Piśmienność mieszczańska w późnośredniowiecznej Polsce:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
2012
|
| Ausgabe: | Wyd. 1. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Urban literacy in late medieval Poland |
| Beschreibung: | 348 S. Ill. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788323509882 |
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| adam_text | Urban Literacy in Late Medieval Poland
Summary
Investigation of the history of late medieval Poland reveals several socio-economic and cultural
processes which changed the way of life both of society as a whole and of its constituent groups. One
such process was the reception of patterns of the Western urban culture. A special mark of the Polish
situation is the fact that, until the 1450s, many little towns showed almost no signs
ofthat
what is
usually associated with the term urban culture ; this offers an opportunity to follow the dynamic of
change and of modernisation in several aspects of social life. In the economy, it meant the rise of
the number of inhabitants living from crafts and commerce, and no longer primarily from agricul¬
tural work. This change was accompanied by increasing specialisation of crafts and development of
new branches. The most important consequence of these developments was the growing division of
labour which seems typical of the urban economy. This could develop to such a level that it became
possible for some people to make a living from occupations considered as intellectual , i.e. involving
the written word. Among these people laymen are of special interest, as is the formation of a group
of secular
gens de savoir
in late medieval Poland.
The development of urban literacy had much to do with the urban law, which was by nature
written law. It was often emphasized in the charters of foundation of urban communities according
to different varieties of German law. These so-called
/ocöf/o-charters
usually prescribed the appeal
to written law in doubtful or controversial matters. Because of this, urban chanceries could become
centres of literacy and culture. However, their status did not result in an instant from
thee
miracu¬
lous power of the /ocario-charter. A town book began to be kept only then when it was deemed
really necessary, and when the local elites decided that they could make good use of this attribute
of urban culture. The need of producing and keeping records could be stimulated by contact with
people from the large urban centres who were set up business in small towns, as commercial rela¬
tionships brought not only profit, but also legal problems (e.g. when one had to recover a debt or
some lost goods in court). Gradually, town dwellers, acting before the tribunal either as complain¬
ants, defendants or witnesses, became interested in the implementation of the written law, and they
felt the need
lo
know it to some extent.
Solid knowledge of law was required from the urban officials, who often had to settle disputes
between travelling merchants and their own fellows citizens. Many times, when strangers from large
cities were involved in a trial, advice from a higher court was sought. Contacts with professionals
of the written law and the growing need to resolve ever more complex legal problems had double
consequences. On the one hand, familiarity with the law developed; the era of archives began, as
the need became clear to carefully preserve not only privileges and documents, but also one s own
collections of legal texts.
From the second half of the fifteenth century at the latest, even in the small urban settlements
the councils had at their disposal some collections of the laws of Magdeburg and
Chełmno
(Kulm),
Summary
321
as well as
florilegiu
of legal advice sought from the higher tribunals. These councils not only followed
models taken from the outside world but also successfully created their own legal texts, especially
in the form of collections of the town councils own decisions and guild statutes. We also notice the
systematic growth of correspondence between the executives of the urban settlements. In the second
half of the fifteenth century, even the councils of the very small towns (such as
Ciężkowice, Gorlice,
Jasło, Tarnów, Żmigród
in Lesser Poland, and
Krosno
and
Strzyżów
in
Ruthenia)
usually commu¬
nicated by letter. They not only tried to settle disputes but also exchanged information about new
privileges and exemption from duties, new dates of local fairs, etc.
The culture of the municipal pen pushers differed according to the size of a settlement and the
region. Nevertheless, in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, urban bureaucracies were
growing everywhere, in a slow but steady and systematic way. Town dwellers were even more often
confronted with this phenomenon, because the municipal administration forced them to present
written documents when they came into contact with the legal system. Gradually, personal archives
started to emerge, containing many kinds of document, such as records of purchase, confirmations
of pledges, certificates of legitimate birth, marriage contracts, and testaments. The growing use of the
written word in daily life made the need evident to possess at least the basic literacy skills of reading
and writing, skills one usually tried to acquire in the parish school.
