Polscy uchodźcy na Bliskim Wschodzie w latach drugiej wojny światowej: ośrodki, instytucje, organizacje
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Łódź
Wydawn. Uniw. Łódzkiego
2012
|
| Ausgabe: | Wyd. 1. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Polish refugees in the Middle East in World War II: centers, institutions, organizations |
| Beschreibung: | 573 S. Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788375257298 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804149770050076672 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
Wstęp
........................................... 5
Rozdział I
Migracje i ośrodki polskiego uchodźstwa wojennego na Bliskim Wschodzie
. ... 15
1.
Sytuacja na Bliskim Wschodzie przed i w czasie
II
wojny światowej
......... 15
2.
Palestyna i Cypr
.................................... 43
3.
Iran
........................................... 60
4.
Liban, Turcja, Egipt, Irak
................................ 102
Rozdział
II
Instytucje Rządu RP na uchodźstwie
.......................... 113
1.
Placówki dyplomatyczne i konsularne
......................... 113
2.
Opieka społeczna
.................................... 156
3.
Oświata
......................................... 205
4.
Informacja i propaganda
................................ 238
5.
Inne placówki
...................................... 269
6.
Próby konsolidacji.
Minister-Delegat
Rządu do Spraw Polskich na Wschodzie
... 291
Rozdział III
Mozaika polityczna
................................... 323
1.
Piłsudczycy i środowiska zbliżone
........................... 323
2.
Stronnictwo Narodowe
................................. 361
3.
Stronnictwo Ludowe, Polska Partia Socjalistyczna, Stronnictwo Pracy
........ 378
4.
Komuniści
....................................... 390
Rozdział
IV
Organizacje społeczne, kulturalne, oświatowe i religijne
............... 425
1.
Organizacje lokalne
................................... 425
2.
Duszpasterstwo
..................................... 454
3.
Harcerstwo
....................................... 466
4.
Polski Czerwony Krzyż i YMCA
............................ 492
Zakończenie
....................................... 501
Bibliografia
........................................ 507
Summary
......................................... 535
Wykaz skrótów
...................................... 539
Indeks osobowy
..................................... 543
Indeks nazw geograficznych
.............................. 567
Od Redakcji
....................................... 575
POLISH REFUGEES IN THE MIDDLE EAST IN WORLD WAR II
CENTERS, INSTITUTIONS, ORGANIZATIONS
(Summary)
The Second World War forced a substantial part of the Polish nationals to leave their own
country. The migration of the majority of Poles was forcible, resulting from various forms of de¬
portations staged by the German and Soviet occupying forces. The wandering was also experienced
by the Polish military, fighting in the ranks of the units being assembled in foreign lands since the
beginning of the War, as well as by the POWs and internees in the neutral countries. The Polish
nationals were conscripted into both the German and Soviet invaders armies too. Finally, Poland
was left by the civilian refugees, mostly comprised of the representatives of the political, social and
economic elites and the administrative apparatus of the state, as well as by the refugees of Jewish
descent.
A characteristic phenomenon of the wartime migrations was their unusual geographical range,
covering both Poland s neighboring countries and spots at the proverbial ends of the earth. The
course of the warfare events caused that the Middle Eastern area became one of the most important
and numerically largest centers of the Polish war emigration, both civilian and military. To thou¬
sands of the multi-social Poles, remaining at a diversified level of education and awareness, the
foregoing meant an encounter with a region of the world, exotic in terms in civilization, culture and
climate, at the same time undergoing significant political and social transformations. The countries
in the region in question sheltered many more Polish nationals than Great Britain
-
the political and
military center of the wartime
émigré.
The Middle Eastern zone played a major part in the history of the Polish Armed Forces in
exile. Syria, Palestine and Egypt were the places where the Polish Independent Carpathian Rifle
Brigade, renowned for its participation in the North African Campaign of
1941-1942,
especially the
defense of Tobruk, was stationed. The Polish Army in the East, under General
Władysław
Anders
command, was stationed and underwent training in Iraq, Palestine and Egypt. Coming from it, the
Second Corps gained renown in the Italian Campaign of
1944-1945.
