Keramika Sogda V - VII vekov kak istoriko-kulʹturnyj pamjatnik: (k metodike izučenija keramičeskich kompleksov)
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | Russian |
Veröffentlicht: |
Sankt-Peterburg
Izdat. Gosudarstvennogo Ėrmitaža
2012
|
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
Beschreibung: | PST: Sogdian pottery of the 5th-7th centuries as historical and cultural phenomenon. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
Beschreibung: | 383 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. 27 cm |
ISBN: | 9785935724542 |
Internformat
MARC
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100 | 1 | |a Maršak, Boris I. |d 1933-2006 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)12435646X |4 aut | |
245 | 1 | 0 | |a Keramika Sogda V - VII vekov kak istoriko-kulʹturnyj pamjatnik |b (k metodike izučenija keramičeskich kompleksov) |c B. I. Maršak |
246 | 1 | 3 | |a Sogdian pottery of the 5th-7th centuries as historical and cultural phenomenon |
264 | 1 | |a Sankt-Peterburg |b Izdat. Gosudarstvennogo Ėrmitaža |c 2012 | |
300 | |a 383 S. |b zahlr. Ill., Kt. |c 27 cm | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
500 | |a PST: Sogdian pottery of the 5th-7th centuries as historical and cultural phenomenon. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 400-700 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
650 | 4 | |a Archaeology | |
650 | 4 | |a Ceramics | |
650 | 4 | |a Decorative arts | |
650 | 4 | |a Fine arts | |
650 | 4 | |a Archäologie | |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Keramik |0 (DE-588)4030270-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Funde |0 (DE-588)4071507-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
651 | 7 | |a Sogdiana |0 (DE-588)4055386-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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689 | 0 | 3 | |a Geschichte 400-700 |A z |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804149807816638464 |
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adam_text | ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
ПРИНЦИП ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ
...................................................................................
Э
ГЛАВА
I
СТРАТИГРАФИЯ НИЖНИХ СЛОЕВ ПЕНДЖИКЕНТА
(работы
1955-1960
годов)
...........................................................................................13
Методика раскопок на объекте
XII.......................................................................14
ПОСТРОЙКИ ПЕРВОГО ПЕРИОДА
.................................................................16
Разрушение здания первого строительного периода
...........................................19
ВТОРОЙ СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫЙ ПЕРИОД
............................................................20
Первая группа жилых помещений
........................................................................22
Забутовка помещений здания первого строительного периода
..........................24
Другие жилища здания второго строительного периода.
Помещения
16, 18, 19, 2, 7, 8, 13, 14......................................................................25
Вторая группа помещений
.....................................................................................28
Перестройка второго здания (здания второго строительного периода)
..........31
ТРЕТИЙ СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫЙ ПЕРИОД
............................................................41
Постройки на забутовках и ремонты в помещениях
5, 14, 18............................44
СЛОЙ СВАЛКИ
.....................................................................................................48
ЧЕТВЕРТЫЙ СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫЙ ПЕРИОД
....................................................50
Перекопы и подсыпки, связанные со строительством верхнего
здания объекта
XII.................................................................................................53
ГЛАВА
II
КЕРАМИКА НИЖНИХ СЛОЕВ ПЕНДЖИКЕНТА
.............................................58
Обзор комплексов находок
....................................................................................58
Систематические отклонения
................................................................................59
Исключение случайностей отбора
........................................................................61
Значение отличительных признаков
.....................................................................63
Техника. Общие признаки
.....................................................................................64
Соотношение долей групп керамики по технике и назначению
.........................69
Обмеры профилей
..................................................................................................71
Круг форм
...............................................................................................................73
Внешний облик и назначение сосудов. Окраска
..................................................75
Изменение долей чаш, кувшинов, широкогорлых сосудов
..................................76
Признаки чаш
.........................................................................................................79
Классификация чаш
...............................................................................................81
Эволюция чаш по формам
.....................................................................................83
Признаки формы столовых кувшинов
..................................................................86
5
ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
Классификация столовых кувшинов
....................................................................91
Связи между формами кувшинов. Построение таблицы
....................................94
Ранние кувшины. Появление новых форм
...........................................................96
Кружки. Вопрос о полноте комплекса
..................................................................97
Средние кувшины
..................................................................................................99
Кувшины с рожком. Вопрос о далеких аналогиях
.............................................100
Связи кувшинов с рожком. Наиболее простые и наиболее парадные
кувшины
................................................................................................................101
Средние кувшины с примятым сливом
..............................................................104
Водолей, ритоны. Влияние торевтики
...............................................................105
Связи форм и создание новых форм
...................................................................108
Резная амфора. Связь форм и орнаментов сосудов с изобразительным
искусством
............................................................................................................111
Встречаемость кувшинов в комплексах
..............................................................116
Размеры чаш. Стандарты
.....................................................................................118
Размеры столовых кувшинов. Традиции мастерских
........................................123
Формы столовой посуды и судьбы мастерских
...................................................126
Водоносные кувшины
..........................................................................................128