At the same time, we can see a growth of interest in the services offered by all kinds of people
able to read and write, and not only by the services of the real professionals of the written word,
such as municipal notaries and scribes. Although urban law prescribed an accelerated course of
action in all cases concerning outsiders, legal procedures might take weeks, months or even years.
To keep mobile, travelling merchants from the large towns (or their plenipotentiaries) had to find
representatives among local people to defend their interests. Similarly, the inhabitants of the small
towns themselves, when they got involved in trials in the large towns also needed representatives
who knew local procedure and customs. A growing group of professional and semi-professional
plenipotentiaries and advocates became visible in many urban communities, to begin with in the
main cities and larger towns. A considerable number of terms indicating these people (procurator,
prolocutor,
vorrede,
rzecznik, mówca)
testifies to how common this function was.
This group of unofficial pen pushers was closely connected with the municipal chancery which,
together with the parish school, gradually became the main centres of urban culture and literacy. It
is clear that the quality of work of both these institutions could vary, depending on the size of urban
settlement, its geographical position and the proximity of main roads. The same considerations,
together with their quality of training and material wealth, determined the professional capacities of
the people who worked in the schools and the chanceries. An awareness of these differences allows
us to distinguish several levels of urban literacy in the towns of late medieval Poland.
At its highest level we find the intellectual community of the University of Cracow, which par¬
ticipated in the life of the capital of the kingdom in several ways. From the middle of the fifteenth
century at the latest, there existed family and social circles to which belonged the lay professors of
the University (especially medical men and jurists), the members of the town council and people
affiliated with the royal court. This milieu was connected in several ways with the municipal chan¬
ceries of cities of Cracow and
Kazimierz,
which often employed learned university doctors and mas¬
ters. From the perspective of the country as a whole, Cracow was quite exceptional: the University,
together with the urban elite, was in effect a powerful source for the culture of the urban intelligentsia,
which spread far beyond the narrow group of patricians. However, dynamic groups of intellectuals,
embracing educated clergymen and lay professionals of the written word, also developed in many
other large and middle-sized towns.
The most interesting part of our work has been the investigation of the formation of groups
of literate inhabitants in the little towns. From the period of the re-foundation of the University of
Cracow
(1400),
in small settlements, too, a new literate social group appeared. The people belong¬
ing to this group were well off and well educated, having spent at least a few years at the university.
322
Piśmienność mieszczańska w późnośredniowiecznej Polsce
Sometimes, although not always, they had a degree as Bachelor or even Master of Arts. They were
the chiefs of the municipal chanceries, public notaries, headmasters of the parish schools, and also
professional scribes producing manuscripts; all of them were members of the local power elites in one
way or another. Many are the examples of municipal scribes, bound by kinship ties to the patricians
of the little towns, who made careers as town mayors, councillors and headmen. Also the medical
men and pharmacists, possessing a practical education, belonged to this group of local intelligensia.
Clergymen could be found here as well. In the smaller towns they often worked as municipal clerks
(often the first functionaries of the local chancery), and as teachers in the parish schools. During the
fifteenth century, however, the positions of both municipal clerk and school teacher gradually came
into hands of laymen. These laymen, who were often married and had a family to support, used to
divide their time between work in the chancery and other occupations, making a living in agricul¬
ture, a trade or craft like their neighbours.
The inhabitants of the little towns who used the written word in their daily life, merchants or
craftsmen, formed a distinct social and cultural milieu, just as in Cracow, albeit less wealthy both
economically and intellectually. Their level of urban culture was lower than in Cracow. In provincial
settlements, instead of intellectuals we see proletarians of the written word at work. To them, fluency
in writing was first of all a technical skill, a craft which allowed them to earn money. The smaller the
town, the smaller, poorer and less exalted was the group of occasional professionals of the written
word. They nevertheless showed a sense of belonging to an intellectual elite, to a circle of litterati.
It is fascinating to discover similarities between the literate behaviour of the seemingly incom¬
parable communities of large, small and very small urban settlements, such as respectively Cracow,
Łódź
and
Szreńsk.
