Poslednite decenii so SFRJ:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Macedonian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Skopje
Menora
2012
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., mazedon. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 203 S. |
| ISBN: | 9786082002217 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804150054132383744 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | СОДРЖИНА
Предговор
..........................................................
ГЛАВА
I
МАКЕДОНИЈА
ВО
ЈУГОСЛОВЕНСКАТА ФЕДЕРАЦИЈА
(1945-1971)
ГОДИНА
...................................................................................15
І.Административно-централистичкипериод
1945-1953
година
...................16
2.Периоднасамоуправенсоцијализам(1953-1971)
........................................21
ГЛАВА
II
ДЕЦЕНТРАЛИЗАЦИЈА
HA
ЈУГОСЛОВЕНСКАТА ФЕДЕРАЦИЈА
-ПРИВИДНА
НЕЗАВИСНОСТ
HA
МАКЕДОНИЈА
1971-1980
ГОДИНА
......................................................................................31
1.
Иницијативи
за уставни промени
(1971
година)
....................................32
2.
Либералистички тенденции
-
„демократизації
а
на општествените односи
.............................................................................37
3.
Антилибералистички тенденции
.............................................................41
4.
Мегунационални односи
-
политички проблем
.....................................45
5.
Уставни реформи
-
основа на „новиот политички
систем
и државноста на
Македонија
.......................................................................51
6.
Економските текови и определбите за „здружен труд
.........................58
7.
Македонија
и надворешната политика на
Јутославија
..........................62
ГЛАВА
III
КРИЗНИТЕ ОСУМДЕСЕТТИ ГОДИНИ
ЗА РАСПАДОТ НА
ЈУГОСЛАВИЈА
.......................................................73
1.
Смртта на
Јосип
Броз Тито: политична
дезориентација.......................
73
2.
Пораст на национализмот
........................................................................75
3.
Тенденции за
плурализација
....................................................................82
4.
Економско
заостанување
..........................................................................86
201
ГЛАВА
IV
ОБИДИ
ЗА
ЗАЧУВУВАЊЕ
НА
ЈУГОСЛАВША
1990-1991
ГОДИНА
......................................................................................93
1.
Иницијативи
за
преуредување
.................................................................94
2.
ЈУ-самити
...................................................................................................98
3.
Платформа
Глигоров-Изетбеговиќ
........................................................109
4.
Меѓународниот
фактор за идниот статус на
Југославија
....................112
ГЛАВА
V
КОНСТИТУИРАЊЕ
HA
САМОСТОЈНА
И СУВЕРЕНА
РЕПУБЛИКА МАКЕДОНША
.....................................129
1.
Политички
и законодавни промени кон
плурализација
......................129
2.
Програмски определби
на политичките партии
..................................131
3.
Повеќепартиски
парламентарни избори
1990
година
.........................135
4.
Референдум
за назависност,
8
септември
1991
година
.......................139
5.
Уставно-правно
осамостојување
...........................................................144
6.
Монетарно
осамостојување
...................................................................148
7.
Одбранбено
осамостојување
1991-1992...............................................151
РЕЗИМЕ
........................................................................................................157
SUMMARY
....................................................................................................165
ПРИЛОГ БР.
1
Преглед на регистрирани политички партии
воРепубликаМакедонијавотекотна1990година
..........................................171
ПРИЛОГ БР.
2
Преглед
на пратеничкиот состав на
собранието
нaPeпyбликaMaкeдoниjal990-1994гoдинa..................................................172
ПРИЛОГ БР.
3
СоставнапрватавладанаРепубликаМакедонија
..........................................176
КРАТЕНКИ
...................................................................................................177
РЕГИСТАР НА ЛИЧНИ И ГЕОГРАФСКИ
ИМИЊА
............................. 179
КОНСУЛТИРАНИ И КОРИСТЕНИ ИЗВОРИ И ЛИТЕРАТУРА
............185
РЕЦЕНЗИЈА
на трудот „Последните децении
со
СФРЈ
од проф. д-р
Љубица Јанчева
.....................................................................199
202
SUMMARY
The fight for national freedom, for state creation of the Macedonian people,
which lasted for more than a century, was crowned with success in
1991
when the
Republic of Macedonia declared its independence and sovereignty.
Macedonia s independence and its establishment as a sovereign country is
a result of long-lasting historical process, a process for which the most favor¬
able conditions were created within the Yugoslav federation, especially in the last
decades of the previous
centaury.
That period and the events
ofthat
time are the
topic of the monograph. Continuity, is understandably inevitable part of all that.
From the
Hinden
uprising and the creation of the Rrushevo Republic, through
the participation in the Second World Anti-Fascist War, when at the ASNOM,
Macedonia was declared as a state within the Yugoslav federation.
The creation of the contemporary Macedonian state begun during the NLAW
1941-1945.
