact_search | Wybory do samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce dwadzieścia lat doświadczeń w subregionie ciechanowskim |
| title_full | Wybory do samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce dwadzieścia lat doświadczeń w subregionie ciechanowskim |
| title_fullStr | Wybory do samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce dwadzieścia lat doświadczeń w subregionie ciechanowskim |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wybory do samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce dwadzieścia lat doświadczeń w subregionie ciechanowskim |
| title_short | Wybory do samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce |
| title_sort | wybory do samorzadu terytorialnego w polsce dwadziescia lat doswiadczen w subregionie ciechanowskim |
| title_sub | dwadzieścia lat doświadczeń w subregionie ciechanowskim |
| topic | Selbstverwaltung (DE-588)4054442-4 gnd Region (DE-588)4049029-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Selbstverwaltung Region Ciechanów Region |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025718223&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025718223&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tybuchowskahartlinskakarolina wyborydosamorzaduterytorialnegowpolscedwadziescialatdoswiadczenwsubregionieciechanowskim |