Marko Natlačen (1886-1942) v zgodovinskem dogajanju:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | Slovenian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Ljubljana
Inštitut za Novejšo Zgodovino
2012
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Marko Natlačen in the historical context |
| Beschreibung: | 319 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804149745139056640 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | KAZALO
Zdenko
Čepič
Začetne misii
.......................................................................................................5
Mirko
Kovač
Življenjska pot dr. Marka Natlačena
.............................................................15
Jurij
Perovšek
Idejnopolitični profil
in deiovanje
do
leta
1929.............................................35
Jure
Gašparič
Deiovanje v
tridesetih letih
..............................................................................55
Miroslav Stiplovšek
Vodilni
funkcionar samouprave Ljubljanske
oblasti
(1927-1929)
in
Dravske banovine
(1935-1941)...................................................................67
Vida Deželak Barič
Ban Natiačen
ín
komunisti pred drugo svetovno vojno
...............................89
Mitja Sunčič
Gospodarsko življenje
v času
banovanja
Natlačena
....................................117
Dunja
Dobaja
Sociálna
in
zdravstvena problematika
v obdobju
Ljubljanske oblasti
in
Dravske banovine
......................................................................................137
Željko
Oset
Prosvetne razmere
v
obdobju banovanja
Natlačena
..................................157
Bojan Godeša
Natlačenovo deiovanje od aprila do septembra
1941.................................173
Jera
Vodušek Starič
Britanci, jugoslovanska vlada
v
begunstvu
in
Marko
Natlačen
................187
Boris Mlakar
Odnos slovenskega partizanskega gibanja do Marka
Natlačena
..............207
Stane Okoliš
Uboj Marka
Natlačena
in
streljanje
talcev v
Ljubljani
..............................219
3
Marko
Natlačen v
zgodovinskem dogajanju
Savin Jogan
Pravni
vidiki
delovan
j
a in ravnanja
Marka Natlačena
med okupacijo
................................................................................................259
Dr.
Marko Natlačen
in the Historical Context (Summary)
.........................287
Viri
in
literatura
.............................................................................................299
Kazalo osebnih imen
......................................................................................307
Avtorji
.............................................................................................................315
Summary
Dk
Marko Natlačen
in
the Historical Context
Summary
In the time between both world wars Dr.
Marko Natlačen
was one of the lead¬
ing Slovenian politicians. He was born in village
Mance in
the Zgornja Vipavska
dolina
valley (near Vipava) on the Easter Saturday,
24
April
1886,
in a poor peas¬
ant family as the sixth child of father Peter
(1834 - 1911)
and mother
Jožefa
(1833 - 1907).
Between
1875
and
1894
Peter and
Jožefa
had nine children, three
of whom died in their early childhood. The eldest son Janez remained at the farm
(1875 — 1964).
There is no detailed information about the schooling of
Marko
Natlačen
until the third year of the classical state general upper secondary school
(gymnasium) in
1901/02.
He was a good student. During his schooling in Ljublja¬
na he lived at
Alojzijevišče
at the Poljanska
cesta
street, an institution named after
saint Aloizij
Gonzaga,
patron of youth
(1568-1591),
which made it possible for
children from poor families to study at the
gymnasium.
During his schooling he
frequently published contributions, mostly personal narratives and descriptions
of the village and peasant life in his birthplace as well as distinctively religious
texts, in the
Domaće
vaj
e
gazette. Changes become apparent in the seventh year
of the gymnasium
(1905/06),
when most of his contributions started focusing on
social topics and differences between the rich and the poor.
Already as a pupil and student
Natlačen
was a member and functionary of
the Catholic organisations
Slovenska dijaška zveza
(League of Slovenian Pupils)
and
Danica
academic society. He soon established contacts with the Slovenian
People s Party leadership at the time. Between
1907
and
1912
he studied law at
the University of Vienna. As a good student he received the Knafelj scholarship
as of the academic year
1909/10.
Among the social and political issues he had
addressed until World War
I, Natlačen
paid most attention to the organisation of
the Catholic educational work. In the time until World War I or during its initial
stages he also expressed his opinion about the issue of the Austrian patriotism of
Slovenians. He welcomed the Austro-Hungarian declaration of war to the King¬
dom of Serbia on
28
July
1914.