Its foundations were born in the fight and subsequently build on. The
goals for which the Macedonian people fought were publically proclaimed in the
Manifest of the HQ of the NLW and PDM from
1943.
The aim can be clearly
seen from its contents
..
..liberation of Macedonia and creation of new, free, and
people s Macedonia
... .
The foundation of the Macedonian state was set in the decisions of the Sec¬
ond Session of the
AVNOJ,
held on
29-30
November
1943
in
Jajce,
Bosnia and
Herzegovina, when a decision was took that Yugoslavia would be built on federa¬
tive principles ensuring full equality of Serbs, Croats, Slovenians, Macedonians,
and Montenegrins, that is, equality of all peoples of Yugoslavia.
The decisions of the Second Session of
AVNOJ
were basis for the prepara¬
tions and summoning of the First Session of ASNOM, held on
2
August
1944
in the monastery of St. Prohor Pchinski where the documents proclaiming the
creation of the Macedonian state were adopted.
The Macedonian state, federal unit within the Yugoslav federation was de¬
clared only on one part of its ethnic territory. Even though in this way, the hopes
of the Macedonian people were betrayed, it was the only real alternative in that
time. All other options, incorporated in our centuries-long traditions for creation
of independent, autonomous Macedonian state, Balkan federation and so on,
were nothing else but unfulfilled wish.
165
The enthusiasm of the Macedonian people in the making of the first state¬
hood steps was soon lost. In this period when the first statehood experiences were
practiced, when the new social relations were established, the Macedonian people
did not entirely fulfill their ideals, yet they faced new challenges, confussion, and
disappointments. Within the centralized federation, the most important features
of the statehood were not present: foreign policy, defense, security, monetary
policy, investments, etc. The spirit of paternalism was present throughout the
entire period of half century, when Macedonia built its state.
History science has defined primarily three periods in regard to the time of
functioning of Macedonia as a state within the Yugoslav federation, as follows:
administrative-centralistic period
(1945-1953);
period of stable self-governing
socialism
(1953-1970);
and period of liberal delegate socialism and contractual
economy
(1970-1991).
Each of these periods had its development characteristics,
however in regard to the topic of the monograph, the last period from
1970-1991
is of significant importance. The most important events which marked the road
towards the independence of the Republic of Macedonia took place within that
timeframe.
The basic feature of the first period was the complete dependence of the Re¬
public on the federation, which was strictly centralized, with no possibility for de¬
cision making at republic level, strong party
monopole
with complete domination
of the party over the state authorities, while the people s democracy existed on
paper only. The government bodies were centralized first, and then the economy.
In Macedonia this process was initiated immediately after the liberation.
The most practical example was the establishment of the Working Body of the
ASNOM s Presidium in January
1945,
which was invented operational body,
established for the purpose of greater rationality in the implementation of the
federation s decisions ?
The degree of centralization was further increased with the establishment of
the Government of the People s Republic of Macedonia
(PRM)
in
1945,
which
although was named people s it was actually state government. It was a
mechanism for preventing any type of capitalist ideas, and thus was alienated
from the people and transformed into government above the people.
The centralized character of the Republic was also clearly reflected in the
Constitution of the
PRM,
according to which the acquired sovereignty was limit¬
ed in accordance with the decisions of
AVNOJ
and ASNOM. The republic bodies
had some responsibilities, which were nothing compared to the responsibilities
of the federal bodies.
The centralization of the economy started to be implemented under the motto
fast industrialization and electrification. It was the main characteristic of the first
Five-Year Economy Development Plan in the
PRM
1947-1951.
Rural reforms,
166
colonization, and collectivization were the measures for centralization of the vil¬
lage which caused changes in the land-owning relations, that is, the land became
owned by the state and thus the economic power of the farmers was destroyed.
The positive effects of centralization were soon overcome. The need to transform
the economic system, to make social the state property, and to abandon the ad¬
ministrative-centralized system became reality. These tendencies moved us into
the era of self-governing which marked the second period.
The socialist transformation is a process, as said by
Josip Broz
Tito, which
had to be implemented with the introduction of the worker s self-governing. The
creator of the Yugoslav self-governing system was
Edvard Kardelj.
Its essence
is based on the national economies and agreed harmonization of the economy
involving consensus among the republics. Moreover, this period from
1953-1971
was characterized by a certain degree of democratic development, expressed
through freer confrontation of ideas, demonopilezation of party, free flow of
ideas, ideas from the bottom , etc. The transformation also included replace¬
ment of the term national minority with nationality, while the prefix socialistic in
the name of the state and republic was novelty, as well. Then in the spirit of de¬
mocratization, the process of taking back the authority in the republics and prov¬
inces also began. On the other hand, this process brought to the surface another
sour problem which was manifested through the nationalistic ideas primarily of
the Albanian population and was introduction to the period which chronologi¬
cally marks the beginning of SFRY s dissolution. We try to present realistically
the reasons for the dissolution, and in a way to classify the factors as: economic,
internally-political, and externally-political.
