Sowietyzacja Wojska Polskiego w latach 1943 - 1956:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Wrocław
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego
2012
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis
3408 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Sovietisation of the Polish Armed Forces 1943 - 1956 Bibliogr. s. 371-390. Indeks |
| Beschreibung: | 405, [3] s. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788322932957 |
Internformat
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Sovietisation of the Polish Armed Forces 1943 - 1956 | ||
| 500 | |a Bibliogr. s. 371-390. Indeks | ||
| 610 | 1 | 7 | |a Polska / Polskie Siły Zbrojne w ZSRR / działalność polityczna |2 jhpk |
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| 610 | 1 | 7 | |a Polska / Wojsko Polskie (1944- ) / oficerowie / 1945-1970 |2 jhpk |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1943-1956 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Propaganda polska / 1945-1970 |2 jhpk | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804150008605310976 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis treści
Wstęp
............................................ 7
Rozdział I
Sowietyzacja Wojska Polskiego w procesie organizacji i wyposażenia techniczne¬
go w latach
1943-1956.................................. 21
1.
Geneza Polskich Sił Zbrojnych w ZSRR
.................... 21
2.
Od
1.
Dywizji Piechoty
dol.
Armii Polskiej w ZSRR
............. 38
3.
Utworzenie Wojska Polskiego i jego rozbudowa do maja
1945
roku
.... 51
4.
Redukcja stanów osobowych i reorganizacja Wojska Polskiego w latach
1945-1948..................................... 70
5.
Wojsko Polskie w okresie intensywnej rozbudowy i modernizacji
1949-
1956......................................... 83
Rozdział
II
Sowietyzacja kadry dowódczej Wojska Polskiego wiatach
1943-1956....... 100
1.
Problem kadr oficerskich w okresie tworzenia i rozbudowy Wojska Pol¬
skiego
1943-1945................................. 100
2.
Polityka kadrowa w Wojsku Polskim wiatach
1943-1956.......... 117
3.
Oficerowie Armii Radzieckiej w Wojsku Polskim lat wojny
1943-1945 . . 139
4.
Oficerowie radzieccy w powojennym Wojsku Polskim
1945-1956..... 157
5.
Doradcy wojskowi Armii Radzieckiej w Wojsku Polskim w latach
1946-
1956......................................... 179
Rozdział III
Wojsko Polskie „w służbie partii i władzy ludowej
1945-1956 ........... 194
1.
Udział Wojska Polskiego w zwalczaniu niepodległościowego podziemia
zbrojnego w latach
1945-1948.......................... 194
2.
Wojsko Polskie w kampanii referendalnej i głosowaniu ludowym
w
1946
roku
.................................... 225
6
Spis treści
3.
Wojsko Polskie w kampanii wyborczej i wyborach do Sejmu Ustawodaw¬
czego w
1947
roku
................................. 240
4.
Wojsko Polskie wobec wydarzeń politycznych
1956
roku
.......... 254
Rozdział
IV
Ideologizacja Wojska Polskiego w latach
1943-1956................. 279
1.
Struktury ideologizujące
............................. 279
2.
Indoktrynacja ideologiczna żołnierzy Wojska Polskiego w latach
1943-
1948......................................... 311
2.1.
Wychowanie patriotyczne
.......................... 311
2.2.
„Wychowanie internacjonalistyczne
.................... 322
3.
Indoktrynacja ideologiczna żołnierzy Wojska Polskiego w latach
1949-
1956......................................... 330
3.1.
Wychowanie patriotyczne
.......................... 331
3.2.
„Wychowanie internacjonalistyczne
.................... 339
3.3.
„Wychowanie antyimperialistyczne
.................... 346
3.4.