At the top of the list of common features is the sense of belonging to the elite,
which we already mentioned. This feeling found its expression in the creation of literary fraterni¬
ties, or, at least, in formation of distinct groups of litterati within the parish fraternity. These people,
urban professionals and semi-professionals of the written word who possessed the skills of reading
and writing (or solely of reading), were better able to participate in the Church services.
Another mark of this group was the ease with which it crossed the barriers between the social
classes. This may seem a paradox, as these were the people who shaped and transmitted urban culture.
However, the sources allow the conclusion that, regardless of the size of a settlement, the milieus of the
urban litterati were constituted by ordinary townsmen, noblemen and ecclesiastics together. The mobil¬
ity of these people is also striking, even if travel and changing one s place of residence was a normal
part of urban life. Life provided many reasons for both kinds of mobility. For merchants, travelling was
in the nature of their profession; apprentices tried to find a place to master their skills in accordance
with the guilds prescriptions; and municipal officials visited their opposite numbers to arrange com¬
mon affairs. Nevertheless, it is clear that educated people travelled more often. Already the decision
to begin one s studies at university, be it in Cracow, Prague, Leipzig, Vienna or in Italy, demanded
one to leave home. Some of those who studied in Cracow, decided to settle there. One may assume
that their education helped their career in the big city, although family resources were also important.
A second special mark of the milieu of urban litterati should also be emphasized here, i.e. their
care for the education of their descendants and (in the case of clergymen) relatives. A list of the
sons of Cracovian patricians who studied at one or another university would be long, different from
a listing of the sons of common notaries and scribes, The brief records of enrollment in Cracow uni¬
versity very rarely mention a father
s
literate profession, as information about the names and occu¬
pations of students fathers is very rare generally. Nor would we read in the Cracow matricularium
that a relative provided financial support for a student. Information about these matters has to be
collected from notices in different kinds of records, more in particular in last wills and testaments.
A considerable amount of evidence shows that paying for the university education of relatives was
a common practice in this milieu.
One more group of people participating in late medieval urban literate culture has to be men¬
tioned here, i.e. the proletarians of the written word . This is how we can call people who made a living
Summary
323
with their literacy skills, but who had no fortune or property whatsoever. To this group belonged e.g.
assistants in workshops where manuscripts were produced, private secretaries and scribes employed by
wealthy town dwellers and noblemen, chancery clerks and private teachers. In Cracow, where practi¬
cal literacy skills were very much in demand, many students of the university offered their services,
working e.g. for their professors and for wealthy fellows. Some of them after graduation got a bet¬
ter place in the social hierarchy; others remained proletarians of the written word because of gaps
in their education, lack of financial support from the part of their family, involvement in criminal
affairs, or simply unfortunate circumstances.
The group defined here as the urban litterati influenced literate behaviour both within their
own circles and outside them. The role of writing as a technology, a tool which facilitated making
profit and calculating incomes and rational planning of expenses, has been often emphasized in
the scholarly literature. Even in small towns, local merchants could show their illiterate neighbours
through their own behaviour how useful the possession of the skills of reading and writing could
be. Simultaneously, as a consequence of the creation of literate power elites on a local level, writing
became an instrument of communication which may have been used by a limited group but which
influenced life of the majority, which willy-nilly started to participate in the written culture. Already
in the second half of the fourteenth century, it was common knowledge in Cracow that a properly
made document made it possible to acquire citizenship rights, and that recording business trans¬
action or obtaining official excerpts from the town books was worth the money paid to the pen
pushers. It was also known that, sometimes, it was worth to take the risk of producing a forgery. In
many cases all these records were perceived merely as objects to be watched, as an instrument of
visual communication. However, as time passed, ever more people, also in very small towns, aspired
to belong to the group which was able to use written documents rather than by merely possessing
them, showing them in public or listening when they were read aloud. It was useful to know what
actually had been stated in a written act which was meant to be used as a certificate of identity or
evidence in a trial. It felt good to be one of those who were actually able to read an advert hanging
on the church gate or an inscription. There is no doubt that the awareness of function of writing as
an important instrument of power spread and stimulated the growth of
alphabétisation,
and not only
in urban environments but also in the countryside.