Широкогорлые сосуды. Качественные признаки
..............................................129
Варианты венчиков. Непрерывные изменения признаков
...............................130
Связи венчиков широкогорлых сосудов
.............................................................131
Изменения в процентном отношении групп венчиков широкогорлых
сосудов
...................................................................................................................132
Широкогорлые сосуды. Размеры и качественные признаки
............................135
Детали формы и орнамент
...................................................................................138
Хумы. Общие признаки и венчики
.....................................................................141
Высокие хумы. Вопрос о производстве на заказ
..............................................143
Соотношение долей видов венчиков хумов по комплексам
...............................146
Широкие хумы. Связь со столовой посудой
......................................................148
Тагоры
...................................................................................................................149
Фляги
.....................................................................................................................150
Редкие формы посуды и гончарных изделий круговой формовки
...................151
Ранняя керамика
.................................................................................................152
Связи форм (кроме связей между формами столовых кувшинов)
..................153
Лепные котлы. Размеры и пропорции
................................................................154
Примеси в тесте котлов
........................................................................................157
Признаки ручек и сливов котлов
.........................................................................159
Разновидности ручек котлов
...............................................................................161
Изменения в ручках котлов
.................................................................................162
Интерпретация изменений котлов
.....................................................................163
Лепные котлы в долине Кашкадарьи. Символика ручек
...................................165
Уменьшение влияний магических представлений
.............................................167
Станковые котлы
..................................................................................................168
Лепная столовая посуда. Формы и размеры
......................................................169
Крышки
.................................................................................................................172
Светильники и сковороды
...................................................................................175
6
ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
Комплекс
VI.
Абсолютная датировка по некерамическим находкам
...............176
Комплекс
VI
и датировочный масштаб
...............................................................177
Добавочные обоснования датировки второго строительного периода
(комплексы
III-V/3)
..........................................................................................180
Основные выводы по стратиграфии и керамике Пенджикента
.......................181
ГЛАВА
III
КЕРАМИКА НИЖНИХ СЛОЕВ ПЕНДЖИКЕНТА И КЕРАМИКА
СОГДА В ЦЕЛОМ В
V-VI
ВЕКАХ
..........................................................................182
Связи между районами Согда по керамике
.......................................................182
Обзор хронологии
................................................................................................185
Сравнение временных и локальных связей
........................................................188
К разработке критериев сходства и различия керамических комплексов
.......189
ГЛАВА
IV
СОГДИЙСКАЯ КЕРАМИКА КОНЦА
VII
-
НАЧАЛА
VIII
ВЕКА
ВЛИЯНИЕ ТОРЕВТИКИ НА КЕРАМИКУ
...........................................................206
Смена стиля в керамике Согда
VII
века. Вводные замечания
..........................206
Переходный период. Керамика Чилека
VII
века
...............................................207
Переходный период. Краткий обзор памятников
.............................................209
Монетная датировка основных комплексов нового стиля
и политические события
......................................................................................211
Общие сведения о квартале гончаров Кафыр-калы
...........................................213
Технические новшества
VII
века в керамике Кафыр-калы
...............................216
Чаши
.....................................................................................................................219
Глиняные кружки.
I
тип
......................................................................................219
Глиняные кружки
(II
и
III
типы)
.......................................................................222
Узкогорлые кувшины
..........................................................................................224
Металлические кувшины
.....................................................................................225
Орнамент в глине и металле
................................................................................227
Штампованные орнаменты
................................................................................229
Орнаменты кувшинов без слюды
.......................................................................234
Мелкие кувшинчики
............................................................................................237
Водоносные кувшины
..........................................................................................239
Широкогорлые сосуды
........................................................................................240
Хумы
......................................................................................................................241
Кухонная посуда
...................................................................................................242
Редкие формы керамики
......................................................................................243
Столовая и хозяйственная керамика в период нового стиля
............................244
VII—
VIII
века как переходный этап в истории раннесредневековой
керамики
...............................................................................................................246
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
..........................................................................................................248
ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИИ
......................................................................................................251
ЦИТИРОВАННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА
..........................................................................368
СПИСОК СОКРАЩЕНИЙ
.......................................................................................380
SUMMARY
..................................................................................................................382
SUMMARY
This monograph has grown out of an unpublished dissertation written in
1958—64
and defended in
1965.
It was based on a research carried out at the Penjikent archaeo¬
logical site in
1955—60.
Some chapters of the dissertation have been published as articles.
