Relacje kulturowe południowego Śląska i północnych Moraw i Czech w IX - X wieku w świetle źródeł ceramicznych:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Wrocław
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego
2012
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis
3372 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Cultural relations between southern Silesia, northern Moravia and Bohemia in the 9th and 10th centuries in the light of pottery-based sources. - serii gł.: ISSN 0239-6661 ; no 3372. - Na książce błędny ISSN serii: 0520-9250 Bibliogr. s. 301-312. Indeks |
| Beschreibung: | 470, [1] s. zahlr. Ill., Kt. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788322932605 |
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| 650 | 7 | |a Ceramika średniowieczna / Czechy |2 jhpk | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Ceramika średniowieczna / Czechy / Morawy Północne |2 jhpk | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Aleksandra Pankiewicz
Relacje kulturowe południowego Śląska
i północnych Moraw i Czech w IX-X wieku
w świetle źródeł ceramicznych
Wrocław 2012
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrociawskiego
SPIS TREŚCI
1 Wstęp 11
1 1 Cel podjęcia badań 11
1 2 Zakres terytorialny pracy 17
1 3 Zakres chronologiczny pracy 21
1 4 Stan badań 25
1 5 Baza źródłowa 27
2 Zasady klasyfikacji ceramiki 35
2 1 Masa garncarska — stosowane domieszki 35
2 2 Powierzchnia naczynia 37
2 3 Wypał naczyń 37
2 4 Grubość ścianek naczyń 38
2 5 Zasięg obtaczania 38
2 6 Formy naczyń 39
2 7 Wylewy 51
2 8 Ornamentyka 60
3 Charakterystyka ceramiki z południowej części Dolnego Śląska 73
3 1 Masa garncarska 73
3 2 Wykonanie naczyń (obróbka powierzchni naczynia i grubość ścianek) 75
3 3 Wypał naczyń 78
3 4 Formy naczyń 78
3 5 Wylewy 81
3 6 Ornamentyka 84
3 7 Ogólna charakterystyka ceramiki z południa Dolnego Śląska z uwzględnieniem
jej chronologii 90
4 Charakterystyka ceramiki z południowej części Górnego Śląska i terenów Śląska
Czeskiego 105
4 1 Masa garncarska 105
4 2 Wykonanie naczyń (obróbka powierzchni naczynia i grubość ścianek) 107
4 3 Wypał naczyń 108
4 4 Formy naczyń 109
4 5 Wylewy 113
4 6 Ornamentyka 117
4 7 Ogólna charakterystyka ceramiki z południa Górnego Śląska i terenów Śląska
Czeskiego z uwzględnieniem jej chronologii 122
5 Charakterystyka ceramiki z terenu północno-wschodriich Czech 137
5 1 Masa garncarska 137
5 2 Wykonanie naczyń (obróbka powierzchni naczynia i grubość ścianek) 139
5 3 Wypał naczyń 140
5 4 Formy naczyń 141
Spis treści
5 5 Wylewy 145
5 6 Ornamentyka 148
5 7 Ogólna charakterystyka ceramiki z północno-wschodnich Czech z uwzględnie-
niem jej chronologii 151
6 Charakterystyka ceramiki z północnej części Moraw 163
6 1 Masa garncarska 163
6 2 Wykonanie naczyń (obróbka powierzchni naczynia i grubość ścianek) 164
6 3 Wypał naczyń 165
6 4 Formy naczyń 165
6 5 Wylewy 167
6 6 Ornamentyka 168
6 7 Ogólna charakterystyka ceramiki z północnych Moraw z uwzględnieniem jej
chronologii 171
7 Wpływy morawskie i czeskie w ceramice z południa Dolnego Śląska 180
7 1 Gilów 180
7 2 Niemcza I 186
7 3 Gród niemczański i cmentarzysko Niemcza II 188
7 4 GóraGromnik 191
7 5 Inne stanowiska w okolicach Strzelina (Gębice, Witostowice) 194
7 6 Osada w Kamieńcu Ząbkowickim 194
7 7 Stanowiska w okolicach Strzegomia (Graniczna, Dobromierz, Gniewków) 196
7 8 Okolice góry Ślęży (Grodziszcze, Ślęża— stanowisko 156) 200
7 9 Zachodnia część regionu (Legnica i Bolesławiec) 202