The reception of the urban attitude towards the written word in the countryside happened in
many ways, e.g. through economic, social and family contacts between noblemen and peasants with
inhabitants of the towns. It is clear that these ties were the most important in those villages situated
in the vicinity of a town or belonging to an urban parish. It was no coincidence that the chancery
of the village
Nowa Wieś
near Cracow delivered work of urban standards. Nor was it an accident
that the largest number of late medieval judicial records of villages comes from places in the direct
vicinity of urban settlements (as in
Bystra
near
Biecz
from
1499,
Ptaszkowa near
Grybów
from
1517,
and Konopnica near Lublin, from
1521).
This phenomenon corresponds with the observation that most students of Cracow University
who had come from countryside, had started their education in urban parish schools
-
even if we
should not underestimate the role of rural parish schools as centres of culture. For the sons of peas¬
ants, education opened a tempting possibility of climbing the social ladder. The opinion of John
Hus
that nowadays every peasant wants his son to become a prelate ,1 probably also described the Polish
situation. But education did not always lead to an ecclesiastical career. It could also make it easier to
settle in town. Among those who obtained citizenship in small and middle-sized towns, there were
many newcomers. Some of them probably had some contact with writing and with urban literacy
before; maybe they even had attended a rural or urban parish school for a while.
1
F.
Šmahel,
Piśmienność warstw ludowych w Czechach w
XIV
i
XV
wieku ,
in:
Kultura elitarna
a kultura masowa w Polsce późnego średniowiecza,
ed.
В.
Gercmek, Wrocław,
1978,
p.
195.
324
Piśmienność mieszczańska w późnośredniowiecznej Polsce
The urban
model
of written culture influenced the nobles living in the countryside in the same
way. One may assume that the interaction between these environments went in both directions. An
education helped a petty nobleman to earn some money and to make a sort of career in town, but
things could work also other way around: in the largest cities, education was making it possible for
town dwellers to achieve ennoblement, while in smaller places they might enter the ranks of the
nobility in less spectacular ways.
The investigation of the growth of literacy in the countryside is, at the moment, a main task
for medievalists in the whole of Europe, not only in Poland. There is also a need for the serious
prosopographical study of the milieus of the professionals of the written word, which is to embrace
public and private notaries, producers of manuscripts, clerks and scribes working in the terrestrial
chanceries. The personnel of the latter remains almost anonymous for us, and the records they
made are but rarely used by scholars. A careful study of the records produced by the territorial legal
administration serving the nobility, would enlarge our knowledge of the varieties of urban literacy,
of the mobility of professional pen pushers, and also of the legal culture of town dwellers. One may
expect that this kind of research will bring new evidence concerning the languages of urban literacy
in late medieval Poland, and in particular of levels of proficiency in Latin, and of Latins relationship
with the vernacular languages.
This last point deserves special attention because the linguistic aspect of pragmatic literacy in
towns probably distinguishes the Polish situation. When investigating other aspects of urban literacy
(e.g. the development of municipal chanceries, the role of documents and of correspondence, the
ways of working and the status of urban clerks, and, finally, their historiographical creations), we can
easily point out parallels and similarities between the Polish lands and Prussia, Bohemia, Silesia, or
even with Scandinavia, which also was situated in a periphery of medieval Latinitas. Nevertheless,
in Poland (as in Hungary) Latin enjoyed a special status, and it dominated the vernacular languages
-
and not only in the municipal chanceries. On the other hand, the importance of German in its
role as the preferred language of pragmatic literacy should not be underestimated either, especially
in the largest cities. This last point deserves further investigation from an interdisciplinary perspec¬
tive, as does the problem what determined the choice of language of the records. An investigation of
the sources of the early modern period would reveal the growth of pragmatic literacy in the Polish
language. This, however, lies outside the chronological boundaries of the present book.
