Evolution's witness: how eyes evolved
Prologue Molecular genesis -- The age of first cellular life -- The age of complex cellular life -- Eukaryotes organize and metazoans arise -- Early animals prepare the ground -- Vision's big bang blazes the trail -- The age of arthropods -- Vertebrates gain a foothold -- Shelly fauna rule the...
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2012
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | Prologue Molecular genesis -- The age of first cellular life -- The age of complex cellular life -- Eukaryotes organize and metazoans arise -- Early animals prepare the ground -- Vision's big bang blazes the trail -- The age of arthropods -- Vertebrates gain a foothold -- Shelly fauna rule the seas -- The piscine eye develops -- The piscine eye matures -- Insects arise to fly -- Stealth, speed, and predation -- The age of tetrapods and terrestrials -- Terrestrial life flourishes -- Reptiles push the ocular envelope -- March of the archosaurs -- Dinosaurs and their companions -- Cephalopods change direction -- Snakes arise from the ground -- The age of birds : the eye taken to great heights -- Pollinators coevolve -- Mammalia diversifies -- The age of mammals -- Planktonic soup evolves -- Mammals return to the sea -- The visual witness and a conscious brain "With predation and carnivory as catalysts, the first known eye appeared in a trilobite during the Cambrian explosion approximately 543 million years ago. This period was a crucible of evolution and teemed with anatomic creativity although the journey to formed vision actually began billions of years before that. The Cambrian period, however, spawned nearly all morphologic forms of the eye, followed by descent over hundreds of millions of years providing an unimaginable variety of eyes with at least ten different designs. Some eyes display spectacular creativity with mirror, scanning or telephoto optics. Some of these ocular designs are merely curiosities, while others offer the finest visual potential packed into a small space, limited only by the laws of diffraction or physiological optics. For example, some spiders developed tiny, well-formed eyes with scanning optics and three visual pigments; scallops have 40-100 eyes circling their mantle, each of which has mirror optics and contains two separate retinae per eye; deep ocean fish have eyes shaped like tubes containing yellow lenses to break camouflage; and some birds have vision five times better than ours; but this is only part of the story. Each animal alive today has an eye that fits is niche perfectly demonstrating the intimacy of the evolutionary process as no other organ could. The evolution of the eye is one of the best examples of Darwinian principles.Although few eyes fossilize in any significant manner, many details of this evolution are known and understood. From initial photoreception 3.75 billion years ago to early spatial recognition in the first cupped eyespot in Euglena to fully formed camera style eyes the size of beach balls in ichthyosaurs, animals have processed light to compete and survive in their respective niches.It is evolution's greatest gift and its greatest triumph. This is the stor++ "The evolution of the eye spans 3.75 billion years from single cell organisms with eyespots to Metazoa with superb camera style eyes. At least ten different ocular models have evolved independently into myriad optical and physiological masterpieces. The story of the eye reveals evolution's greatest triumph and sweetest gift. This book describes its journey"--Provided by publisher |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references (p. 273-295) and index |
| Beschreibung: | XVI, 306 S. zahlr. Ill. 29 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780195369748 0195369742 |
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| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. 273-295) and index | ||
| 520 | |a Prologue Molecular genesis -- The age of first cellular life -- The age of complex cellular life -- Eukaryotes organize and metazoans arise -- Early animals prepare the ground -- Vision's big bang blazes the trail -- The age of arthropods -- Vertebrates gain a foothold -- Shelly fauna rule the seas -- The piscine eye develops -- The piscine eye matures -- Insects arise to fly -- Stealth, speed, and predation -- The age of tetrapods and terrestrials -- Terrestrial life flourishes -- Reptiles push the ocular envelope -- March of the archosaurs -- Dinosaurs and their companions -- Cephalopods change direction -- Snakes arise from the ground -- The age of birds : the eye taken to great heights -- Pollinators coevolve -- Mammalia diversifies -- The age of mammals -- Planktonic soup evolves -- Mammals return to the sea -- The visual witness and a conscious brain | ||