The problems which the federation faced for a longer period of time, became
apparent in the period from
1971-1991.
The constitutional amendments were set
as priority for the solving of those problems, as they included decentralization of
the federation and increasing of the republics independence. These tendencies
were part of the commitments of the generation of theoretical propagators who
stood for democratization and demonopolization of the party, and were character¬
ized as liberals. There were also attempts for reforms of the UCY, which did not
give up on its constitutional positions.
The degree of statehood, that is, independence of Macedonia was signifi¬
cantly increased in this period. The federation was defined as federal republic of
free and equal people . The delegate system envisaged as democratic was one of
the constitutional benefits, with which the citizens through the delegates elected
by them participated directly in the management of the social affairs. In regard
to the social-economic aspect, the constitutional reforms envisaged dominant po¬
sition of the worker in the reproduction process, since he/she is the beginning
167
and end of the process , while the joint labor was the foundation
ofthat
kind of
social-economic aspect.
With the constitutional reforms in the area of foreign policy, the republic s
representatives had a possibility directly to influence the creation of foreign
policy. Furthermore, the federal delegations always included one member from
Macedonia, especially in cases when a neighboring country was to be visited.
They counted on Macedonia in the efforts to establish good neighborly relations
with Albania, Bulgaria, and Greece and solve the issue of the rights of the Mace¬
donian population in those countries.
Due to the course of the events, that intensively took place after
1971,
and in
accordance to the topic of the monograph the last period is divided into two sub-
periods:
1971-1980
and
1981-1991.
The death of Tito is a chronological line be¬
tween the two sub-periods. The republic particularism was increased and caused
escalation of the already existing nationalism. The most radical was the Albanian
which was most evident on Kosovo. It was manifested through well-organized
demonstrations, directly against the constitutional order of the unstable federa¬
tion. These demonstrations also had implications in Macedonia, as it faced the
internal problem of uncontrolled arrival of Albanian population from Kosovo.
Intolerance was the reason for the dysfunctional political system, while the lack
of trust in the federal bodies was the reason which put in question their further
existence.
After Tito s death, the crisis became serious in Macedonia, as well. This, on
the other hand, contributed to the start of the process of peaceful promotion of
the Macedonian independence and profiling the identity of the Macedonian state.
Commission on Social Reforms was established for this purpose, which acted as
catalyst and intellectual donor of the process of political transition. The reform
process started in the UCM, which attempted to transform itself from party into
democratic political party with social-democratic character and left orientation.
The Law on Amending and Supplementing the Law on Social Organizations and
Citizens Association was an introduction in the era of pluralism in which Mace¬
donia stepped during the end of the
80s
of the last century. The other republics
also entered pluralism. The first multi-party elections were held and in a number
of the republics, the national political parties won majority of the votes. In this
way the process of dissolution was speeded up, especially because the victorious
parties stood for independence. A number of concepts on the future status of Yu¬
goslavia were taken into account and were on the agenda the series of meetings
held in the course of
1991,
also known as Yu-Summits.
Slovenia and Croatia wanted transformation of Yugoslavia into confedera¬
tion, composed of sovereign states. The confederation would function through
confederative
parliament, council of ministers,
confederative
economic relations,
168
courts, etc.
The sovereignty of each state would be reflected through their own
diplomacy, army, while the accession in the confederation would be voluntarily.
Serbia, Montenegro, and the provinces were in favor of the concept of fed¬
eral governance with unique federal government and loose informal federation.
The newly constituted multi-party assembly of the SRM wanted political and
economic equality, guaranteed integrity and sovereignty of the Macedonian state.
Macedonia presented its positions on the future governance of Yugoslavia on the
basis of the Declaration on the Sovereignty of Macedonia and the Platform of the
SRM on the Future Governance of Yugoslavia. These two documents were fun¬
damental and a starting point for Macedonia to build its positions and views on
the future character of the state. Generally, Macedonia always stood for peaceful
resolution of the Yugoslav crisis, through re-arrangement of the federation into
alliance of sovereign states, following the example of the
EU,
and through reach¬
ing political agreements in the areas of mutual interest of the potential alliance
as well as through referendum voting of the citizens in the republics for creating
such alliance. This position was most explicitly reflected in the Gligorov-Izetbe-
govic Platform, which was a sort of model for resolution of the dilemma federa¬
tion or confederation. The basis of the platform was that the new state should
be an alliance of states, envisaged as confederation, but stipulated in a different
way . In terms of concept, it was
confederative
proposal for the state model,
according to which single currency, the army forces, and the defense would be
joined at federal level.