Translated by Anna Adamska
Spis treści
WSTĘP
.............................................. 9
Baza źródłowa
........................................ 14
Literatura przedmiotu
.................................... 22
Struktura pracy
........................................ 30
Rozdział I. ŚRODOWISKA PISZĄCE W POLSKICH MIASTACH
PÓŹNEGO ŚREDNIOWIECZA
.......................... 33
Miejska inteligencja czy
les gens de
savóin
........................ 36
Poziomy wykształcenia
................................... 41
Szkoła parafialna
.................................... 42
Uniwersytet
....................................... 46
Kraków a piśmienność mieszczańska
........................... 48
Uniwersytet a miasto w
XV
w.
............................ 53
Wykształcenie jako droga awansu społecznego
..................... 62
Rozdział
II.
KANCELARIA MIEJSKA
......................... 67
Dokumenty i listy
...................................... 70
Tematyka
......................................... 75
Najstarsze księgi miejskie
.................................. 82
Księgi ławnicze
........................................ 88
Tematyka wpisów
.................................... 91
Liczba spraw
....................................... 95
Księgi wójtowsko-ławnicze i wójtowskie
......................... 97
Księgi radzieckie
....................................... 98
Tematyka wpisów
.................................... 99
Liczba spraw
....................................... 104
Księgi rachunkowe
...................................... 105
Księgi przyjęć do prawa miejskiego
............................ 108
Księgi kryminalne
...................................... 109
Księgi testamentów
..................................... 109
Źródła prawa
......................................... 111
6
Piśmienność mieszczańska w późnośredniowiecznej Polsce
Kodeksy prawnicze, zbiory ortyli i przywilejów miejskich
............ 111
Wilkierze
......................................... 115
Dokumentacja cechowa
................................... 118
Działalność kronikarska w kancelariach miejskich
................... 122
Kultura prawna
........................................ 128
Rozdział III. PISARZE MIEJSCY
............................. 133
Najstarsze wzmianki o pisarzach miejskich
....................... 136
Zastępca pisarza
....................................... 137
Pisarz ławy
.......................................... 139
Pisarz wójta
.......................................... 140
Familiares
notarii......................................
143
Pisarz i jego miejsce w hierarchii miejskiej
........................ 144
Obowiązki i kwalifikacje
................................ 144
Zarobki w kancelarii miejskiej
............................ 152
Dodatkowe źródła dochodu
.............................. 158
Stan majątkowy
..................................... 162
Miejsce w hierarchii miejskiej
............................ 166
Pisarze miejscy jako grupa społeczna
........................ 168
Duchowni w kancelarii
................................... 170
Świeccy pisarze miejscy
................................... 175
Rozdział
IV.
PROFESJONALIŚCI SŁOWA PISANEGO
.............. 193
Ministerialis
civitatis.....................................
194
Zawodowi zastępcy sądowi
................................. 197
Tłumacze
........................................... 202
Parafia: szkoła i kler
..................................... 204
Scriptores, notarii, baccalarii
................................ 208
Clerici uxorati........................................
211
Notariusze publiczni
..................................... 211
Pracownicy kancelarii i urzędów
............................. 217
Producenci książek
..................................... 221
Pauperes litterati
....................................... 224
Notarii
privati......................................
224
Pedagodzy prywatni
.................................. 227
Scholares et
studentes
.................................. 228
Status majątkowy
.................................... 230
Liczba i pochodzenie
.................................. 231
Status społeczny
..................................... 233
Rozdział
V.