For the present edition, the author has revised the work, taking into consideration his
many years experience, which has led to re-evaluation of a number of conclusions. On the
other hand, his materials and methodology have not lost their significance during the past
lifty
years, firstly, because Penjikent remains a model early medieval city and, secondly,
because the author applies statistical and combinatorial methods, typical of
processual
ar¬
chaeology in the
1950s — 1960s,
to the solution of historical and cultural problems, rather
than purely descriptive ones. The principles of pottery classification used in the present
work are not always simple or obvious. The most important of these result from a compari¬
son of different groups of vessels, both synchronous and successive. The significance of the
principles and their combinations depends on their historical and cultural meaning. In this
respect, Marshak s work forestalls post-processual archaeology, although it is more con¬
sistently systemic in its approach. It follows that every fragment under study must be re¬
garded as an element of a system, to be interpreted from the point of view of this system,
complicated enough to admit a false or trivial interpretation, which is much more probable
in an approach relying on individual facts.
The monograph has practically no references to works published after
1965,
because
its conclusions are based on materials which are both varied and variable, so that explana¬
tory power of analogizing is negligible.
Nineteenth- and early twentieth-century archaeologists, using pottery for dating,
were able to discern stages and horizons within the accuracy of
100
years in better ex¬
plored areas, other than Greece where the knowledge of pottery is more detailed. Although
they distinguished shapes and ornaments typical of certain countries and periods, they
could not explain transitions from one stage to another. The present work is an attempt
to solve such problems on the basis of a wide range of materials from only one site, the
Sogdian city of Penjikent. These well stratified materials, correlating with individual gen¬
erations, rather than centuries, allow one to come closer to individual craftsmen and their
customers. Where possible, the changes are accounted for by immanent causes; analogy
is used only when cause-and-consequence explanations are not possible. In historical ar¬
chaeology, ties between human beings and artifacts are much more intricate than in pre-
historical archaeology. Hence, questions arise as to the degree of freedom of individual
artists creating new forms and the limitations society imposes on this freedom. This, in
turn, is connected with the problem of customers tastes and requirements, teacher-and-
pupil relationship, etc. In this situation, the idea of equipollency of different pottery types
of objects discernible in any complex turns out to be an illusion. In reality, certain types,
382
SUMMARY
i.e. complexes of objects with a permanent set of distinctive features, coexist with indeter¬
minate groups of more or less similar vessels. The systematization of the Penjikent finds
is based on two different, but interconnected aspects, viz. (a) a set of features represented
in different combinations, traceable for several generations, and (b) factors responsible for
changes in bundles of features. The factors in question depended on peoples traditions and
living conditions, therefore archaeology remains a humanity essentially, although it uses
mathematical methods. The lower layers of Penjikent, with their fractional stratification
and abundant archaeological materials, are most favourable for systematization.
The 5th
—
7th centuries in Central Asia were a period of most noticeable Sogdian in¬
fluence on the development of the adjacent tribes and peoples. Yet, archaeological discover¬
ies in the realm of Sogdian culture are from the 7th
—
8th centuries. These include cities
with temples, palaces and craftsmen s workshops, as well as excellent specimens of monu¬
mental and applied arts. Written sources, not numerous, but informative, give a good idea
of Sogdian political and social history during the period under review.
Less is known about the earlier period, from the 5th to 7th centuries, represented
mainly by pottery complexes from the settlements in the valleys of the Zarevshan and the
Kashkadarya. Due to their abundance and variability, these materials can be used for trac¬
ing the history of the settlements and are therefore the chief source on the culture of Sogd
in the 5th
—
7th centuries. Besides, pottery helps to formulate a number of problems
of a more general nature, concerning the evolution of medieval crafts and trade.
Trends in pottery evolution reflect more general historical patterns. For example,
a study of hand-thrown wheeled pottery and moulded wares reveal the relationship be¬
tween workshop- and home industries. Changes in the shape of vessels demonstrate the
role of the tradition and its reliance on individual craftsmen s achievements and its suscep¬
tibility to fashion and to foreign influence, as well as mutual influence of different crafts.
A study of pottery may show, whether its evolution results in pottery uniformity or local
diversification of its types. The answer bears directly on the problem of style, its depend¬
ence on ethnic and social history and the development of art. Besides, pottery can help
in reconstructing the economy of individual settlements and smaller regions.
The lower horizons of Penjikent (Stage
XII)
excavated by Marshak in
1955—63
yield¬
ed well defined architectural complexes including the city wall and adjacent living quar¬
ters and household buildings. Four
rebuildings
of the wall, with synchronous construction
works in the living quarters, revealed pottery complexes with clear
stratigraphie
references.
The many construction stages in the history of the living quarters reflect changes in indi¬
vidual types of ware. Owing to the fractional chronology of the site, in combination with
pottery abundance and diversity, new valuable materials pertaining to Sogdian archaeol¬
ogy have become available and accessible. In view of today s state of archaeological re¬
search at Sogd, the dating of the lower horizons between the 5th and the first half of the
7th centuries requires no
corroborât
ion.