Upowszechnianie „światopoglądu naukowego
.............. 353
Zakończenie
........................................ 360
Wykaz ważniejszych skrótów
............................... 368
Bibliografia
......................................... 371
Summary
.......................................... 391
Indeks nazwisk
....................................... 395
Sovietisation of the Polish Armed Forces
1943-1956
Summary
The Polish People s Armed Forces have their complex and dramatic history, which from
the very beginning has provoked major controversy, being subject to various, often ex¬
treme assessments.
The Soviet authorities began to take the first steps to create Polish armed forces under
their supervision in the summer of
1940.
The Soviets tried to find out whether and how
many of the surviving Polish officers taken prisoner in September
1939
would be willing
to take part in this venture, assuming the role of collaborators assigned to them by the
Russians. This survey turned out to be rather discouraging for Moscow
—
only dozen or
so individuals, headed by lieutenant-colonel
Zygmunt Berling,
were persuaded to partici¬
pate in the implementation of the plan. This failure coupled with the attack on the USSR
by the Nazi Germany
—
which the Kremlin did not expect
—
the necessity to cooperate
with western allies to save its empire and the Sikorski-Majski accord signed on
30
July
1941
put Stalin s plans to establish a subordinated Polish army on hold. Though not for
long, as it soon turned out.
After General Anders led his army out of the Soviet Union, and the Russians won
spectacularly at Stalingrad and finally severed diplomatic relations with Poland s London-
based government-in-exile, the increasingly self-confident Kremlin host decided it was
the right moment to return to his plans to create new Polish forces. Yet this time he de¬
cided to use not only the group of officers residing in the Malakhovka villa, but also the
Polish extreme left, which, following the end of the September
1939
campaign, was in fa¬
vour of full cooperation with Stalin s regime, a move that was against Poland s
raison
detat.
Organised since May
1943
and linked to the Red Army, the Polish Army was estab¬
lished on the initiative and under full control of Moscow. It was established against the
392
Summary
opinion and outside the control of Poland s constitutional authorities, outside the coun¬
try s borders, within the territory of a state which, in fact, did not recognise Poland s legal
government-in-exile, i.e. did not maintain diplomatic relations with it.
In such circumstances it was impossible to speak of any independence or autonomy
of this army. From its very beginning it was entirely subordinated to Stalin. It was Stalin
who made all decisions about the most important, strategic issues concerning the Polish
Army, including its organisational structure, number of soldiers, technical equipment,
staffing of the highest posts, operational tasks and political goals, leaving less important
questions to his generals.
The re-formation of Polish military units in the East was determined by the polit¬
ical interests of the Soviet Union and not by a genuine need for their participation in the
fighting on the Soviet-German front. Initially, i.e. in
1943-1944,
these units were treated
by the Russians as a tool to put pressure on the Polish government in London to recognise
the Soviet annexation of the lands beyond the Bug River. Later, from mid-
1944
on, after
crossing the new Soviet-Polish border, the Polish Army, in accordance with Stalin s plans,
was to actively support pro-Soviet forces in the take-over and strengthening of power,
thus facilitating Moscow s subjugation of Poland.
Stalin did not trust the Poles, nor did he have full confidence in the Polish commun¬
ists. By deciding to establish the Polish Armed Forces, he wanted to be absolutely sure
that they would obey him unquestioningly. This was to be guaranteed first of all by Red
Army officers, a large number of whom were delegated to join the Polish Army as allied
personnel assistance. What was greatly favourable to the implementation of such plans
was the notorious lack of Polish officers. For the vast majority of them, captured by the
Russians after
17
September
1939,
had been murdered by the NKVD on the Soviet dicta¬
tor s orders as early as in April and May
1940,
while those who had survived this pogrom
left the Soviet territory together with Anders s army.
Throughout the period in question, i.e.
1943-1956,
a total of about twenty-one thou¬
sand Red Army officers served in the Polish Armed Forces. Most of them,
19,679
to be
precise, joined the Polish army between May
1943
and July
1945.
At that time the share of
Soviet commanders in the Polish Army officer corps was between
43
and
67%,
reaching
or even exceeding
90%
in some specialised units or services.