7 10 Pozostałe stanowiska 204
8 Wpływy morawskie i czeskie w ceramice z południa Górnego Śląska i terenów Śląska
Czeskiego 206
8 1 Cmentarzysko w Steboficach 206
8 2 Cmentarzysko w Hradcu nad Moravici 208
8 3 Chotebuz-Podobora 208
8 4 Grodzisko w Lubomi 210
8 5 Grodzisko w Kamieńcu 212
8 6 Mionów, Skoczów-Międzyświeć i Cieszyn 213
8 7 Osada w Piechocicach 214
8 8 Inne stanowiska 214
9 Wpływy śląskie na terenie północno-wschodnich Czech 217
10 Wpływy śląskie na północnych Morawach 221
11 Importy? Naśladownictwa? Czy naczynia wykonane w obcej tradycji garncarskiej? 225
12 Próba interpretacji i oceny relacji kulturowych zaobserwowanych w ceramice 257
12 1 Próba interpretacji dostrzeżonych wpływów wielkomorawskich na południu
Dolnego Śląska 257
12 2 Próba interpretacji dostrzeżonych wpływów czeskich na południu Dolnego
Śląska 266
12 3 Wpływy morawskie i czeskie na południu Górnego Śląska i terenie Śląska
Czeskiego Ocena i interpretacja 272
12 4 Ogólna ocena relacji południowych terenów Śląska oraz północnych Moraw
i Czech w IX-X wieku 279
13 Uwagi końcowe 296
Spis treści 7
Wykaz skrótów 299
Bibliografia 301
Summary 313
Tablice 319
Indeks osób i zbiorowości ludzkich 459
Indeks nazw geograficznych 463
Spis rycin 468
Spis tabel 471
SPIS RYCIN
Ryc 1 Zakres terytorialny pracy • 19
Ryc 2 Wskaźniki stosowane przy opisie form naczyń; oprać A Pankiewicz • 40
Ryc 3 Formy A1 • 41
Ryc 4 Formy A 2 • 42
Ryc 5 Formy A 3 • 43
Ryc 6 Formy A 4 • 44
Ryc 7 Formy A 5 • 45
Ryc 8 Formy A 6, A 7 • 46
Ryc 9 Formy B • 47
Ryc 10 Formy C • 48
Ryc 11 Misy • 49
Ryc 12 Flasze • 50
Ryc 13 Naczynia na stopkach • 50
Ryc 14 Miniatury • 51
Ryc 15 Nazwy stosowane przy opisie wylewów • 52
Ryc 16 Wylewy grupy A, typ 1, odmiana I • 53
Ryc 17 Wylewy grupy A, typ 1, odmiana II • 53
Ryc 18 Wylewy grupy A, typ 1, odmiana III • 54
Ryc 19 Wylewy grupy A, typ 1, odmiana IV • 54
Ryc 20 Wylewy grupy A, typ 1, odmiana V • 55
Ryc 21 Wylewy grupy A, typ 1, odmiana VI • 56
Ryc 22 Wylewy grupy A, typ 1, odmiana VII • 57
Ryc 23 Wylewy grupy A, typ 1, odmiana VIII • 58
Ryc 24 Wylewy grupy A, typ 2, odmiany I—V • 58
Ryc 25 Wylewy grupy A, typ 3 • 59
Ryc 26 Wylewy grupy B, typ 1i2 • 60
Ryc 27 Ornamentyka grupy A, typ A 1-A 4 • 61
Ryc 28 Ornamentyka grupy A, typ A 5-A 12 • 62
Ryc 29 Ornamentyka grupy B, typ B 1-B 17 • 64
Ryc 30 Ornamentyka grupy B, typ B 18-B 29 • 66
Ryc 31 Ornamentyka grupy C • 68
Ryc 32 Ornamentyka grupy D • 69
Ryc 33 Ornamentyka grupy E • 70
Ryc 34 Ornamentyka grupy F • 71
Ryc 35 Ornamentyka grupy G • 72
Ryc 36 Porównanie proporcji naczynia z terenu Moraw i z południa Dolnego Śląska • 185
Ryc 37 Porównanie proporcji naczynia z północno-wschodnich Czech i z południa Górnego
Śląska • 219
Ryc 38 Próbki ceramiki zNiemczy (wykop II) • 227
Spis rycin 469
Ryc 39 Mikrostruktura próbki 1, składniki mineralne: (Q) kwarc, (Pl) plagioklaz, (L) litoklast,
(Cl) klast ilasty, brunatna masa — spoiwo ilaste; fot A: X nikole; fot B: obraz z 1 nikolem,
skala 1 mm, fot i oprać C August • 231
Ryc 40 Termogram próbki 1, oprać C August • 231
Ryc 41 Dyfraktogram próbki 1, oprać C August • 231
Ryc 42 Mikrostruktura próbki 2, składniki mineralne: (Q) kwarc, (Pl) plagioklaz, (L) litoklast,
(Amf) amfibol, brunatna masa — spoiwo ilaste; fot A: X nikole, fot B: obraz
z 1 nikolem,skala 1 mm, fot i oprać C August • 232
Ryc 43 Termogram próbki 2, oprać C August * 232
Ryc 44 Dyfraktogram próbki 2, oprać C August • 232
