Zväz slovenských múzeí a kultúrna politika: (1945 - 1959)
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Slovak |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Nitra
Univ. Konštantína Filozofa, Filozofická Fak., Katedra Muzeológie
2011
|
| Ausgabe: | Vyd. 1. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 266 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9788080946869 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | OBSAH
Úvod
...................................................................................................9
Vznik a základná
múzejná
činnost
Zväzu
slovenských
múzeí
v
rokoch
1939-1944.......................................................................15
Reflexie kultúrnej
politiky a jej vplyv na slovenské múzejníctvo
v
rokoch
1945 - 1959.......................................................................22
Kultura v Československu v
rokoch
1945 - 1948.........................22
Determinanty
využitia Zväzu
slovenských
múzeí v kultúrnej
politike
Komunistickej
strany Československa v
rokoch
1945 _ 1948................................................................................26
Politika a
kultúra v rokoch
1948 - 1952......................................42
Dosah
kultúrnej
politiky na činnost
Zväzu
slovenských
múzeí
v
rokoch
1948- 1952 .................................................................56
Úlohy
kultúry v rokoch
1953- 1959...........................................75
Ideologizácia práce
Zväzu
slovenských
múzeí v rokoch
1954-1959................................................................................79
Zväz
slovenských
múzeí a vytváranie siete múzeí na Slovensku
v rokoch
1945- 1959 ......................................................................93
Myšlienka poštátnenia múzeí a muzeálny zákon ako predpokla¬
dy vytvorenia múzejnej siete v rokoch
1945 — 1948.....................93
Personálne a materiálne podmienky zriaďovania okresných
múzeí v rokoch
1950-1959.....................................................100
Činnosť Zväzu slovenských múzeí pri budovaní siete v rámci
I. päťročného plánu
1949- 1954 ..............................................116
Zriaďovanie krajských a okresných múzeí v rokoch
1950 - 1959 ... 125
Plán jednotnej siete vlastivedných múzeí na roky
1954 - I960 .... 144
Materiálny a personálny stav okresných múzeí v roku
1958 .......152
Úloha Zväzu slovenských múzeí pri reinštalácii zbierok a vytváraní
vlastivedného typu múzeí
...............................................................161
Možnosti reinštalácie
zbierok v
1946 - 1951..............................161
Pokus o
urýchlenú reinštaláciu zbierok v
roku
1951...................180
Úloha
prírodovedných zbierok vo vlastivedných múzeách
v období rokov
1952- 1959......................................................188
Materiálne a personálne podmienky reinštalácie zbierok
v roku
1953...............................................................................197
Zhodnotenie zbierkových fondov vo výstavnej a expozičnej
činnosti
......................................................................................202
Záver
...............................................................................................234
Pramene a použitá literatúra
............................................................242
Zoznam fotodokomentácie
.............................................................255
Summary
........................................................................................258
ZVÄZ SLOVENSKÝCH MÚZEÍ A KULTÚRNA POL1TLKA
(1945 - 1959)
SUMMARY
Between
1945 - 1948,
the Communist Party sought to use cultural
institutions to promote its policies. Some cultural industries, such as.
theatrical and film, were nationalized. Slovak museums in this period has
not become yet a subject of party and state s interest because, based on
the previous period, they had nothing to offer. The reason consisted in
the fact that the collection funds, through which museums communicate
with the public, had not been assorted, classified and scientifically
evaluated so as to constitute good-quality exhibitons. Association in this
period focused on the nationalization of two major museums, Slovak
Museum in Bratislava and Slovak National Museum in
Turčiansky Svätý
Martin. This objective was achieved in December
1948.
In cooperation
with the Association of Czech Museums, the Association participated in
the preparation of legal icorporation of museums into a museum law.
Both of these actions pursued to ensure museums financially, materially
and personally. The law has become a long-term concern and was passed
in
1961.
The period
1948 - 1953
was crucial for the promotion of cultural
policies. Culture was being ideologized, the requirement of re-educating
people assertwd. These tendencies were accompanied by political
processes, sovietization of regime and structural changes in the party.
The Association accommodated to this situation, which proved in the
first museum five-year plan, the attempt to forward the
reinstallation
of
collections and develop natural sciences museums in connection to the
collectivization. All these attempts failed as the Association and museums
were not ready to carry out the plans in such a short period. And once
again, insufficient background played its role.