Red Army officers in the Polish Armed Forces dominated their Polish colleagues not
only by virtue of their sheer number. As a rule they also held more important posts as¬
sociated with greater responsibility. They held a vast majority of positions of command
as well as staff posts, from the battalion level up. They had a virtual monopoly on the
highest positions in the headquarters of all formations and services as well as the First
and Second Polish Army. In addition, they exerted decisive influence on the work of the
General Staff, central institutions of the Ministry of National Defence and staff of mili¬
tary districts.
Red Army officers were also a dominant force in the Polish Army Information Service
—
until as late as in August
1944
its entire officer corps came from among NKVD and
SMERSH officers. Between
1943
and
1945, 750
Soviet officers served in the Polish coun¬
ter-intelligence. Moreover, officers who came from the USSR made up the most influential
group in the Polish military judiciary and were in full control of the military education
system. The latter, which alongside the Red Army was the basis source of candidates for
Summary
393
many officer positions, from the very beginning was based on tried and tested solutions
imported from the Soviet Union. As a result, Polish military academies and school took
over the Soviet organisational structure and curricula. The same happened with regard
to textbooks, instructions and rules of procedure. Finally, the commanders and teachers
were to a large extent Red Army officers.
By holding key positions in the armed forces built by Berling, Soviet officers exerted
major influence both on the organisation, equipment and weaponry, command or battle
training, and on the ideological character, i.e. all the most important aspects in the func¬
tioning of any army. At the same time, they were a significant factor incapacitating the
Polish Armed Forces and thwarting their attempts to win independence. Stalin intended
these officers to ultimately make the Polish Armed Forces a kind of extended arm of the
Soviet Army, contributing substantially to the achievement of the Kremlins political and
military goals.
It is also worth noting that Red Army commanders of Polish units, though delegated
to different forces and wearing different uniforms, never ceased to be subordinated to
their Soviet superiors. They would send them regular reports and take orders from them.
For Moscow they were an invaluable source
ofinformation
about the situation in Berling s
units and from mid-
1944
also about what was happening in the environment emerging
around them.
Despite the fact that after the war ended, in
1945-1948
more than ten thousand Soviet
officers serving in the Polish Armed Forces were sent back to the Soviet Union, they were
still the most influential group in the Polish Army. They retained their dominant position
at the top
—
in the Ministry of National Defence and the General Staff— and in the mili¬
tary districts as well as various formations and services.
In the late
1948
many Red Army officers began to return to the posts they had previ¬
ously held in the Polish Armed Forces. This was related to the political situation in Po¬
land after the August-September plenary session of the Central Committee of the Polish
Workers Party. One of its manifestations was a change in the personnel policy in the
army
—
the idea of quick Polonisation of the officer corps was abandoned in favour of
its re-Sovietisation.
As the head of the Polish Ministry of National Defence, K. Rokossowski proved to be
a staunch advocate of the plan to bring more Soviet generals and officers into the Polish
Armed Forces. He supported all initiatives related to this idea and launched by President
Bierut and other communist decision-makers in Poland or came up with his own plans.
Between
1949
and
1952
the Soviet Army commanders controlled all the key posts in
the Polish Armed Forces, beginning with the Ministry of Defence and the General Staff,
through military districts, various types of forces and units, and ending with the more
important tactical alliances.
The elimination of all class enemies and suspicious elements and the re-Sovietisa¬
tion of the officer corps enabled Moscow to maintain complete control over the Polish
Army. They also guaranteed that the Polish Army will be entirely at its disposal. The Pol¬
ish Armed Forces, on the internal front hitherto only able to fight the armed resistance
movement and terrorise the public, now were to be expanded, modernised and adapted
in terms of their doctrine and organisation as well as technical equipment and training
methods to the best Soviet models. The aim of this transformation was to bind the Polish
394
Summary
Armed Forces to the Red Army as closely as possible, which in the future was to prevent
any attempts at their emancipation.