Ryc 45 Mikrostruktura próbki 3, składniki mineralne: (Q) kwarc, (Pl) plagioklaz, (L) litoklast,
brunatna masa — spoiwo ilaste; fot A: X nikole; fot B: obraz z I nikolem, skala 1 mm,
fot i oprać C August • 233
Ryc 46 Termogram próbki 3, oprać C August • 233
Ryc 47 Dyfraktogram próbki 3, oprać C August • 233
Ryc 48 Mikrostruktura próbki 4, składniki mineralne: (Q) kwarc, (Fsp) skaleń potasowy, brunatna
masa — spoiwo ilaste; fot A: X nikole; fot B: obraz z 1 nikolem, skala 1 mm fot i oprać
C August • 234
Ryc 49 Termogram próbki 4, oprać C August • 234
Ryc 50 Dyfraktogram próbki 4, oprać C August • 234
Ryc 51 Mikrostruktura próbki 5, składniki mineralne: (Q) kwarc, (Pl) plagioklaz, (Amf) amfibol,
(Gr) grafit, czarne tło — spoiwo ilaste z grafitem; fot A: X nikole; fot B: obrazz 1 nikolem,
skala 1 mm; fot i oprać C August • 235
Ryc 52 Termogram próbki 5, oprać C August • 235
Ryc 53 Dyfraktogram próbki 5, oprać C August • 235
Ryc 54 Mikrostruktura próbki 6, składniki mineralne: (Q) kwarc, (Amf) amfibol, (Pl) plagioklaz,
(L) litoklast, brunatna masa — spoiwo ilaste; fot A: X nikole, fot B: obraz przy 1 nikolu;
skala 1 mm; fot i oprać C August • 236
Ryc 55 Termogram próbki 6, oprać C August • 236
Ryc 56 Dyfraktogram próbki 6, oprać C August • 236
Ryc 57 Mikrostruktura próbki 7, składniki mineralne: (Q) kwarc, (Amf) amfibol, (Pl) plagioklaz,
(L) litoklast, brunatna masa — spoiwo ilaste, fot A: X nikole, fot B: obraz przy 1 nikolu,
skala 1 mm, fot i oprać C August • 237
Ryc 58 Termogram próbki 7, oprać C August • 237
Ryc 59 Dyfraktogram próbki 7, oprać C August • 237
Ryc 60 Próbki ceramiki z Gniewkowa, według Rodak, Werczyńskiego 2008, ryc 2 • 239
Ryc 61 Mikrostruktura próbki 17, składniki mineralne: (Q) kwarc, (Fsp) skaleń potasowy,
(L) okruchy skalne, (Bi) biotyt, brunatna masa — spoiwo ilaste; fot A: X nikole; fot B:
obraz z 1 nikolem, skala 1 mm, fot i oprać C August • 240
Ryc 62 Termogram próbki 17, oprać C August • 240
Ryc 63 Dyfraktogram próbki 17, oprać C August • 240
Ryc 64 Mikrostruktura próbki 18, składniki mineralne: (Q) kwarc, (Fsp) skaleń potasowy,
(L) okruchy skalne, brunatna masa — spoiwo ilaste; fot A: X nikole; fot B: obraz
z 1 nikolem, skala I mm, fot i oprać C August • 241
Ryc 65 Termogram próbki 18, oprać C August • 241
Ryc 66 Dyfraktogram próbki 18, oprać C August • 241
Ryc 67 Próbka ceramiki nr 8 z Naczęsławic • 242
Ryc 68 Kamieniec, próby ceramiki nr 9-11 wg Abłamowicza 1990, 10, 11 wg rysunków kart
zabytków Muzeum Śląskiego w Katowicach, rys G Mirski, D Abłamowicz • 243
470 Spis rycin
Ryc 69 Mikrostruktura próbki 8, składniki mineralne: (Q) kwarc, (Amf) amfibol, (Kfp) skaleń
potasowy, brunatna masa — spoiwo ilaste; fot A: X nikole; fot B: obraz przy 1 nikolu,
skala 1 mm, fot i oprać C August • 245
Ryc 70 Termogram próbki 8, oprać C August • 245
Ryc 71 Dyfraktogram próbki 8, oprać C August • 245
Ryc 72 Mikrostruktura próbki 9, składniki mineralne: (Q) kwarc, (L) okruchy skalne,
(Pl)plagioklazjasnobrunatnafnasa—spoiwoilaste;fot A: Xnikole;fot B:obrazzl nikolem,
skala 1 mm, fot i oprać C August • 246
Ryc 73 Termogram próbki 9, oprać C August • 246
Ryc 74 Dyfraktogram próbki 9, oprać C August • 246
Ryc 75 Mikrostruktura próbki 10, składniki mineralne: (Q) kwarc, (L) okruchy skalne,
(Fsp) skaleń potasowy, jasnobrunatna masa — spoiwo ilaste; fot A: X nikole; fot B: obraz
z 1 nikolem, skala I mm, fot i oprać C August • 247
Ryc 76 Termogram próbki 10, oprać C August • 247
Ryc 77 Dyfraktogram próbki 10, oprać C August • 247