The activuties of the Association from
1953
to
1959
were affected by
three ideological conferences: in Bratislava,
Opava,
and Banska Bystrica.
258
Summary
New tasks for Slovak museums, their specific options and usage in this
period were linked to the tasks resulting from the current economic and
political situation. Conferences dealt with horizontal organizatonal and
programmatic issues, which in terms of achieved level of development
after
1945
were the most pressing (collections, lack of materials and
staffing, expositions). They took a clear opinion on the most serious
problems of organizational structure and further development of Slovak
museoiogy. Their discussion resulted in the crystallization of a new
approach to museum management issues with a focus on qualitative
aspects of museum work. Collective bargaining allowed to shift the focus
of their work to the level of partial solutions (ethnographic museums,
collection making and expositional activities). Resolutions accentuated
not only ideological work in museums, but also research and development
activities as a basis for working with collections. Cultural and educational
work of museums was a new requirement, which followed the Party
assembly documents. Activities of museums were expressly intended to
promote economic and political situation in the country (natural science
departments
—
advertising collectivization, documentation of building
socialism and its achievements as the activation factor for educating
masses).
In the period from
1945
to
1959,
museums in the regions were
not prepared to incorporate the results of political changes in the
Czechoslovak Republic into their work. Important role was played by
the fact that as a whole they did not fall within the sphere of interest
of national committees. It is very clearly demonstrated by Association
s
questionnaires in
1946.
Despite the fact that the Association „agreed
after February
1948
to the principles of the party s cultural policy,
regional museums as a whole stood outside public events
.
Their managers, mostly still voluntary workers, attempted in the
modest financial conditions and confined spaces to improve the museum
expositions at least in the traditional pre-war spirit. Topical exhibitions
were rather rare and settled way of installig slowed down the additional
development. This caused them to seem to be useless and needless. The
Association leaders knew about these problems and were aware of the
259
ZVÄZ
SLOVENSKÝCH
MÚZEÍ A KULTÚRNA POLITIKA
(1945 - 1959)
dangers threatenig to museums. It was clear that without their effective
participation in a contemporary scene, developing activities in cultural
and educational areas and overall politicizing their work cannot be
assured their prestige and status as much as of the large state museums. In
the absence of Museum Act, the Association therefore focused since the
early 504s on the nationalization of the regional museums. This was done
by districtization4, which in practice meant that the Association had an
interest in ensuring that each district had its museum. Takeover of museums
by the bodies of state power should provide guarantees to strengthen
their management system and create conditions for the development of
specific options for the presentations hold by the museums in the form
of their collection funds. On the other hand, museums themselves had
to demonstrate that they were capable of performing tasks expected from
them by party and state authorities.
Nationalization of museums was not a simple matter. District museums
have originated from both district authorities and the Association s
initiative. Their further development, however, was influenced by the fact
that many of them originated only on paper and their work virtually did
not develop. Such were the museums in
Rožňava, Modra, Šahy, Stupava,
Brezno, Zlaté Moravce, Gelnica, Myjava, Modra, Šamorín, Nová Baňa,
Zvolen, Fiľakovo, Spišská Nová Ves, Stará Ľubovňa and Skalica.
This
was due to the fact that they did not have guaranteed basic material,
financial and personnel conditions for their existence. Not always, these
conditions exhibited simultaneously, could be a combination of different
conditions. It follows from the documentation of their establishment
and development of their exposition and exhibition activities. District
museums originated in a wide period of time, from
1950
to
1959.
In total,
they were
33.
In
1949, 92
districts emerged, three of them municipal. In
1954,
there were
100
administrative units at the level of districts,
10
of
them municipal. At the end of
1960,
there were
102
districts in the region
of Slovakia,
12
of them municipal. Assuming the average of
90
districts,
the coverage of Slovakia by district museums in the monitored period
was
1/3.
Underlying assumptions of the Association from
1946,
to have
district museum in every district, thus were not accomplished. The reason
260
Summary
is simple,
lhe
state faced to economic problems which were transferred
also to museums as cultural institutions. To assess the establishment of
district museums, it must be understood in the broader historical context.