After he had completed his studies he started his professional career as a law¬
yer s clerk for Dr. Ivan
Šušteršič,
attorney and leader of the Slovenian People s
Party. Later he was an apprentice of Dr. Vladislav
Pegan,
also one of the lead¬
ing men in the Slovenian People s Party. In
1919
he opened his own law firm. In
1912
he married
Vida
Kos,
who died soon after the birth of their second child in
1914.
His second marriage was to Antonija Vilfan from a wealthy family from
Črnuče pri Ljubljani. Natlačen s
son
Stanko
from his first marriage and
Marija
(1919-1983), Marko (1921-2005),
Anton
(1930)
and
Milena Neža
(1931)
from
289
Marko
Natlačen
(1886—1942):
vzgodovinskem dogajanju
his second marriage lived to adulthood.
Natlačen
led his family life as an attorney
and Ban in accordance with his Catholic principles.
After World War
I Natlačen
started affirming himself in the Slovenian People s
Party. In the
1
920s his political career took off. Before World War I he voiced his
disagreement with the ideas of the Marxist political camp or its representative
the Social Democratic Party. He also demonstrated his adherence to the Austrian
state and its ruler, just as after
1918
he firmly supported the Yugoslav state and
its king. Among the pre-war Catholic politicians,
Natlačen
was not known for
any radical viewpoints. In the period until
1929
he had proved himself in the
Slovenian public life as a devout Catholic and as a notably anti-liberally oriented
public and political worker. In accordance with the political doctrine of his party
he was a resolute opponent of liberalism as well as communism. This became
very apparent in the second half of the
1930s,
when political Catholicism strug¬
gled especially against communism as a world view. Between
1925
and
1927
he
was the president of Orel, a Catholic gymnastic society established before World
War I as a counterpoise to the liberal
Sokoli
organisation. Since
1926
Natlačen
was a vice-president of the Slovenian People s Party, which in fact made him the
head of the party in Slovenia, as its president Dr. Anton
Korošec
mostly stayed in
Belgrade. He also became one of the top representatives of the civilian authorities
in Slovenia. In the Logatec district, after taking over as the vice-president of the
Slovenian People s Party,
Natlačen
was elected into the Ljubljana Administra¬
tive Unit Assembly. In January
1927
Natlačen
was elected into the Assembly of
the Ljubljana Administrative Unit (one of the two administrative-territorial units
which Slovenia was divided into at the time), which he led, together with its regu¬
latory body the Ljubljana Administrative Unit Committee, until the introduction
of King Alexander s Dictatorship on
6
January
1929.
After the self-government
bodies had been abolished with the King s Dictatorship, he was a commissioner
of the Ljubljana Administrative Unit Self-government until the autumn of
1929.
By carrying out these functions
Natlačen
played an important role for three years,
not only in the operations of the Ljubljana Administrative Unit Self-government,
but also in the
Maribor
Administrative Unit. Thanks to his efforts the financial sit¬
uation of all economic, social, educational and cultural activities and institutions
in the Ljubljana Administrative Unit Self-government, taken over from the state
to a larger extent than in other administrative unit self-governments, improved.
The tasks of the Ljubljana Administrative Unit Self-government were carried out
most successfully in the country, and his contributions were also relevant for the
Maribor
Administrative Unit Self-government.
In the years between
1927
and
1929
Natlačen,
obviously a man of consider¬
able talent for detailed political and administrative work, asserted himself notably
in the Slovenian social and political life as one of the most prominent representa¬
tives of the Slovenian People s Party and president of the Ljubljana Administra¬
tive Unit Assembly and its executive body, the Administrative Unit Committee.
This was also the basis for his visible role in resolving the important issues of the
290
Summary
further political and socio-economic development in Slovenia. Throughout his
career
Natlačen
consistently expressed his support of the national emancipation
in light of the key questions of the Slovenian national policies of the
1920s.
In the
1930s,
in Yugoslavia, Dr.
Marko Natlačen
was a high-ranking and vis¬
ible politician of the Slovenian People s Party, officially forbidden but still active
and still the strongest Slovenian political party. His otherwise forbidden party
initially cooperated with the King s regime pragmatically, but then gradually dis¬
tanced itself from him and became a strong and resolute opposition. During these
difficult times in opposition
Natlačen
carried out two kinds of political tasks. As
a member of the inner-circle leadership he was a kind of an operative, while as
an attorney he tried to provide legal protection for the politically accused sympa¬
thisers of the former Slovenian People s Party.