Under the communist system, the Polish Armed Forces from the very beginning were
involved in politics. After the war they were to be a guardian, Moscow-appointed de¬
fender of the communist regime, strengthening its ideological, political, economic and
military domination in Poland. Controlled by the Kremlin and Polish communists, the
Polish Army, similarly to the Red Army after the Bolshevik revolution in Russia, was un¬
scrupulously used as an instrument of repression crushing the resistance of society, which
did not accept the usurped power of the Polish Workers Party (later: Polish United Work¬
ers Party). For instance, before the
1946
referendum and
1947
elections to the Legislative
Assembly, the Polish Armed Forces took part in the ruthless political and propaganda
campaign mounted by the Polish Workers Party and other parties from the so-called
Democratic Parties Bloc against the opposition from the Polish People s Party. In June
1956,
the army, following the orders of the Stalinist authorities, suppressed the protests of
workers and citizens of
Poznań.
From the moment the Polish Armed Forces began to be formed in the USSR, the sol¬
diers were subjected to constant and comprehensive indoctrination. The process became
even more intense in July
1944,
when unified Polish Armed Forces were created.
ideological messages were presented to everyone in the army during regular politi¬
cal classes, educational activities, meetings, rallies, etc. They were primarily to win the
soldiers over to the political programme advocated by the communists, to instil in them
a feeling of absolute identification with the idea of alliance with the Soviet Union, imbue
them with hatred for all internal and external enemies of people s government and pro¬
mote the so-called scientific worldview. Such activities intensified during intense
Stalini
-
sation of Poland, i.e. the first half of the
19505.
At that time the Polish Armed Forces
became very nearly the very image of the Soviet Army in organisational, functional,
ideo¬
logica]
and
politica]
terms. At the same time, efforts were made to cut them off from the
Polish military traditions, especially those without a communist pedigree
—
traditions
that were the foundation of national solidarity and identity
—
and to impose on them
alien traditions of the Red Army. This process was supervised by the Polish political ap¬
paratus and by the Soviet officers holding the highest posts in the Armed Forces of the
People s Republic of Poland.
|
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| author | Tomaszewski, Janusz |
| author_facet | Tomaszewski, Janusz |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Tomaszewski, Janusz |
| author_variant | j t jt |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040704507 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)830008838 (DE-599)BVBBV040704507 |
| era | Geschichte 1943-1956 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1943-1956 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Polska / siły zbrojne / Związek Radziecki jhpk Polska / polityka i rządy / 1945-1956 jhpk Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polska / siły zbrojne / Związek Radziecki Polska / polityka i rządy / 1945-1956 Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV040704507 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:32:06Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788322932957 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025684970 |
| oclc_num | 830008838 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 405, [3] s. 24 cm |
| psigel | DHB_JDG_ISBN_1 |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis |
| series2 | Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis |
| spelling | Tomaszewski, Janusz Verfasser aut Sowietyzacja Wojska Polskiego w latach 1943 - 1956 Janusz Tomaszewski Wrocław Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego 2012 405, [3] s. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis 3408 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Sovietisation of the Polish Armed Forces 1943 - 1956 Bibliogr. s. 371-390. Indeks Polska / Polskie Siły Zbrojne w ZSRR / działalność polityczna jhpk Związek Radziecki / Raboče-Krest'ânskaâ Krasnaâ Armiâ / 1 Dywizja Piechoty im. Tadeusza Kościuszki / działalność polityczna jhpk Polska / Wojsko Polskie (1944- ) / działalność polityczna / 1945-1970 jhpk Polska / Wojsko Polskie (1944- ) / i edukacja jhpk Polska / Wojsko Polskie (1944- ) / oficerowie / 1945-1970 jhpk Geschichte 1943-1956 gnd rswk-swf Propaganda polska / 1945-1970 jhpk Nauczanie wojskowe / Polska / 1945-1990 jhpk Propaganda sowiecka / Polska / 1945-1970 jhpk Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetisierung (DE-588)4181897-0 gnd rswk-swf Polska / siły zbrojne / Związek Radziecki jhpk Polska / polityka i rządy / 1945-1956 jhpk Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 s Sowjetisierung (DE-588)4181897-0 s Geschichte 1943-1956 z DE-604 Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis 3408 (DE-604)BV004668106 3408 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025684970&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025684970&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Tomaszewski, Janusz Sowietyzacja Wojska Polskiego w latach 1943 - 1956 Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis Polska / Polskie Siły Zbrojne w ZSRR / działalność polityczna jhpk Związek Radziecki / Raboče-Krest'ânskaâ Krasnaâ Armiâ / 1 Dywizja Piechoty im. Tadeusza Kościuszki / działalność polityczna jhpk Polska / Wojsko Polskie (1944- ) / działalność polityczna / 1945-1970 jhpk Polska / Wojsko Polskie (1944- ) / i edukacja jhpk Polska / Wojsko Polskie (1944- ) / oficerowie / 1945-1970 jhpk Propaganda polska / 1945-1970 jhpk Nauczanie wojskowe / Polska / 1945-1990 jhpk Propaganda sowiecka / Polska / 1945-1970 jhpk Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd Sowjetisierung (DE-588)4181897-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4039305-7 (DE-588)4181897-0 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Sowietyzacja Wojska Polskiego w latach 1943 - 1956 |
| title_auth | Sowietyzacja Wojska Polskiego w latach 1943 - 1956 |
| title_exact_search | Sowietyzacja Wojska Polskiego w latach 1943 - 1956 |
| title_full | Sowietyzacja Wojska Polskiego w latach 1943 - 1956 Janusz Tomaszewski |
| title_fullStr | Sowietyzacja Wojska Polskiego w latach 1943 - 1956 Janusz Tomaszewski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sowietyzacja Wojska Polskiego w latach 1943 - 1956 Janusz Tomaszewski |
| title_short | Sowietyzacja Wojska Polskiego w latach 1943 - 1956 |
| title_sort | sowietyzacja wojska polskiego w latach 1943 1956 |
| topic | Polska / Polskie Siły Zbrojne w ZSRR / działalność polityczna jhpk Związek Radziecki / Raboče-Krest'ânskaâ Krasnaâ Armiâ / 1 Dywizja Piechoty im. Tadeusza Kościuszki / działalność polityczna jhpk Polska / Wojsko Polskie (1944- ) / działalność polityczna / 1945-1970 jhpk Polska / Wojsko Polskie (1944- ) / i edukacja jhpk Polska / Wojsko Polskie (1944- ) / oficerowie / 1945-1970 jhpk Propaganda polska / 1945-1970 jhpk Nauczanie wojskowe / Polska / 1945-1990 jhpk Propaganda sowiecka / Polska / 1945-1970 jhpk Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd Sowjetisierung (DE-588)4181897-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Polska / Polskie Siły Zbrojne w ZSRR / działalność polityczna Związek Radziecki / Raboče-Krest'ânskaâ Krasnaâ Armiâ / 1 Dywizja Piechoty im. Tadeusza Kościuszki / działalność polityczna Polska / Wojsko Polskie (1944- ) / działalność polityczna / 1945-1970 Polska / Wojsko Polskie (1944- ) / i edukacja Polska / Wojsko Polskie (1944- ) / oficerowie / 1945-1970 Propaganda polska / 1945-1970 Nauczanie wojskowe / Polska / 1945-1990 Propaganda sowiecka / Polska / 1945-1970 Militär Sowjetisierung Polska / siły zbrojne / Związek Radziecki Polska / polityka i rządy / 1945-1956 Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025684970&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025684970&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV004668106 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tomaszewskijanusz sowietyzacjawojskapolskiegowlatach19431956 |