No less interesting were the civilian refugees war experiences, which is what this book is de¬
voted to. Most of them came to the Middle East as a result of the two migration processes. The first
one was related to the evacuation of the refugees who, in the aftermath of the Campaign of
1939,
stayed in the Balkan countries, primarily in Romania. As a consequence of the defeat of France in
June,
1940,
and the Third Reich posing a threat to the Balkans, the British authorities allowed the
Polish government in exile to grant asylum to those of the Polish nationals at highest risk from antici¬
pated German repressive measures. In September through November,
1940,
more than
500
Polish
nationals were transported to Cyprus (the then British colony). In view of Cyprus endangered in the
aftermath of German victories in the Balkans and Crete, in June,
1941,
the group was subsequently
evacuated to Palestine. Officially, groups of the refugees evacuated by the Polish government were
arriving in Palestine since November,
1940.
Part of them came there thanks to individual endeav¬
ors. Since the outbreak of the War, the Polish nationals of Jewish descent were coming to Palestine
too, going through the same channels or using the assistance of Jewish organizations. The refugees
536
in Palestine were increasing in numbers since April,
1942,
including various groups from among
those evacuated to Iran from the Soviet Union, comprised of, inter alia, the soldiers families, the
dismissed from the army, the war-disabled military, the children sent to Polish schools in Palestine
and the Polish Jews brought in by Zionist organizations. Although the evacuation of the Poles from
Palestine was planned by the British authorities several times, in the end the refugees stayed on there
until the War was over. Due to the controversy over determining the right to war refugee status,
arising, among other things, from a special situation the Polish nationals of Jewish descent found
themselves in inside the territory of the Jewish national home , an exact number of the Polish war
refugees in Palestine is hard to define. According to the Polish authorities, there were nearly
6
thou¬
sand of them in
1944.
In general, the history
ofthat
center of the wartime emigration ended before
the making of Israel in
1948.
In
1942,
another major center of the war refugee communities was Iran, where the Polish army
assembled in the Soviet Union in
1941
was evacuated to. Apart from the military, the evacuation
encompassed about
40
thousand civilians, mainly women and children. However, a number of the
refugees underwent constant change as they were systematically transported to other centers in
South and West Africa and India, with smaller groups taken to Mexico and New Zealand as well.
Since
1944,
the refugees were gradually transferred to Lebanon. The British authorities did not treat
the Allies-occupied Iran as a permanent war refugee asylum. After all, the sea transport problems
caused that not all of the refugees were evacuated from Iran until the end of the War. When the
European warfare was over, there were almost
4
thousand of them still residing there. Finally, they
were transported to Lebanon by February,
1946.
The Polish refugee center in Lebanon functioned
until
1950.
The situation of the refugees in Palestine and Iran was diverse. In Palestine, the Poles were
provided with living conditions close to the European ones, enjoying much freedom in their every¬
day life. The majority of them came from an educated background, being predominantly comprised
of members of the prewar social and political elite. The living conditions in Iran, especially in the
beginning, were harsh, and most of the refugees were submitted to a strict discipline of primitive
camp conditions. In terms of a social background, the rural population from the Eastern borderlands
predominated.
The formation of a considerable population of the refugees in the Middle East demanded that
the Polish government provide care for them and create adequate conditions for their social life. In
addition to the expansion of diplomatic and consular posts, a large number of new government in¬
stitutions were set up. The implementation of the social welfare system, which took on the heaviest
burden of helping the refugees, was of crucial importance. In turn, the need for providing a numer¬
ous group of children and youth, arrived particularly from the Soviet Union, with just enough normal
conditions for development necessitated the emergence of elementary and high schools, kindergar¬
tens, training courses and other institutions of education. The activity of the information and propa¬
ganda centers as well as the remarkably intensive growth of all sorts of the press should be noted too.