Natlačen
cannot be linked to the
outlining of the important tactical moves of the Slovenian Political Party, giving
meaning to political reforms, or seeking insightful political solutions in the first
half of the
1930s.
He was mostly active at the executive level. In the beginning
of
1933
he was confined to
Bileća, Gacka
and Sarajevo for
21
months. After
his return to Slovenia he became the Ban of the
Drava
Báñate
in
1935
when his
party, which became a part of the regime of the state-wide Yugoslav Radical As¬
sociation (Serbian radicals, Slovenian Catholics, Bosnian Muslims), reclaimed
the power. In September
1935
Natlačen
became the Ban of the
Drava
Báñate,
and this function also involved the leadership of the Ban s Council, which was
simply a consultative body for the outlining of the Banate budget for economic,
social, health, educational and cultural activities. At Natlacen s proposal
Korošec,
the new Minister of the Interior, appointed
44
Ban s Councillors, belonging to
the Catholic or the regime political camp exclusively.
Natlačen
took over the
nominally important role of the
Drava
Banate Ban. Thus he was certainly the first
and foremost politician of the
Drava
Banate with formally restricted but infor¬
mally considerable powers. In the second half of the
1930s
Natlačen
managed to
increase the Banate budget by more than a half, which was now realistically the
highest in the state. He was also able to secure considerable loans and resources
from the state funds for the improvement of the financial situation of the Banate s
activities and institutions or for the successful development of Slovenia. He fo¬
cused diligently on the Banate and its everyday problems, preserving the power
monopoly of the Slovenian People s Party in all fields. His most radical demand
was the demand for the establishment of an autonomous Slovenian Banate in
1940,
which was not realised, though. During Natlacen s authority in the end of
the
1920s
and in the second half of the next decade certain aspects of Slovenian
autonomy were introduced. Politically he followed the declared line of his party.
In public he emphasised that everyone had to serve three ideals: faith in God, love
of the nation and love of the state.
Natlačen
may have belonged to the innermost
circle of the Slovenian People s Party leadership, but he did not seem to be the
shaper of its policies
—
he was not a man to draw up the political concepts. Thus
he was not the originator and shaper of concepts, he was simply an executor, a
291
Marko
Natlačen
(1886-1942):
v
zgodovinskem dogajanju
party member who carried out his duties diligently, efficiently and with dedica¬
tion.
Natlačen
was primarily a capable executive body. However, after the attack
against Yugoslavia and the occupation in April
1941
he was the only notable poli¬
tician from the ranks of the Slovenian People s Party in Ljubljana. At the same
time he certainly symbolised the former regime due to his important function as
a Ban.
In the period since the mid-
1930s,
while Dr.
Marko Natlačen
was the Ban of
the
Drava
Báñate,
the ruling Yugoslav Radical Association (with the former Slo¬
venian People s Party as its integral part) and the Communist Party of Yugosla¬
via (Slovenia) confronted each other in the political field. The Communist Party
consolidated its ranks after the severe blows sustained due to the introduction
of the January 6th Dictatorship. The Ban and his administration had to face new
challenges in their efforts to restrict the communist activities, as the communists
changed their methods of operations and their ideological and political orienta¬
tions. Legal methods of work, based partly on the wider layers of the popula¬
tion or the policy of the people s front, were characteristic for them. The regime
kept monitoring the communist operations and tried to restrict them by arresting
communists, limiting or preventing their activities in the workers and other or¬
ganisations, preventing them from publishing their texts, and so on. The resolve
to prevent the communist activities was enhanced by the Yugoslav regime, espe¬
cially after World War II started in Europe, which was evident from the establish¬
ment of concentration camps. In the beginning of
1940
and
1941
the question of
the communist activities was also addressed at the
Drava
Báñate
Ban s Council
meetings. While the regime restricted the communist activities largely from the
viewpoint of their potential danger, the communists based their efforts on the real
social, political and national problems of the Slovenian society or nation. The
demands for the improved social position of the workers, warnings against the
fascist danger and the demands for the implementation of the basic standards of
democracy paved the communists path into the public realm. Propaganda was
an important means of their operations, often characterised by extremely severe
and class-oriented anti-regime rhetoric, also critical of Ban Dr.