Ryc 78 Mikrostruktura próbki 11, składniki mineralne: (Q) kwarc, (Fsp) skaleń potasowy,
(Pl) plagioklaz, (Bi) biotyt, (Amf) amfibol, brunatna masa — spoiwo ilaste; fot A:
X nikole; fot B: obraz z 1 nikolem, skala 1 mm, fot i oprać C August • 248
Ryc 79 Termogram próbki 11, oprać C August • 248
Ryc 80 Dyfraktogram próbki 11, oprać C August • 248
Ryc 81 Próbka 12, obraz mikroskopowy ceramiki o strukturze drobnoziarnistej, składniki
mineralne: (Q) kwarc, (Fsp) skaleń potasowy, brunatna masa — spoiwo ilaste; fot A:
X nikole; fot B: obraz z I nikolem, skala 1 mm, fot i oprać C August • 249
Ryc 82 Termogram próbki 12, oprać C August • 249
Ryc 83 Dyfraktogram próbki 12, oprać C August • 249
Ryc 84 Mikrostruktura próbki 13, składniki mineralne: (L) okruchy skalne, (Fsp) skaleń
potasowy, (Amf) amfibol, brunatna masa — spoiwo ilaste; fot A: X nikole; fot B: obraz
z 1 nikolem, skala 1 mm, fot i oprać C August • 250
Ryc 85 Termogram próbki 13, oprać C August • 250
Ryc 86 Dyfraktogram próbki 13, oprać C August • 250
Ryc 87 Mikrostruktura próbki 14, składniki mineralne: (Q) kwarc, (Fsp) skaleń potasowy,
(Pl) plagioklaz, brunatna masa — spoiwo ilaste; fot A: X nikole; fot B: obraz z 1 nikolem,
skala 1 mm, fot i oprać C August • 251
Ryc 88 Termogram próbki 14, oprać C August • 251
Ryc 89 Dyfraktogram próbki 14, oprać C August • 251
Ryc 90 Mikrostruktura próbki 15, składniki mineralne: (Q) kwarc, (Fsp) skaleń potasowy,
(L) okruchy skalne, brunatna masa — spoiwo ilaste; fot A: X nikole; fot B: obraz
z 1 nikolem, skala 1 mm, fot i oprać C August • 252
Ryc 91 Termogram próbki 15, oprać C August • 252
Ryc 92 Dyfraktogram próbki 15, oprać C August 252
Ryc 93 Mikrostruktura próbki 16, składniki mineralne: (Q) kwarc, (Fsp) skaleń potasowy,
(L) okruchy skalne, brunatna masa — spoiwo ilaste; fot A: X nikole; fot B: obraz
z 1 nikolem, skala 1 mm, fot i oprać C August • 253
Ryc 94 Termogram próbki 16, oprać C August • 253
Ryc 95 Dyfraktogram próbki 16, oprać C August • 253
Ryc 96 Próbka ceramiki nr 13 ze Skoczowa-Międzyświecia • 255
SPIS TABEL
Tabela 1 Zestawienie wyników analiz dendrochronologicznych prób drewna z wału odkrytego
w 1961 r w Niemczy, pow dzierżoniowski; oprać M Krąpiec (2006) • 98
Tabela 2 Skład mineralny szkieletu ziarnowego próbek ceramiki; oprać C August • 229
Tabela 3 Charakterystyka strukturalno-teksturalna materiału użytego do wyrobu ceramiki;
oprać C August • 230
CULTURAL
RELATIONS
BETWEEN SOUTHERN SILESIA,
NORTHERN MORAVIA AND BOHEMIA IN THE 9TH AND 10TH
CENTURIES IN THE LIGHT OF POTTERY-BASED SOURCES
SUMMARY
The cultural relations between Silesia, Bohemia and Moravia in the 9th and 10th centuries
have for a long time been a focus of interest of both historians and archaeologists. Scholars conduct
intense research into this field not only because they want to follow interregional contacts between
Silesian, Bohemian and Moravian societies, but, primarily, because they want to reconstruct the
political relations in this part of Central Europe at the time. We cannot rule out that in the late
9th century Silesia belonged, at least for some time, to the Great Moravian state, and in the 10th
century
—
to Bohemia ruled then by the Premyslid dynasty. A question now arises whether this
hypothetical dependence on Silesia s southern neighbours left some marks on its material culture
and whether we can indeed talk of some clear cultural influences reaching Silesia from Moravia
and Bohemia.