In this context, the main goal of the present publication is not simply identification,
but interpretation of the materials from the point of view of their connection with the
above historical and cultural problems. The question arises, how to use as a historical
source those pottery features, which, unlike inscriptions and depictions on vessels, cannot
be used for primary attribution and which are not a direct reflection of ideological aspects.
Traditional archaeological methods do not seem to be expedient in this case. Therefore
Marshak chooses the statistical method, much less popular in archaeology, which he ap¬
plies, for the first time, to the study of pottery. In the development of this method he sees
one of the aims of the science of archaeology.
383
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Maršak, Boris I. 1933-2006 |
author_GND | (DE-588)12435646X |
author_facet | Maršak, Boris I. 1933-2006 |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Maršak, Boris I. 1933-2006 |
author_variant | b i m bi bim |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV040677286 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)844026317 (DE-599)BVBBV040677286 |
era | Geschichte 400-700 gnd |
era_facet | Geschichte 400-700 |
format | Book |
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geographic | Sogdiana (DE-588)4055386-3 gnd |
geographic_facet | Sogdiana |
id | DE-604.BV040677286 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:28:54Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9785935724542 |
language | Russian |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025503739 |
oclc_num | 844026317 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 |
owner_facet | DE-12 |
physical | 383 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. 27 cm |
publishDate | 2012 |
publishDateSearch | 2012 |
publishDateSort | 2012 |
publisher | Izdat. Gosudarstvennogo Ėrmitaža |
record_format | marc |
spelling | Maršak, Boris I. 1933-2006 Verfasser (DE-588)12435646X aut Keramika Sogda V - VII vekov kak istoriko-kulʹturnyj pamjatnik (k metodike izučenija keramičeskich kompleksov) B. I. Maršak Sogdian pottery of the 5th-7th centuries as historical and cultural phenomenon Sankt-Peterburg Izdat. Gosudarstvennogo Ėrmitaža 2012 383 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. 27 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PST: Sogdian pottery of the 5th-7th centuries as historical and cultural phenomenon. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 400-700 gnd rswk-swf Archaeology Ceramics Decorative arts Fine arts Archäologie Keramik (DE-588)4030270-2 gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Sogdiana (DE-588)4055386-3 gnd rswk-swf Sogdiana (DE-588)4055386-3 g Keramik (DE-588)4030270-2 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s Geschichte 400-700 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025503739&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025503739&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
spellingShingle | Maršak, Boris I. 1933-2006 Keramika Sogda V - VII vekov kak istoriko-kulʹturnyj pamjatnik (k metodike izučenija keramičeskich kompleksov) Archaeology Ceramics Decorative arts Fine arts Archäologie Keramik (DE-588)4030270-2 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4030270-2 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4055386-3 |
title | Keramika Sogda V - VII vekov kak istoriko-kulʹturnyj pamjatnik (k metodike izučenija keramičeskich kompleksov) |
title_alt | Sogdian pottery of the 5th-7th centuries as historical and cultural phenomenon |
title_auth | Keramika Sogda V - VII vekov kak istoriko-kulʹturnyj pamjatnik (k metodike izučenija keramičeskich kompleksov) |
title_exact_search | Keramika Sogda V - VII vekov kak istoriko-kulʹturnyj pamjatnik (k metodike izučenija keramičeskich kompleksov) |
title_full | Keramika Sogda V - VII vekov kak istoriko-kulʹturnyj pamjatnik (k metodike izučenija keramičeskich kompleksov) B. I. Maršak |
title_fullStr | Keramika Sogda V - VII vekov kak istoriko-kulʹturnyj pamjatnik (k metodike izučenija keramičeskich kompleksov) B. I. Maršak |
title_full_unstemmed | Keramika Sogda V - VII vekov kak istoriko-kulʹturnyj pamjatnik (k metodike izučenija keramičeskich kompleksov) B. I. Maršak |
title_short | Keramika Sogda V - VII vekov kak istoriko-kulʹturnyj pamjatnik |
title_sort | keramika sogda v vii vekov kak istoriko kulʹturnyj pamjatnik k metodike izucenija keramiceskich kompleksov |
title_sub | (k metodike izučenija keramičeskich kompleksov) |
topic | Archaeology Ceramics Decorative arts Fine arts Archäologie Keramik (DE-588)4030270-2 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
topic_facet | Archaeology Ceramics Decorative arts Fine arts Archäologie Keramik Funde Sogdiana |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025503739&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025503739&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT marsakborisi keramikasogdavviivekovkakistorikokulʹturnyjpamjatnikkmetodikeizucenijakeramiceskichkompleksov AT marsakborisi sogdianpotteryofthe5th7thcenturiesashistoricalandculturalphenomenon |