PISMO W ŻYCIU MIESZCZAN
..................... 240
Mieszczanie i dokumenty
.................................. 240
Rejestry handlowe
...................................... 241
Listy i dokumenty
...................................... 247
Testamenty
.......................................... 250
Spis treści
7
Rola dokumentu
....................................... 255
Książka w mieście
...................................... 261
Kobiety a pismo
....................................... 267
Łacina i języki wernakularne
................................ 274
ZAKOŃCZENIE
......................................... 281
WYKAZ SKRÓTÓW
...................................... 289
BIBLIOGRAFIA
......................................... 292
SUMMARY
........................................... 320
SPIS ILUSTRACJI
....................................... 325
INDEKS OSOBOWY
..................................... 326
INDEKS GEOGRAFICZNY
................................. 344
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Bartoszewicz, Agnieszka 1966- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1156432359 |
| author_facet | Bartoszewicz, Agnieszka 1966- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Bartoszewicz, Agnieszka 1966- |
| author_variant | a b ab |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040650166 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)826560927 (DE-599)BVBBV040650166 |
| edition | Wyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1300-1500 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1300-1500 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4135952-5 Quelle gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Quelle |
| geographic | Polen Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV040650166 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:28:17Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788323509882 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025477076 |
| oclc_num | 826560927 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-B220 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-B220 |
| physical | 348 S. Ill. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Bartoszewicz, Agnieszka 1966- Verfasser (DE-588)1156432359 aut Piśmienność mieszczańska w późnośredniowiecznej Polsce Agnieszka Bartoszewicz Urban literacy in late medieval Poland Wyd. 1. Warszawa Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego 2012 348 S. Ill. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Urban literacy in late medieval Poland Geschichte 1300-1500 gnd rswk-swf Poland / History / Middle Ages / Urban population / Literacy / Written official, business communication / Professional clerks / Sources / Research / 14th-16th century Geschichte Alphabetisierung (DE-588)4068576-7 gnd rswk-swf Schrifttum (DE-588)4255550-4 gnd rswk-swf Bürgertum (DE-588)4069722-8 gnd rswk-swf Stadt (DE-588)4056723-0 gnd rswk-swf Polen Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4135952-5 Quelle gnd-content Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Bürgertum (DE-588)4069722-8 s Schrifttum (DE-588)4255550-4 s Geschichte 1300-1500 z DE-604 Stadt (DE-588)4056723-0 s Alphabetisierung (DE-588)4068576-7 s 1\p DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025477076&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025477076&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Bartoszewicz, Agnieszka 1966- Piśmienność mieszczańska w późnośredniowiecznej Polsce Poland / History / Middle Ages / Urban population / Literacy / Written official, business communication / Professional clerks / Sources / Research / 14th-16th century Geschichte Alphabetisierung (DE-588)4068576-7 gnd Schrifttum (DE-588)4255550-4 gnd Bürgertum (DE-588)4069722-8 gnd Stadt (DE-588)4056723-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4068576-7 (DE-588)4255550-4 (DE-588)4069722-8 (DE-588)4056723-0 (DE-588)4046496-9 (DE-588)4135952-5 |
| title | Piśmienność mieszczańska w późnośredniowiecznej Polsce |
| title_alt | Urban literacy in late medieval Poland |
| title_auth | Piśmienność mieszczańska w późnośredniowiecznej Polsce |
| title_exact_search | Piśmienność mieszczańska w późnośredniowiecznej Polsce |
| title_full | Piśmienność mieszczańska w późnośredniowiecznej Polsce Agnieszka Bartoszewicz |
| title_fullStr | Piśmienność mieszczańska w późnośredniowiecznej Polsce Agnieszka Bartoszewicz |
| title_full_unstemmed | Piśmienność mieszczańska w późnośredniowiecznej Polsce Agnieszka Bartoszewicz |
| title_short | Piśmienność mieszczańska w późnośredniowiecznej Polsce |
| title_sort | pismiennosc mieszczanska w poznosredniowiecznej polsce |
| topic | Poland / History / Middle Ages / Urban population / Literacy / Written official, business communication / Professional clerks / Sources / Research / 14th-16th century Geschichte Alphabetisierung (DE-588)4068576-7 gnd Schrifttum (DE-588)4255550-4 gnd Bürgertum (DE-588)4069722-8 gnd Stadt (DE-588)4056723-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Poland / History / Middle Ages / Urban population / Literacy / Written official, business communication / Professional clerks / Sources / Research / 14th-16th century Geschichte Alphabetisierung Schrifttum Bürgertum Stadt Polen Quelle |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025477076&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025477076&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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