| 520 | |a "With predation and carnivory as catalysts, the first known eye appeared in a trilobite during the Cambrian explosion approximately 543 million years ago. This period was a crucible of evolution and teemed with anatomic creativity although the journey to formed vision actually began billions of years before that. The Cambrian period, however, spawned nearly all morphologic forms of the eye, followed by descent over hundreds of millions of years providing an unimaginable variety of eyes with at least ten different designs. Some eyes display spectacular creativity with mirror, scanning or telephoto optics. Some of these ocular designs are merely curiosities, while others offer the finest visual potential packed into a small space, limited only by the laws of diffraction or physiological optics. For example, some spiders developed tiny, well-formed eyes with scanning optics and three visual pigments; scallops have 40-100 eyes circling their mantle, each of which has mirror optics and contains two separate retinae per eye; deep ocean fish have eyes shaped like tubes containing yellow lenses to break camouflage; and some birds have vision five times better than ours; but this is only part of the story. Each animal alive today has an eye that fits is niche perfectly demonstrating the intimacy of the evolutionary process as no other organ could. The evolution of the eye is one of the best examples of Darwinian principles.Although few eyes fossilize in any significant manner, many details of this evolution are known and understood. From initial photoreception 3.75 billion years ago to early spatial recognition in the first cupped eyespot in Euglena to fully formed camera style eyes the size of beach balls in ichthyosaurs, animals have processed light to compete and survive in their respective niches.It is evolution's greatest gift and its greatest triumph. This is the stor++ | ||
| 520 | |a "The evolution of the eye spans 3.75 billion years from single cell organisms with eyespots to Metazoa with superb camera style eyes. At least ten different ocular models have evolved independently into myriad optical and physiological masterpieces. The story of the eye reveals evolution's greatest triumph and sweetest gift. This book describes its journey"--Provided by publisher | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Biological Evolution | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | How Eyes Evolved
Ivan R Schwab University of California, Davis
Histology by Richard Dubielzig, DVM, and Charles Schobert, DVM
Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW)
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
COMTEK
Foreword by Russell Fernald, PhD xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Introduction xv
Prologue: Molecular Genesis:
Hadean Eon 4600-3750 million years ago 3
1 The Age of First Cellular Life
Archean Eon 3750-2500 million years ago 5
Prokaryotes 5
Early Cells—Protobionts 5
First Life 5
First Witness 6
The Road to Cellular Success 8
Retinal (or Retinaldehyde, a form of
Vitamin A) 8
Photolyases and Cryptochromes 9
Sunlight and Blue Light 9
Beginning to Organize 10
Genetic Machinery—The Toolkit 10
Prokaryotic Gifts 10
Further Organization 11
2 The Age of Complex Cellular Life
Proterozoic Eon 2500-543 million years ago,
Cryogenian Period 850-650 million years ago,
Ediacaran Period 650-543 million years ago 12
Inception of Eukaryotes 12
Nucleated Kleptomaniacs 12
Bridging the Gap to Metazoa 15
3 Eukaryotes Organize and Metazoans Arise
Neoproterozoic Era 1000-543 million years ago,
Cryogenian Period 850-650 million years ago,
Ediacaran Period 650-543 million years ago 17
Multicellular Animals 17
Sensory Input 21
The Eye and the Brain 21
Metazoans and Their Eyes 24
4 Early Animals Prepare the Ground
Ediacaran Period 650-543 million years ago 25
A Major Genetic Step 27
Urbilateria 27
Another Major Genetic Step 28
Wormy Beginnings 28
Genetic Development of Eyes 29
Annelids 31
Mollusks Take the Stage 36
Kimberella quadrata and
Acanthochiton communis 36
Small Shelly Fauna 37
5 Vision s Big Bang Blazes the Trail
Early Paleozoic Era, Cambrian Explosion 543-490
million years ago 38
The Burgess Shale 38
Invertebrates in Ascendancy 38
The First Eye 39
Trilobites 39
More Invertebrates and Their Eyes Appear 43
Specific Examples 43
6 The Age of Arthropods
A Major Phylum Begins: Paleozoic Era, Cambrian
Period 543-490 million years ago 50
Compound Eye Development 50
Apposition Eye 51
Superposition Eye 56
The Crabs 61