Despite the fact they originated during building socialism , which was
necessarily reflected in ideologization of their activities, their foundation
was also the result of the Association
s
efforts to develop regional museum
activities and save museum as an institution. Paradoxically, without the
pressure of state and party authorities to involve in re-education of the
population as many cultural institutions as possible, there would never
be a network of museums in Slovakia
(1964),
which determined the
nature of the Slovak museums until the end of the
80
s. Established
nature of district museums (only with different name; not „homeland
but „regional ) in some cases continues to these days. It should be noted
that after
1989,
museums again had to solve similar problems as in
50
s
—
assuring material, personnel and financial conditions of their activities.
This fact is reflected eeven today in forms of presentation of museums to
the public, i.e. in exposure and exhibition activities, and even in the very
existence of some museums.
In addition to the district museums, Regional Museum in
Bojnice,
Banska Bystrica,
Žilina
and
Prešov
originated in the first half of the
50
s
as geography work centers in regions and methodical centers for district
museums
.
The Bratislava region was in the sphere of activity of regional
museum in
Trnava.
For the regional museum was considered the mu¬
seum in
Svätý
Anton, although it was closely specialized in hunting and
forestry. Regional museums replaced the supervisory function of three
largest museums (SM Bratislava,
SNM
Martin, VM
Košice)
developed in
1949.
Their foundation ended temporary state by which the Association
tried to solve the disorganization of museum network in this period.
By nationalization of museums the Association, together with
Ministry of Education, Arts and Sciences {or Ministry of Culture], came
to creation of a new network of museums, different from the situation
in the Slovak State. Its creation was transformed into Proposal of mu¬
seum network for years
1954 — 1960,
which was prepared by Ministry
of Culture in co-operation with the Association. It should have served
261
ZVÄZ
SLOVENSKÝCH
MÚZEÍ
A KULTURNA POLITLKA
(1945 - 1959)
to ensure the legal
status
of museums in the absence of museum Act.
In
1954,
there were registered
36
museums in Slovakia, which repre¬
sented the approximate coverage of
40 %.
The number of museums
was supposed to rise from
36
to
45
till
I960.
In practice, this meant
that museums had to work in approximately
47%
of Slovakia and
53%
should remain uncovered. This approximate percentage points to the
fact that the Association4
s
proposal was somewhat vague and chaotic.
Based on the factual basis of their real state, many museums, both exist¬
ing and anticipated, were not included in the network:
Modra, Myjava,
Šamorín, Stupava, West Slovakia
Museum in
Trnava, Zlaté Moravce,
Nitra, Uhrovec, Šamorín, Šahy, Modrý Kameň, Červený Kláštor,
Svi
dník, Medzilaborce, Spišská Nová Ves, TANAP
Museum and
Spišská
Nová Ves.
Unlike tthe Minzstry s Proposal the Association s list did not
included Arts and Crafts Museum in Bratislava, Museum of the Slovak
National Uprising in Banska Bystrica, Agricultural Museum in
Nitra,
Forestry and Timber Museum in
Zvolen
and Music Museum in
Dolna
Krupa.
Following museums were not included in the network: Museum
of Slovak Soviet Republic in
Prešov, V.
I. Lenin Museum in Bratislava,
Klement
Gottwald
s Mueum
of Revolutionary Press in
Vrútky,
Museum
of
Dukla
Pass Operation in
Svidník,
Memorable House of Illegal
Activities
KSS
in Bratislava-
Ružinov..
Suggested list contained on the whole
AG
museums, which is one more
than in the Proposal of the Ministry of Culture.
28
museums remained
outside the official network, even though some of them have already ex¬
isted. In this period museum were connected to the national planning,
there is therefore likely that the Association should have counted on it
in advance, all the more so it was long-term issue. When planning the
second five-year plan in
1956,
the Association counted on
19
new, there
were however still
9
museums that were not included in the plan. Despite
the Association s proclamations of complete documentational coverage
of Slovakia, approximately the half remained uncovered. It followed from
the overall point of view of assuring museum functions. One third of
museums were not equipped enough to be considered to be museums in
262
Summary
the strict sense of the world, and therefore it was needed to concentrate
on their completion.
From the end of Second World War to
1948,
the nature of
reinstal¬
lation
of collections was primarily revisory, i.e. the Association tried to
find out the state of collections. In this period, practicallz nothing was
done with them An effort prevailed to put museum in order at least in the
respect of local origin of collections.