Another phenomenon worth highlighting became the fact that the refugees founded an amaz¬
ing number of social organizations, including educational, scientific, cultural, professional, youth,
religious, veterans and other ones. There were more than
30
organizations active in Palestine and
about
20
in Iran. Although political groupings were formed too, on the whole they did not enjoy
considerable influence among the refugees. Their activists, however, played an important part in
the functioning of the government apparatus, widely affecting an atmosphere of the refugees life.
The undeniable achievements were accompanied by negative occurrences. The political and
personal conflicts in the circles of the refugees were enormously heated, even embarrassing of¬
tentimes. The rivalry among the heads and officials of the government agencies impaired their ef¬
ficiency. The excessive expansion of the government administration was tolerated too, which came
in for justified criticism on the part of the British authorities. These occurrences were enhanced by
537
the problems in selecting properly qualified personnel and by following a political principle in ap¬
pointing heads of the institutions. The distance from the center of the political life in London could
also deepen some of the officials and party activists frustration and belief about being left out on
the sidetrack of the life in exile.
Nonetheless, the above-mentioned phenomena have no effect on a positive balance of the
operation of the Polish institutions and organizations in the Middle East in World War II. The Polish
exiles and refugees appeared in the region which was in an extremely complicated political, mili¬
tary and economic situation. It is worthy of remark that the British authorities had no interest in
the refugees prolonged sojourn in the area which served as an immediate base for the African and
Mediterranean fronts. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in addition to the proper care provided for the
civilian population, diverse forms of the social, cultural and political life were successfully devel¬
oped as well.
translated by
Jacek Chełminiak
|
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| spelling | Pietrzak, Jacek 1970- Verfasser (DE-588)141013125 aut Polscy uchodźcy na Bliskim Wschodzie w latach drugiej wojny światowej ośrodki, instytucje, organizacje Jacek Pietrzak Wyd. 1. Łódź Wydawn. Uniw. Łódzkiego 2012 573 S. Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Polish refugees in the Middle East in World War II: centers, institutions, organizations Geschichte 1939-1945 gnd rswk-swf Polnischer Flüchtling (DE-588)4346563-8 gnd rswk-swf Naher Osten (DE-588)4068878-1 gnd rswk-swf Naher Osten (DE-588)4068878-1 g Polnischer Flüchtling (DE-588)4346563-8 s Geschichte 1939-1945 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025477549&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025477549&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Pietrzak, Jacek 1970- Polscy uchodźcy na Bliskim Wschodzie w latach drugiej wojny światowej ośrodki, instytucje, organizacje Polnischer Flüchtling (DE-588)4346563-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4346563-8 (DE-588)4068878-1 |
| title | Polscy uchodźcy na Bliskim Wschodzie w latach drugiej wojny światowej ośrodki, instytucje, organizacje |
| title_auth | Polscy uchodźcy na Bliskim Wschodzie w latach drugiej wojny światowej ośrodki, instytucje, organizacje |
| title_exact_search | Polscy uchodźcy na Bliskim Wschodzie w latach drugiej wojny światowej ośrodki, instytucje, organizacje |
| title_full | Polscy uchodźcy na Bliskim Wschodzie w latach drugiej wojny światowej ośrodki, instytucje, organizacje Jacek Pietrzak |
| title_fullStr | Polscy uchodźcy na Bliskim Wschodzie w latach drugiej wojny światowej ośrodki, instytucje, organizacje Jacek Pietrzak |
| title_full_unstemmed | Polscy uchodźcy na Bliskim Wschodzie w latach drugiej wojny światowej ośrodki, instytucje, organizacje Jacek Pietrzak |
| title_short | Polscy uchodźcy na Bliskim Wschodzie w latach drugiej wojny światowej |
| title_sort | polscy uchodzcy na bliskim wschodzie w latach drugiej wojny swiatowej osrodki instytucje organizacje |
| title_sub | ośrodki, instytucje, organizacje |
| topic | Polnischer Flüchtling (DE-588)4346563-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Polnischer Flüchtling Naher Osten |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025477549&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025477549&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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