7 Vertebrates Gain a Foothold
Paleozoic Era, Cambrian
Period 543-490 million years ago 63
Phylum Chordata 63
First True Vertebrate 65
Conodonts 65
Building a Vertebrate Eye 66
Tapetum 68
Why Color Vision? 69
8 Shelly Fauna Rule the Seas
Paleozoic Era, Ordovician
Period 490-445 million years ago 70
Mollusca 70
Bivalvia 70
Gastropoda 75
9 The Piscine Eye Develops
Paleozoic Era, Silurian
Period 445-415 million years ago 77
Vertebrate Expansion 77
Placoderms 77
Elasmobranchs 81
10 The Piscine Eye Matures
Paleozoic Era, Early Devonian
Period 415-398 million years ago 85
Bony Fish Appear 85
Anatomy of Piscine Eye 85
The Outer Coats of the Eye 85
The Lens 87
Neurology and Optics 97
Habitat Expansion 100
Piscine Camouflage 107
11 Insects Arise to Fly
Paleozoic Era, Early Devonian
Period 415-398 million years ago 109
Arthropods Come Ashore 109
The Superposition Eye 109
The Apposition Eye 110
12 Stealth, Speed, and Predation
Paleozoic Era, Devonian Period 415-362 million
years ago 114
Arachnida 114
13 The Age of Tetrapods and Terrestrials
Vertebrate Animalia Comes Ashore Paleozoic Era,
Late Devonian Period 385-362 million years ago 119
Vertebrate Quest for Land 119
Early Tetrapodian Eyes 121
The Challenge of a Terrestrial Environment 124
Eyelids and the Lacrimal System 125
Extraocular Muscles 125
Tear Glands 126
Cornea and Lens 126
Retina and Vision 127
Neurologic Changes ,128
Consolidation of the Assumption of Land 130
14 Terrestrial Life Flourishes
Paleozoic Era, Carboniferous Period
362-299 million years ago, Permian
Period 299-251 million years ago 131
Vertebrates 131
Synapsids and Their Eyes 131
Diapsids and Their Eyes 132
Invertebrates of the Permian 133
Permian Extinction 136
15 Reptiles Push the Ocular Envelope
The Age of Reptiles: Mesozoic Era,
Triassic Period 251-208 million
years ago 138
Synapsids 138
Sauropsids 138
Anapsids 138
Diapsids 139
The Adnexa of the Reptilian Eye 139
Reptilian Eye 142
Lepidosaurs 149
Archosaurs 151
viii | Contents
16 March of the Archosaurs
Mesozoic Era, Triassic Period 251-208 million
years ago, Jurassic Period 208-145 million
years ago 152
Archosaurs 152
The Order Testudines
(Turtles, Terrapins, and Tortoises) 152
Crocodilians 156
Archosaurian Sisters 158
Ichthyosaurs 158
17 Dinosaurs and Their Companions
Mesozoic Era, Triassic Period 251-208 million
years ago, Jurassic Period 208-145 million
years ago 161
Pterosaurs 161
Dinosaurs 162
Sauropods 162
Theropods 162
18 Cephalopods Change Direction
Mesozoic Era, Jurassic
Period 208-145 million years ago 164
Coleoids 164
Cephalopod Lens 164
Extraocular Muscles 164
Coleoid Expansion 164
19 Snakes Arise from the Ground
Mesozoic Era, Cretaceous
Period 145-65 million years ago 172
Fossorial Lizards 172
Recreating an Eye 172
20 The Age of Birds—The Eye Taken to Great Heights
Mesozoic Era, Cretaceous Period
145-65 million years ago; Cenozoic Era,
Tertiary Period 65-2 million years ago 176
Birds Arise 176
Globe Morphology 177
Globose Globe 178
Flattened Globe 178
Tubular Eye 180
Orbital Size and Contents 184
Visual Fields 184
Eyelids 185
Nictitans 186
Cornea 189
Iris and Pupil 189
Accommodation 189
Uvea: Choroid, Ciliary Body, and Iris 189
Retina 190
Visual Processing 190
Oil Droplets 192
Macular Design 192
Single Fovea 193
Infula 193
Convexiclivate Fovea—Single Deep
Fovea 194
Bifoveate Birds 194
Pecten 197
Neurologic Evolution 199
21 Pollinators Coevolve
Mesozoic Era, Cretaceous Period 145-65 million
years ago; Cenozoic Era, Tertiary Period 65-2 million
years ago 202
The Earth in Bloom 202
A Bounty for Insects 202
Social Hymenoptera: Wasp, Bees,
Ants, and Sawflies 207
True Flies and a New Eye 211
Diptera 211
Brachyceran Flies 212
22 Mammalia Diversifies
Mesozoic Era, Cretaceous Period 145-65 million years
ago; Cenozoic Era, Early to Mid-Tertiary Period
65-56 million years ago 216
Mammals Thrive 216
The Descent of Color Vision 218
Marsupials 221
23 The Age of Mammals
Mesozoic Era, Late Cretaceous Period 100-65 million
years ago; Cenozoic Era, Tertiary Period 65-1 8
million years ago, Quaternary
Period 1 8 million years ago 224
Mammals Extend Their Dominance 224
Placental Mammals 224
Primate Tuning of Color Vision 226
Contents | ix
24 Planktonic Soup Evolves
Cenozoic Era, Tertiary Period 65-1 8 million years
ago, Quaternary Period 1 8 million years ago to
present 230
Tiny Aquatic Arthropods 230
Testing the Limits of Eye Size 230
Copepods 230
Transformation of Larval Eyes 233
25 Mammals Return to the Sea
Cenozoic Era, Tertiary Period 65-1 8 million years
ago; Quaternary Period 1 8 million years ago to
present 235
Aquatic Mammals 235
26 The Visual Witness and a Conscious Brain
Cenozoic Era, Quaternary Period 1 8 million years
ago to present 240