After February of
1948,
qualitative changes of Slovak museums grad¬
ually occurred. Their structure and content focus of their work started
to change. Museums, that had not been of great importance till that
time were about to change into significant centers of political and public
education. This was predestined by specific forms of their work, which
consisted in the use of artefacts. Museum program became an indivisible
part ot the overall conception of party and state s cultural politics. In
terms of further development, it was a key period, in which the strug¬
gle was led not only for the ideological transformation of museums, but
also for their very existence. Complicated situation after the February
required not only ideological changes, but also a range of interventions
in the areas of administration and economy, which could be performed
only in close relation to statewide steps.
Superior authorities, determining cultural policy, strongly requested so
that museum expositions
—
that is the bodies mediating contact with the
public
-
consistently fulfill their educational and cultural-political func¬
tion. Museums which were just the sum of randomly arranged collection
items should have been pushed out of public awareness. The period from
1948
to
1951
is characterized by the effort to quickly reinstall collections
and install them in the form of expositions. This effort culminated in the
years
1950 - 1951.
It wasn t within the Association of Slovak Museums4
power to ensure such an extensive and demanding project by its own
resources and even the co-operation with Slovak Academy of Sciences
and Arts did not help.. Although Institute of Archaeology had been try¬
ing to reinstall archaeological collections since the second half of
40
s
,
it
was not yet the
reinstallation
in the vein of ideologising the work of mu¬
seums. Since the beginning of its activity after country s liberation, the
263
Association
was lost in vicious circle of material, financial and personnel
issues of
slovak
museums generally. Their soluton was a long-term issue
estending through the whole period I followed in this work. Political
pressure, effort to take advantage of museums to promote the regime was
unequivocal and very strong, despite the fact that there were not suitable
conditions for the rapid conversion. This was reflected in the work of „fly¬
ing committee constituted by Ministry of Education. Sciences and Arts.
New expositions were to become new tool for re-educating population,
„logically organized sequence of natural and social sciences documents,
that „truthfully mirrored evolution of nature and society in Slovakia
in the spirit of Marxism—Leninism. The accelerated expert reconstruc¬
tion of museums in this period didn t hit home. This intent could be
virtually fulfilled only by large museums
-
Slovak Museum in Bratislava,
Slovak National Museum in Martin and East Slovak Museum in
Košice.
It emerged, however, that even these museums, despite the fact that they
were state museums, could not start required form of
reinstallation
be¬
fore the second half of
5Cľs.
Under the pressure of failed
reinstallation,
the management of the Association leaded by
Ján Geryk
had to resign.
In August
1951,
the Association sent a circular to find out the current
state of
reinstallation
works. This step was made by the management of
the Association relatively late, because the Ministry already become in¬
volved in the work of museums. In principle, it was all about finding the
state of implementation of the fifth point of the five-year plan, the in-
ventarisation of items. Materials acquired by the Association showed the
reasons why the
reinstallation
stagnated. In most cases, museums could
not fulfill this task, as they simply did not have conditions or the time did
not come yet for such an extensive action. It could not be done in one
year what had not been managed to do since the end of war. At the sane
time, the work of museums was still accompanied by the same problem,
the lack of professional workers, which meant in practixe that there was
no one to do the
reinstallation.
Financial problem were also consider¬
able. Small wonder that the situation rearding the
reinstallation
of col¬
lections seemed to be nearly hopeless. The reinstallaton of archaeological
collections was the most advanced in this period, because of long-term
264
Summary
cooperation with
SAU
and its effectivity due to volunteer work of
SAU
experts. Consistent co-operation with
NÚ
was only starting-Consisten
cooperation with
NÚ
was only at the beginning. This actually has not
even filled the first five-year agenda in museums, which are related to col¬
lections.. Kind of way out of this situation was a new venture, acquisition
activities of museums. It seemed to be necessary first step of following
installation of collections and replenishment of existing collection fund.
The
reinstallation
itself consisted in moving objects and showcases from
floor to floor and from room to room.
From Asoociation Congress in
Demänová
in
1952,
natural science
collections came into prominence. Interest in their
reinstallation
resulted
from the overall situation in society, especially from the collectivization.
This should be promoted and vindicated by new natural science exposi¬
tions, that should also atheistically explain the evolution of the nature.
Only Slovak Museum in Bratislava and Regionla Museum in
Prešov
suc¬
ceeded in building suitable natural science expositions. These were to be
models for buiilding expositions in regional museums.