So far, scholars have tried to solve this problem by analysing, first of all, metal objects,
mainly elements of weaponry and jewellery, as well as some types of fortifications (strongholds),
paying less attention to pottery. The research into this category of materials may provide us with
plenty of new findings, contributing to the discussion about past cultural relations between the
regions in question. Owing to its properties, pottery was not usually traded in, so the presence in
Silesian archaeological sites of foreign style vessels made in accordance with foreign technology
may indicate broader and more complex influences and relations, for instance those concerning the
organisation and tradition of pottery making.
In order to pinpoint any possible similarities between Silesian, Moravian and Bohemian pot¬
tery, the studied area was divided into four regions: southern Lower Silesia, southern Upper Silesia
with the so-called Czech Silesia which was historically part of this region (a fragment of Silesia
now within the borders of the Czech Republic), north-eastern Bohemia and northern Moravia. This
was followed by descriptions of pottery from these areas, descriptions that made it possible to trace
the similarities and differences in pottery making in those regions.
What is typical of southern Lower Silesia is the so-called smooth pottery, a characteristic
feature of which is a lack of decorations and meticulous smoothing out of the surfaces. Vessels of
this type were made of fine pottery paste and fired in reduction conditions to a dark grey or brown,
less often light colour. These vessels have an S-shaped profile with a short neck and high-placed
(3/4-2/3
of the vessel height) belly bend. The bottoms are flat and in most cases without produc¬
tion traces. Despite their simple form, smooth vessels sometimes have rather elaborate rims,
usually with a marked upper edge. The few embellishments that appear on this type of pottery are
geometrical and are rarely placed on the vessel shoulder.
Smooth pottery can be dated to the entire 9th century and the first half of the 10th century,
with vessels of this type appearing most often in sets from the period between the second half of the
9th century and the early 10th century. Over the course of the 10th century they went out of use.
314
Summary
Another group of pottery vessels typical of southern Lower Silesia comprises vessels with
forms similar to the smooth forms but with comb ornamentation, usually in the form of multiple
wavy lines, wavy and straight lines, or comb incisions. They have straight cut rims, quite often
with a profiled lower edge. These vessels have a very broad chronology, for they can be found
most likely throughout the 9th century and, unlike smooth pottery, they can be found as late
as the second half of the 10th century or even in the early
1
lth century.
There were important changes in Lower Silesian pottery in the second half of the I Oth cen¬
tury. Among vessels from that period we can still find those with comb motifs, but their profiling
is much stronger. The gradual spread of the potter s wheel insert meant that many more vessels
made in the second half of the 10th century had concave bottoms. Potters marks began to appear
on the bottoms as well. There are no clear differences in the composition of the pottery paste,
although very fine, nearly powder-like admixtures can be found increasingly frequently. We can
notice an increase in vessel turning covering not only the upper but also the lower parts of ves¬
sels more and more frequently. Further changes concerned ornamentation techniques and the
application, in addition to comb motifs, of motifs made with single gravers (including horizontal
grooves), as well as mixed compositions and rich ornamentation.
Similar features have been observed in pottery found in Upper Silesia and in Czech Silesia.
This region is, however, much more varied than Lower Silesia. In the eastern part of the region
the dominant vessels are those made of quite a coarse paste. These are vessels with S-shaped
profiles, sometimes not very strongly profiled, with straight cut or round rims. Similarly to Lower
Silesian specimens, they are often without ornaments or are decorated with irregular wavy lines
interspersed with straight lines. In this part of the region we can quite often find vertical comb
motifs. These features make the vessels look very archaic, as a result of which they arc dated
to earlier centuries, whereas they were most likely used in the 9th century.
Pottery in the south-eastern part of the area in question is different, with non-ornamented
vessels being much less frequent. Pottery vessels from this part of Silesia have comb motifs in
the form of wavy and straight lines, sometimes also lines made with single gravers, including
horizontal grooves. Typical motifs in the area include interlaced wavy lines, ornaments on the
inside or, even more often, outside of the rim, as well as added plastic strips. What is also worth
noting is the frequent occurrence in this area ofgraphite pottery and the so-called white pottery
with limestone in the walls of vessels and light coloured firing.