The Human Eye 240
The Direction of the Visual Witness 242
Appendices
A The Human Eye—A Camera-Style Eye 243
B Extraocular Muscles 246
Muscle Distribution 246
Why Extraocular Muscles? 246
Muscle Evolution 246
C Retinal Vascularization 249
Evolution of Retinal
Vascularization 249
D Evolution of the Cornea and
Ocular Coats 253
Safeguarding Precious
Contents 253
E Accommodation 255
F Crystalline Lens 259
G Photoreceptor Cells 260
Deuterostomes 260
Protostomes 261
H Neurologic Evolution in Birds 262
Glossary 265
Bibliography 273
Index 297
x | Contents
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Schwab, Ivan R. |
| author_facet | Schwab, Ivan R. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Schwab, Ivan R. |
| author_variant | i r s ir irs |
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| callnumber-sort | QP 3475 |
| callnumber-subject | QP - Physiology |
| classification_rvk | WW 1780 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)778774054 (DE-599)BSZ371058066 |
| discipline | Biologie |
| format | Book |
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For example, some spiders developed tiny, well-formed eyes with scanning optics and three visual pigments; scallops have 40-100 eyes circling their mantle, each of which has mirror optics and contains two separate retinae per eye; deep ocean fish have eyes shaped like tubes containing yellow lenses to break camouflage; and some birds have vision five times better than ours; but this is only part of the story. Each animal alive today has an eye that fits is niche perfectly demonstrating the intimacy of the evolutionary process as no other organ could. The evolution of the eye is one of the best examples of Darwinian principles.Although few eyes fossilize in any significant manner, many details of this evolution are known and understood. From initial photoreception 3.75 billion years ago to early spatial recognition in the first cupped eyespot in Euglena to fully formed camera style eyes the size of beach balls in ichthyosaurs, animals have processed light to compete and survive in their respective niches.It is evolution's greatest gift and its greatest triumph. This is the stor++</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"The evolution of the eye spans 3.75 billion years from single cell organisms with eyespots to Metazoa with superb camera style eyes. At least ten different ocular models have evolved independently into myriad optical and physiological masterpieces. The story of the eye reveals evolution's greatest triumph and sweetest gift. 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| id | DE-604.BV040696535 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:31:55Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780195369748 0195369742 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2011016413 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025677161 |
| oclc_num | 778774054 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | XVI, 306 S. zahlr. Ill. 29 cm |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Oxford Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Schwab, Ivan R. Verfasser aut Evolution's witness how eyes evolved Ivan R. Schwab. Histology by Richard Dubielzig and Charles Schobert Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2012 XVI, 306 S. zahlr. Ill. 29 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (p. 273-295) and index Prologue Molecular genesis -- The age of first cellular life -- The age of complex cellular life -- Eukaryotes organize and metazoans arise -- Early animals prepare the ground -- Vision's big bang blazes the trail -- The age of arthropods -- Vertebrates gain a foothold -- Shelly fauna rule the seas -- The piscine eye develops -- The piscine eye matures -- Insects arise to fly -- Stealth, speed, and predation -- The age of tetrapods and terrestrials -- Terrestrial life flourishes -- Reptiles push the ocular envelope -- March of the archosaurs -- Dinosaurs and their companions -- Cephalopods change direction -- Snakes arise from the ground -- The age of birds : the eye taken to great heights -- Pollinators coevolve -- Mammalia diversifies -- The age of mammals -- Planktonic soup evolves -- Mammals return to the sea -- The visual witness and a conscious brain "With predation and carnivory as catalysts, the first known eye appeared in a trilobite during the Cambrian explosion approximately 543 million years ago. This period was a crucible of evolution and teemed with anatomic creativity although the journey to formed vision actually began billions of years before that. The Cambrian period, however, spawned nearly all morphologic forms of