While in the first half of the fifties natural sciences were emphasized,
in the second half building socialism expositions become prominent.
Putting them into effect was relatively complicated. It depended on many
factors, firstly on acquisition activities. Their importance in promoting
„building of socialism was accentuated by national ideological confer¬
ences in Bratislava
(1954)
and
Banská
Bystrica
(1958).
The actual esposi-
tions were substituted by exhibitions that documented socialist4 changes
in districts and regions of Slovakia. In the secomd half of 50 s, exhibition
activities started, which were nicely represented by newly created district
museums. They organized
98
exhibitons on different themes. These mu¬
seums funds contained
180.108
collection artifacts.
Reinstallation
of collections in the years
1946 - 1959
can be di¬
vided into two periods.. From
1946
to
1954
reinstallation
works virtu¬
ally stagnated due to lack of material, personnel and financial resources.
The only exception were archaeological collections, that were successfully
scientifically systemized by
ŠAÚ, and.AÚ SAV
workers. These gradually
acquired the required
ideologic value
.
In this period, the Association
265
ZVÄZ
SLOVENSKÝCH
MÚZEÍ A KULTÚRNA POLITIKA
(1945-1959)
also participated in the
reinstallation.
In the second half of 501s, the
situation gradually changed. Museums were installing new ethnographic
and historic expositions, natural science exhibitions however fell be¬
hind. Their quality was still conditioned by spatial and financial factors.
The personnel situation improved in this period, particukarly in large
museums. District museums had on average two employees and they
missed those who could provide the quality of an installation, curators of
individual types of collections.. To assess objectively this phenomenon,, it
is necessary to say that despite of severe ideologization of this professional
activity, it pushed Slovak museology both qualitatively and quantitavely
forvard.
Translation
Jan Fousek
266
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Prelovská, Daniela |
| author_facet | Prelovská, Daniela |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Prelovská, Daniela |
| author_variant | d p dp |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040669712 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)828789201 (DE-599)BVBBV040669712 |
| edition | Vyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1945-1959 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1945-1959 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Slowakei |
| id | DE-604.BV040669712 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:28:44Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788080946869 |
| language | Slovak |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025496308 |
| oclc_num | 828789201 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 266 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Univ. Konštantína Filozofa, Filozofická Fak., Katedra Muzeológie |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Prelovská, Daniela Verfasser aut Zväz slovenských múzeí a kultúrna politika (1945 - 1959) Daniela Prelovská Vyd. 1. Nitra Univ. Konštantína Filozofa, Filozofická Fak., Katedra Muzeológie 2011 266 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1945-1959 gnd rswk-swf Kulturpolitik (DE-588)4033581-1 gnd rswk-swf Museumspolitik (DE-588)4347840-2 gnd rswk-swf Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 gnd rswk-swf Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 g Museumspolitik (DE-588)4347840-2 s Geschichte 1945-1959 z DE-604 Kulturpolitik (DE-588)4033581-1 s Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025496308&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025496308&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Prelovská, Daniela Zväz slovenských múzeí a kultúrna politika (1945 - 1959) Kulturpolitik (DE-588)4033581-1 gnd Museumspolitik (DE-588)4347840-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4033581-1 (DE-588)4347840-2 (DE-588)4055297-4 |
| title | Zväz slovenských múzeí a kultúrna politika (1945 - 1959) |
| title_auth | Zväz slovenských múzeí a kultúrna politika (1945 - 1959) |
| title_exact_search | Zväz slovenských múzeí a kultúrna politika (1945 - 1959) |
| title_full | Zväz slovenských múzeí a kultúrna politika (1945 - 1959) Daniela Prelovská |
| title_fullStr | Zväz slovenských múzeí a kultúrna politika (1945 - 1959) Daniela Prelovská |
| title_full_unstemmed | Zväz slovenských múzeí a kultúrna politika (1945 - 1959) Daniela Prelovská |
| title_short | Zväz slovenských múzeí a kultúrna politika |
| title_sort | zvaz slovenskych muzei a kulturna politika 1945 1959 |
| title_sub | (1945 - 1959) |
| topic | Kulturpolitik (DE-588)4033581-1 gnd Museumspolitik (DE-588)4347840-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kulturpolitik Museumspolitik Slowakei |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025496308&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025496308&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT prelovskadaniela zvazslovenskychmuzeiakulturnapolitika19451959 |