In the second half of the 10th century pottery in this part of Silesia changed in a manner
similar to the one we observed in Lower Silesia. Vessels were increasingly made of powder-based
paste. More often than in the previous century we can find vessels made of graphite-contain¬
ing paste. The scope of vessel turning increased and the vessels included specimens with more
marked profiles and concave bottoms. Even earlier than in Lower Silesia horizontal grooves
became popular as ornaments. There are also pots with rich zonal ornamentation.
Just as varied as southern Upper Silesia and Czech Silesia is the area of northern Moravia.
In some centres in this region advanced workshop-based manufacturing developed very quickly.
It is characteristic mainly of the
Olomouc
centre, where high quality vessels were made already
in the early 9th century. What was characteristic of
Olomouc
in the second half of the 9th cen¬
tury and the first half of the I Oth century were pottery vessels made of fine sand admixtures and
fired to a cream or light grey colour. The forms of these pots have a reduced neck and gently
profiled belly with its maximum circumference at
1/2
of the vessel height. The bottoms of the
vessels are not deeply undercut, which gives the vessels a barrel-like shape. Sometimes they bear
potters marks. The rims of the
Olomouc
vessels are strongly profiled from the inside; they have
characteristic grooves. These forms are embellished with stretched bands of wavy and straight
lines. Both when it comes to technology and style, the vessels correspond to pottery from the
centre of the Great Moravian state in southern Moravia, to be more precise to the
Mikulčice
manufacturing district.
Summary
315
Such specimens have not been found in other areas of northern Moravia, which was dom¬
inated by S-shaped pottery with comb motifs, somewhat similar to the Silesian vessels. In the
north-western part of the region, at the historical border with Bohemia, ornamentation was increas¬
ingly characterised by comb incisions as well as plastic profiling of the shoulder. On the other
hand, graphite vessels were frequently to be found around
Mohelnice
as early as the 9th century.
Graphite-containing pottery became popular in the rest of the region in the 10th century, especially
in its second half. At that time horizontal grooves became increasingly popular as ornaments. The
forms of vessels did not change much, though what is characteristic of the period are forms with
a delineation separating the neck from the shoulder. The rims are also more varied and elaborate.
Towards the end of the 10th or in the early
1
lth century, vessels with cylindrical necks and double-
cone forms began to appear in Moravia. In ornamentation, on the other hand, plastic strips became
increasingly common.
The area of north-eastern Bohemia is more uniform when it comes to pottery manufacturing.
Typical of this pottery are vessels made of paste containing large amounts of mica and fired in
an oxidizing atmosphere to a red or brown colour. S-shaped vessels with short necks are not dom¬
inant in the region; what we find in significant numbers are forms with reduced, simple shoulders
as well as with necks emphasised with a straight section or plastic roll. The vessels have
ilat,
barely undercut bottoms and rims with a simply cut outer edge and often hemmed upper edge. The
ornamentation of vessels from north-eastern Bohemia is very characteristic with its comb motifs in
the forms of wavy line bands and, even more frequently, comb incisions. What was also common
in the region were plastic motifs made through shoulder profiling during vessel turning. Another
feature specific to the region were the so-called repair holes to be found here in numbers much
bigger than elsewhere.
The rich
1
Oth century pottery ornamentation in the region also includes motifs made by single
gravers (horizontal grooves) and combinations of various patterns. In the 10th century we would
find more strongly profiled vessels with longer and more markedly waisted necks. It is mainly in
this period that we would find elaborate rims with clearly concave upper or inner edges. Sometimes
potters marks are to be seen on the bottoms. The plastic profile ornamentation must have disap¬
peared towards the end of the 10th century. It was replaced by sometimes more deeply cut hori¬
zontal grooves.
A description of pottery patterns typical of the various regions in question allows us to cap¬
ture and recognise foreign influences on the form, style, technology and technique in each area. It
has been established that a characteristic feature of southern Silesian pottery making, which may
have come from the tradition of Moravian potterry making, was the addition of sand or graphite
to the pottery paste. Sand-containing vessels have been found both in Lower Silesia and in Upper
as well as Czech Silesia. In Lower Silesia they have been found in
Gilów, Niemcza,
Kamieniec
Ząbkowicki, on Mount Gromnik
and in
Graniczna;
isolated specimens have also been found in other
sites. However, not in every case is their presence considered to be evidence of southern influences.
In specimens from
Kamieniec Ząbkowicki
and
Graniczna,
sand was contained in the walls of ves¬
sels regarded as local products; thus we cannot rule out that their presence in some sites testifies
to the existence of some lesser known local tradition. In other sites, the addition of sand is not the
only element that can be associated with foreign influences. In
Gilów,
where such a composition ot
pottery paste is dominant other elements associated with Moravian pottery have been found. They
include potters marks and more strongly turned vessels from before the mid-1 Oth century. Foreign
elements can also be seen in vessel ornaments, which include horizontal grooves as well as motifs
drawing on the
Blučina
type pottery ornamentation. Such strong southern influences have not been
found in the pottery from other sites in the southern part of Lower Silesia.