the eye, followed by descent over hundreds of millions of years providing an unimaginable variety of eyes with at least ten different designs. Some eyes display spectacular creativity with mirror, scanning or telephoto optics. Some of these ocular designs are merely curiosities, while others offer the finest visual potential packed into a small space, limited only by the laws of diffraction or physiological optics. For example, some spiders developed tiny, well-formed eyes with scanning optics and three visual pigments; scallops have 40-100 eyes circling their mantle, each of which has mirror optics and contains two separate retinae per eye; deep ocean fish have eyes shaped like tubes containing yellow lenses to break camouflage; and some birds have vision five times better than ours; but this is only part of the story. Each animal alive today has an eye that fits is niche perfectly demonstrating the intimacy of the evolutionary process as no other organ could. The evolution of the eye is one of the best examples of Darwinian principles.Although few eyes fossilize in any significant manner, many details of this evolution are known and understood. From initial photoreception 3.75 billion years ago to early spatial recognition in the first cupped eyespot in Euglena to fully formed camera style eyes the size of beach balls in ichthyosaurs, animals have processed light to compete and survive in their respective niches.It is evolution's greatest gift and its greatest triumph. This is the stor++ "The evolution of the eye spans 3.75 billion years from single cell organisms with eyespots to Metazoa with superb camera style eyes. At least ten different ocular models have evolved independently into myriad optical and physiological masterpieces. The story of the eye reveals evolution's greatest triumph and sweetest gift. This book describes its journey"--Provided by publisher Eye / Evolution Adaptation (Biology) Anatomy, Comparative Evolution (Biology) Eye / anatomy & histology Adaptation, Biological Biological Evolution Vision, Ocular / physiology Vergleichende Physiologie (DE-588)4187730-5 gnd rswk-swf Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 gnd rswk-swf Auge (DE-588)4122841-8 gnd rswk-swf Vergleichende Anatomie (DE-588)4187714-7 gnd rswk-swf Auge (DE-588)4122841-8 s Vergleichende Anatomie (DE-588)4187714-7 s Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 s DE-604 Vergleichende Physiologie (DE-588)4187730-5 s b DE-604 Dubielzig, Richard R. Sonstige oth Schobert, Charles Sonstige oth HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025677161&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Schwab, Ivan R. Evolution's witness how eyes evolved Eye / Evolution Adaptation (Biology) Anatomy, Comparative Evolution (Biology) Eye / anatomy & histology Adaptation, Biological Biological Evolution Vision, Ocular / physiology Vergleichende Physiologie (DE-588)4187730-5 gnd Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 gnd Auge (DE-588)4122841-8 gnd Vergleichende Anatomie (DE-588)4187714-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4187730-5 (DE-588)4071050-6 (DE-588)4122841-8 (DE-588)4187714-7 |
| title | Evolution's witness how eyes evolved |
| title_auth | Evolution's witness how eyes evolved |
| title_exact_search | Evolution's witness how eyes evolved |
| title_full | Evolution's witness how eyes evolved Ivan R. Schwab. Histology by Richard Dubielzig and Charles Schobert |
| title_fullStr | Evolution's witness how eyes evolved Ivan R. Schwab. Histology by Richard Dubielzig and Charles Schobert |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evolution's witness how eyes evolved Ivan R. Schwab. Histology by Richard Dubielzig and Charles Schobert |
| title_short | Evolution's witness |
| title_sort | evolution s witness how eyes evolved |
| title_sub | how eyes evolved |
| topic | Eye / Evolution Adaptation (Biology) Anatomy, Comparative Evolution (Biology) Eye / anatomy & histology Adaptation, Biological Biological Evolution Vision, Ocular / physiology Vergleichende Physiologie (DE-588)4187730-5 gnd Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 gnd Auge (DE-588)4122841-8 gnd Vergleichende Anatomie (DE-588)4187714-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Eye / Evolution Adaptation (Biology) Anatomy, Comparative Evolution (Biology) Eye / anatomy & histology Adaptation, Biological Biological Evolution Vision, Ocular / physiology Vergleichende Physiologie Evolution Auge Vergleichende Anatomie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025677161&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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