Koniec świata sarmackich erudytów:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Toruń
Stowarzyszenie Oświatowców Polskich, Oddział
2012
|
| Ausgabe: | Wyd. 1. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The end of the world of the erudite Sarmatians Bibliogr. s. 188-203. Indeks |
| Beschreibung: | 218 s. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788373522008 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804150025733799936 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
WYKAZ SKRÓTÓW
..........................................................................................5
WSTĘP
..................................................................................................................7
Rodział I
ERUDYTA CZASÓW SASKICH
....................................................................12
Rozdział
II
REPUBLIKA UCZONYCH
.............................................................................49
Rozdział III
FORMY KOMUNIKACII I INSTYTUCJE ERUDYCJI
..............................83
Rozdział
IV
PROGRAM ERUDYCYJNY
...........................................................................117
Rozdział
V
ROZMOWY ERUDYTÓW
............................................................................158
ZAKOŃCZENIE
.............................................................................................184
BIBLIOGRAFIA
..............................................................................................188
INDEKS OSÓB
................................................................................................204
SUMMARY
......................................................................................................215
SUMMARY
The end of the world of the erudite Sarmatians
Erudite is a word which has a double function in historiography On the
one hand, being an erudite intellectual meant having immense know¬
ledge and concentrating on the studies of libraries and archives. Such people,
so called movable libraries , reading and analysing problems in depth,
appeared in every historical epoch. That is why historians who were trying
to specify the period, background or environment of these erudite people
used descriptive adjectives such as: Catholic, Baroque or Saxon. Naturally,
there were also urban and noble intellectuals, some more important than
others. To achieve this title , a person had to prove his or her creativity,
publishing talent, passion for collecting or artistic patronage.
There is also another explanation of the term. The intellectual period
known as the epoch of erudition was interpreted as a period in which
a particular type of knowledge dominated. This was knowledge based on
philological and historical studies. The world was mastered through col¬
lecting sources and establishing facts, which resulted in the organisation
of universal libraries, compendia, catalogues and encyclopaedias incor¬
porating the whole of the knowledge possessed at the time. With varied
strength and influence, this period lasted in European culture through the
17lh and 18th centuries. The representatives of this culture created a republic
whose territory surpassed political borders, and in which, at least accor¬
ding to some hypothesis, religious tolerance blossomed. This republic was
named in Latin respublica litteraria , in French
republique
des lettres
and
in English the republic of letters .
215
The phenomenon of erudition blossomed in Poland in the 1st half of
the 18th century, in the so called Saxon period . An analysis of the cul¬
ture of this period showed a progressive vision popularised mainly by the
French and Italian historians of historiography. This vision indicated that
the development of events led to major political and social changes such as
the French Revolution and the
Risorgimento in
Italy. The results of histori¬
cal research created a clear synthesis, explaining the origins and describing
the very beginning of the events which followed. The debate over events
in Poland was mainly concerned with the beginning of the Polish enligh¬
tenment. This date was placed either in the first or in the second half of
the century. Enlightened elements were looked for in various cultural ini¬
tiatives. In recent years detailed studies of the history of ideas, books and
literature revealed the diversity of eighteenth-century culture, as well as the
durability of the traditional institutions and phenomena of the old-Polish
culture. These studies have modified the previously accepted clear picture
of the Age of Reason. They also introduced changes of opinion about the
so- called enlightened generations, so far presented as people preparing the
background for the idea of enlightenment (precursors), bringing this idea to
life (creators) and continuing it in coming years (followers).
This book breaks away from such a traditional picture by showing the
Saxon period in a new perspective. It shows that the Wettyn dynasty had its
own dynamics of development. The culture of this period was more connec¬
ted with the tradition of the 16th and 17th centuries than with the ideas of the
French philosophers.
This study of the Sarmatian intellectuals offers an outlook on the Saxon
period from the point of view of the people who were linked by the same
perception of the world and similar intellectual activity. These people had
similar interests which meant collecting books and creating libraries which
were open to others. They operated in Poland, Lithuania and the
Rus
lands.
Their homes were true centres of erudition, and they were perceived as
authorities in the republic of letters. They initiated and carried out a pre¬
viously unknown project
.