Similar elements
-
i.e. the addition of sand, presence of early potters marks, ornamentation
drawing on the Great Moravian style
-
have also been found in the south-eastern part of S.les.a
near the Moravian Gate Most of them have been found in the pottery from the
Stëbor.ce
bur.al
316
Summary
ground, but some have also been discovered in
Chotěbuz-
Podobora and several nearby sites. Vessel
marking, stronger turning and horizontal grooves became popular in pottery from this region fairly
quickly. In Upper Silesia there are also examples of vessels which
—
in terms of the form and tech¬
nology
—
draw on ancient-type products known from Moravia (the bottle vessel from
Kamieniec).
Significantly, just like in the case of Lower Silesia
(Gilów
and Niemcza
1
burial ground), in Upper
Silesia and in Czech Silesia, references to Moravian pottery are most pronounced in sites where
other elements of the Great Moravian culture have been discovered as well. Unlike pottery from
Lower Silesia, southern pottery elements near the Moravian Gate do not concentrate exclusively
within specific sites or small micro-regions; instead, we can observe their repeatability throughout
the analysed area and their quick reception in the local community.
A number of features common to the area of the Moravian Gate and Moravia can also be
found in the I Oth century. Both regions knew the custom of embellishing the outer edge of the rim
and adding plastic strips to the belly. In addition, the 10th century in Upper Silesia was marked
by more frequent addition of graphite, which was typical of Moravia.
On the other hand, Upper Silesian pottery and Czech Silesian pottery have not been found
to contain elements that could be unequivocally associated with influences from the Bohemian
Prcmyslid state. Although some of the vessel forms found in
Chotěbuz-Podobora
do resemble
Bohemian pottery, these forms have also been found in other regions.
Bohemian influences in pottery making were stronger in some Lower Silesian sites. They have
been found in, among others,
Gilów, in
vessels embellished by means of plastic profiling and in
bottle vessels typical of Bohemia. These influences are even more pronounced in Niemcza. Layers
dated to the second half of the 10th century contain numerous fragments of vessels with goblet-
shaped rims, the form, technology and ornamentation of which is typical of products manufactured
in central Bohemia. Bohemian pottery influences can also be found in vessels from the Niemcza
II burial ground. Vessels from Niemcza contain mica, but given the fact that it is also present in
other Silesian sites from the period, this feature cannot be unequivocally attributed to the Bohemian
influences.
In other sites Bohemian influences were not so clear. Their presence has been established in
some vessels found near
Strzegom
(Dobromierz and
Gniewków),
but we cannot rule out that they
can be associated with impulses reaching this area from north-western Bohemia and Lusatia, and
not from the centre of the Premyslid state.
It is possible that the Bohemian influence is evidenced by the increased frequency of vessels
with comb incision ornaments (Mount
Ślęża,
site no.
156,
Legnica,
Bolesławiec).
In the case of
sites from the western part of Lower Silesia (Legnica,
Bolesławiec),
however, what seems more
likely is a link between this ornamentation and influences from the middle
Odra
River basin, which
is indicated by the similarities in vessel forms from this region.
No clear influence of Silesian pottery on Bohemian and Moravian pottery has been found.
However, it is worth noting that sites located closer to Silesia (e.g. Opatoviee n.
Labern in
north¬
eastern Bohemia and Palonin in northern Moravia) had more vessels with short S-shaped necks
adorned by multiple wavy lines. Although vessels of this type occur in all the regions in question,
they are most often to be found in Silesia. Significantly, elongated oval-shaped buildings discov¬
ered in those sites are more similar to Silesian constructions than to square earth houses typical
of Bohemia and Moravia. Thus, in order to determine the intensity of cultural contacts between
the regions, we would need to analyse not only pottery but also other categories of movable and
immovable historical objects.
An analysis of pottery has also shown that we are not always able to precisely determine the
direction of cultural influences. For these influences come not only from the nearest regions but
also from more distant areas. It seems possible (and very likely) that some centres were meeting
points of traditions with sources in various areas, traditions which subsequently contributed to the
emergence of an original, regional pottery style.
Summary
317
Pottery-based attempts to capture and reconstruct 9th-10th century cultural relations do not
always lead to simple answers to questions concerning the presence of foreign influences in the
studied regions, not to mention the political and administrative structures existing at the time.
However, pottery research does provide us with a number of interesting conclusions concerning
often very complex interregional relations. It also significantly expands our knowledge of local
phenomena.