The engagement of the EEC, as foreign factor also became apparent in this
period, especially in regard to the crisis resolving in Yugoslavia. In the first phase,
the EEC representatives were in the role of monitoring visitors. However, due
to the escalation of the crisis and the failure of the YU-Summits, the EEC sum¬
moned a dialogue on the future of Yugoslavia including all federation members.
Peace Conference on Yugoslavia in the Hague was organized for that pur¬
pose. The EEC promoted its principles on Yugoslavia at the plenary sessions of
the Conference. Arbitrary Commission was established for the disputable issues
among individual republics. The Commission had to prepare opinion. Mace¬
donian representative presented Macedonia s positions at the plenary sessions.
Macedonia stood for equal and peaceful solution of the crisis, creation of sover¬
eign independent state, which would join the potential future loose federation as a
contribution to the integration following the disintegration of the country. Hence,
the work of the Arbitrary Commission was of great importance to us, especially
the part when it presented its opinions on the Yugoslavia case, that is, opinion no.
6
which was on Macedonia.
The period from
1990-1991,
which is a short time period but exceptionally
significant for the Macedonian history, is the time when there was real basis for
169
Macedonia
to be involved in the war, which was taking place on the other Yugo¬
slav territories. That is the period when thanks to the clear thinking of the people
and state authorities, Macedonia chose the most democratic and trouble-free way
to leave Yugoslavia.
The election results showed the readiness of the Macedonian people to step
in the future separately and independently. This was confirmed at the referendum
on the independence of the Republic of Macedonia, when
75.75%
of the total
number of citizens entitled to vote, cast their vote, and
95.26%
of them voted for
sovereign and independent state of Macedonia. The Parliament of the Republic
of Macedonia verified the referendum results with Declaration noting that at the
referendum held on
8
September
1991,
the citizens of the Republic of Macedonia
voted for independence and sovereignty of the Republic of Macedonia.
The process of state building continued with the adoption of the Constitu¬
tion. It gave the legal basis of the state, political, and economic system which
included all standards of contemporary democratic society, and the human rights
and freedoms were the main pillar. The adoption of the Constitution received pos¬
itive criticism. Its essence is based on liberal-democratic and civil option which
offers progress and stability, and its starting point is the equality of citizens and
their rights and freedoms. It should be also noted that some of the ethnic com¬
munities believed that the Constitution did not satisfy their needs and did not
support its adoption.
The monetary and defense independence was integral part of the indepen¬
dence process, and marked its completion.
The monetary independence was eminent because of the economic collapse
of the SFRY and there was a danger for Macedonia to be involved. This was an
issue of utmost importance for the Macedonian Government, which was solved
with the promotion of paper-made transitional Macedonian currency-voucher.
The defense independence took place at approximately the same time as the
monetary. The negotiations over the retreat of the
JNA
from Macedonia were led
at highest state level. Furthermore, the dislocation of the
JNA
units and institu¬
tions from Macedonia was agreed in a peaceful manner. The last
JNA
soldier left
Macedonia on
26
March
1992.
Today, the Macedonian state is a reality. UN member state,
EU
candidate
country, internationally recognized, process that is still taking place and compels
us to persistence and diligence as a legacy from the previous generations and
commitment for the next generations; we need to hold on to preserve and build
the state.
Translated by
Hristina Koneska-Beroska
170
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| geographic | Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 gnd Nordmazedonien (DE-588)1181214262 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Jugoslawien Nordmazedonien |
| id | DE-604.BV040735729 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:32:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9786082002217 |
| language | Macedonian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025715768 |
| oclc_num | 828795627 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 203 S. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Menora |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Jančeva, Ljubica K. Verfasser aut Poslednite decenii so SFRJ Ljubica Jančeva Skopje Menora 2012 203 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., mazedon. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1971-1991 gnd rswk-swf Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 gnd rswk-swf Nordmazedonien (DE-588)1181214262 gnd rswk-swf Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 g Nordmazedonien (DE-588)1181214262 g Geschichte 1971-1991 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025715768&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025715768&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Jančeva, Ljubica K. Poslednite decenii so SFRJ |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4028966-7 (DE-588)1181214262 |
| title | Poslednite decenii so SFRJ |
| title_auth | Poslednite decenii so SFRJ |
| title_exact_search | Poslednite decenii so SFRJ |
| title_full | Poslednite decenii so SFRJ Ljubica Jančeva |
| title_fullStr | Poslednite decenii so SFRJ Ljubica Jančeva |
| title_full_unstemmed | Poslednite decenii so SFRJ Ljubica Jančeva |
| title_short | Poslednite decenii so SFRJ |
| title_sort | poslednite decenii so sfrj |
| topic_facet | Jugoslawien Nordmazedonien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025715768&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025715768&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jancevaljubicak poslednitedeceniisosfrj |