Existing knowledge from different fields such as
genealogy, heraldry, history, geography, political system and law was collec¬
ted. Secondly, a biographical as well as bibliographical register of Polish lite¬
rature and literature about Poland was prepared. The restoration of previous
generations work was begun through hunting in libraries and archives for
rare early printed books and manuscripts. These works were printed; thanks
to this, access to them became widely available, not reserved only for indivi-
216
duals as previously. The true symbol of these activities was libraries. Univer¬
sal libraries were supposed to accumulate knowledge from different fields
and soon their owners were recognized as authorities. These group included
the Zaluski brothers: the royal official, Bishop of Kiev Joseph Andrew, and
the royal chancellor, Bishop of Cracow Andrew
Stanislaw;
representatives of
the
Sapieha
dynasty: the Bishop of Vilnius, Joseph
Stanislaw,
the Lithuanian
chancellor John
Frideric,
and even a prince, the
Nowogród
voivode
Joseph
Alexander Jablonowski. They were surrounded by supporters, thanks to
whom new projects and ideas were introduced. These collaborators included
secretaries and librarians, as well as monasteries representatives, represen¬
ting the Jesuits, Piarists, Theatines and Lazarists. Thanks to contacts and
correspondence inside this circle, work on sources, preparing journals, sear¬
ching archives and libraries, enriching collections and popularising them
were possible.
Their impressive actions cannot be simplified and these people should not
be categorised merely as precursors of the Enlightenment. Their work was
a result of mature and carefully considered projects, carried out according
to intellectual ideals such as collecting, commenting and making know¬
ledge available in pure form. They all were linked by an antipathy towards
systématisation
and typology of knowledge.
The first chapter is an attempt to define an erudite scholar of the Saxon
period and the phenomenon itself. The
Załuski
brothers,
Sapieha
dynasty
and Jablonowski belonged to the circle of power. As magnates, bishops and
clerks they functioned in two spheres: in respublica
politica
and in respu-
blica litteraria . Any contact between these two worlds led to dilemmas and
an intellectual had to answer questions on the choice of a career in one of
these worlds. In the period analysed there also appeared those intellectuals
whose activities as collectors were carried on at home or in their neighbour¬
hood, and whose projects remained in the form of manuscripts. They were
called the background intellectuals They also carried out a programme of
collecting and popularising knowledge but on a smaller scale.
The following chapters are concerned with the functioning of an intellec¬
tual in a republic of letters. Chapter
2
analyses a circle of scholars in Poland.
It is an attempt to describe the cooperation between institutions and indi¬
viduals. The sources of inspiration of these intellectuals provide a fascina¬
ting study. They were under influences from Saxony, Italy or Prussia, but
they were also drawing on elements derived from the traditional culture of
Poland. That is why old scientific and literary works were often cited because
217
these
intellectuals believed in a possibility of creating a modern republic
of letters. The third chapter explains the intelligentsia s organisations and
forms of communication. It also indicates the value of the postal system
and personal meetings in creating conditions for cooperation. Their corre¬
spondence is examined in detail, and the role of libraries, academies, uni¬
versities and schools in the process of achieving intellectual initiatives is
described. The last two chapters constitute an analysis of particular projects
and contacts between the intellectuals involved in them. The fourth chap¬
ter presents the idea of popularising knowledge through the publishing of
books, touching on the difficulties encountered by patrons. The market for
books, new forms of acquiring sources and new methods of distribution
created a new experience for a whole generation, sometimes a very difficult
one. Finally, the last chapter is an attempt to present relationships through
correspondence. Because of the distance between centres, the lack of acade¬
mic institutions and the rarity of personal meetings, letters were of extreme
importance in strengthening the bond. Correspondence had a crucial signi¬
ficance in the survival of the republic of letters of the Saxon period. In the
last section the author shows the practical aspect of these relationships and
demonstrates how discussion of books and libraries was carried on through
correspondence in the first half of the 18th century.
218
|
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| title | Koniec świata sarmackich erudytów |
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| title_exact_search | Koniec świata sarmackich erudytów |
| title_full | Koniec świata sarmackich erudytów Stanisław Roszak |
| title_fullStr | Koniec świata sarmackich erudytów Stanisław Roszak |
| title_full_unstemmed | Koniec świata sarmackich erudytów Stanisław Roszak |
| title_short | Koniec świata sarmackich erudytów |
| title_sort | koniec swiata sarmackich erudytow |
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