Translated by Anna Kijak
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Pankiewicz, Aleksandra 1978- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)116196133X |
| author_facet | Pankiewicz, Aleksandra 1978- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Pankiewicz, Aleksandra 1978- |
| author_variant | a p ap |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040699325 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)835287164 (DE-599)BVBBV040699325 |
| era | Geschichte 800-1000 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 800-1000 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV040699325 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:31:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788322932605 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025679933 |
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| physical | 470, [1] s. zahlr. Ill., Kt. 24 cm |
| psigel | DHB_JDG_ISBN_1 |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
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| publisher | Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis |
| series2 | Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis / Studia Archeologiczne Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis |
| spelling | Pankiewicz, Aleksandra 1978- Verfasser (DE-588)116196133X aut Relacje kulturowe południowego Śląska i północnych Moraw i Czech w IX - X wieku w świetle źródeł ceramicznych Aleksandra Pankiewicz Wrocław Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego 2012 470, [1] s. zahlr. Ill., Kt. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis / Studia Archeologiczne 43 Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis 3372 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Cultural relations between southern Silesia, northern Moravia and Bohemia in the 9th and 10th centuries in the light of pottery-based sources. - serii gł.: ISSN 0239-6661 ; no 3372. - Na książce błędny ISSN serii: 0520-9250 Bibliogr. s. 301-312. Indeks Geschichte 800-1000 gnd rswk-swf Ceramika średniowieczna / Polska / Śląsk (region) jhpk Ceramika średniowieczna / Czechy jhpk Ceramika średniowieczna / Czechy / Morawy Północne jhpk Keramik (DE-588)4030270-2 gnd rswk-swf Nordmährisches Gebiet (DE-588)4075470-4 gnd rswk-swf Schlesien Süd (DE-588)4599287-3 gnd rswk-swf Böhmen (DE-588)4007467-5 gnd rswk-swf Schlesien Süd (DE-588)4599287-3 g Nordmährisches Gebiet (DE-588)4075470-4 g Böhmen (DE-588)4007467-5 g Keramik (DE-588)4030270-2 s Geschichte 800-1000 z DE-604 Studia Archeologiczne Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis 43 (DE-604)BV002538904 43 Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis 3372 (DE-604)BV004668106 3372 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025679933&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025679933&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Pankiewicz, Aleksandra 1978- Relacje kulturowe południowego Śląska i północnych Moraw i Czech w IX - X wieku w świetle źródeł ceramicznych Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis Ceramika średniowieczna / Polska / Śląsk (region) jhpk Ceramika średniowieczna / Czechy jhpk Ceramika średniowieczna / Czechy / Morawy Północne jhpk Keramik (DE-588)4030270-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4030270-2 (DE-588)4075470-4 (DE-588)4599287-3 (DE-588)4007467-5 |
| title | Relacje kulturowe południowego Śląska i północnych Moraw i Czech w IX - X wieku w świetle źródeł ceramicznych |
| title_auth | Relacje kulturowe południowego Śląska i północnych Moraw i Czech w IX - X wieku w świetle źródeł ceramicznych |
| title_exact_search | Relacje kulturowe południowego Śląska i północnych Moraw i Czech w IX - X wieku w świetle źródeł ceramicznych |
| title_full | Relacje kulturowe południowego Śląska i północnych Moraw i Czech w IX - X wieku w świetle źródeł ceramicznych Aleksandra Pankiewicz |
| title_fullStr | Relacje kulturowe południowego Śląska i północnych Moraw i Czech w IX - X wieku w świetle źródeł ceramicznych Aleksandra Pankiewicz |
| title_full_unstemmed | Relacje kulturowe południowego Śląska i północnych Moraw i Czech w IX - X wieku w świetle źródeł ceramicznych Aleksandra Pankiewicz |
| title_short | Relacje kulturowe południowego Śląska i północnych Moraw i Czech w IX - X wieku w świetle źródeł ceramicznych |
| title_sort | relacje kulturowe poludniowego slaska i polnocnych moraw i czech w ix x wieku w swietle zrodel ceramicznych |
| topic | Ceramika średniowieczna / Polska / Śląsk (region) jhpk Ceramika średniowieczna / Czechy jhpk Ceramika średniowieczna / Czechy / Morawy Północne jhpk Keramik (DE-588)4030270-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ceramika średniowieczna / Polska / Śląsk (region) Ceramika średniowieczna / Czechy Ceramika średniowieczna / Czechy / Morawy Północne Keramik Nordmährisches Gebiet Schlesien Süd Böhmen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025679933&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025679933&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV002538904 (DE-604)BV004668106 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT pankiewiczaleksandra relacjekulturowepołudniowegoslaskaipołnocnychmorawiczechwixxwiekuwswietlezrodełceramicznych |