Marko Natlačen.
Marko Natlačen
became a Ban in the time after the economic crisis, which
was a part of the global Great Depression. During his authority Slovenian econ¬
omy gradually gained momentum. The economic crisis had a strong negative
impact on the middle classes (merchants and tradesmen, while industrialists were
not affected so severely) due to their dependence on the purchasing power. Pur¬
chasing power decreased severely: the peasants (with
60 %
in the
1930s
they
still represented the majority of the population) were adversely affected by the
decreasing prices of their products as well as by the dwindling prices of wood,
while during and even after the crisis the workers suffered due to unemployment
and reduction in wages. Not even in the end of the
1930s
did the wages reach the
pre-crisis level, while the prices kept increasing since the end of the crisis due to
the recovering economy. The consequences of the economic crisis were mostly
292
Summary
evident from the steep decline in the number of registered companies. The num¬
ber of dissolved companies exceeded the number of new ones. The consequences
of diminished consumption were obvious from the living standard with poorer
nutrition, reduced consumption of certain foodstuffs (sugar, fruit, etc.) which be¬
came a luxury, increasing number of cheap establishments, and malnutrition of
children and youth.
During
Natlačen s
administration and the successful implementation of the
Slovenian autonomy the social and health issues were one of the most evident
fields of his efforts. He pursued these issues resolutely, because he was aware
that these two areas were very important and that he had to do everything in his
power to improve the situation. In his negotiations about taking over the jurisdic¬
tion in the aforementioned two fields with the central authorities
Natlačen
proved
to be a persistent and pragmatic politician, aware of the significance of getting
the health and social institutions under the jurisdiction of Slovenian bodies. The
Ban and the Ban s Administration paid much attention to youth care (care for the
impoverished children in the institutions, in the country
-
foster care, vacation
colonies, rest homes, apprentice care, school kitchen support, purchase of clothes
and footwear for Christmas, and so on). He also focused on the situation of the
workers and proposed the initiative to establish an institution of social assistants.
In the field of education three issues were vital at the time of Ban
Marko
Natlačen s
administration: schools, efforts to establish the Academy of Science
and Arts in Ljubljana in August
1938,
and the establishment of the Academy of
Music
(1937-1940).
The educational system lied at the core of education policy,
addressing the issues of the general situation in the national, bourgeois and sec¬
ondary schools, appointment of teachers with regard to their world view orienta¬
tion, disciplinary transfers, the attitude of the Ban s Administration to minority
schooling and the
Sokoli
society, and the intensifying ideological standpoints of
the Ban s Administration with regard to disciplinary measures after
1939.
The
situation involved the strengthening of the party interests of the Yugoslav Radical
Association or the Slovenian People s Party in Slovenia as well as the manifes¬
tation of the successful Slovenian part of the Yugoslav Radical Association in
Belgrade.
During World War II
-
since the Axis launched an attack against Yugoslavia
and until his death in October
1942 -
Dr.
Marko Natlačen
played a special role.
His actions at this time shed a mostly negative light on him, casting him in a spe¬
cial historical role of a Slovenian collaborator.
At the beginning of World War II in Slovenia, immediately after the occupa¬
tion,
Marko Natlačen
played a special role. He wanted to assert himself in the
role of a quisling, a collaborator, by seeking to cooperate with the German and
then the Italian occupiers, which he established genuine relations with. Despite
conscious collaboration he did not succeed in becoming a quisling. From Sep¬
tember
1941
to his death in October
1942
he was seemingly not as active politi¬
cally. However, he shaped the Slovenian People s Party politics with regard to its
293
Marko
Natlačen
(1886-1942):
v
zgodovinskem dogajanju
attitude to the Yugoslav state. He proceeded from the idea of independence under
the occupiers patronage to acknowledging the restoration of the Yugoslav state.
In April
1941,
when Yugoslavia was pulled into the maelstrom of World War
II after the Axis had launched an attack on it,
Natlačen strived
for the establish¬
ment of the Slovenian state under the protection of the Axis powers in the context
of the strategic deliberation of the Slovenian People s Party leadership about how
to proceed in case of the (expected) occupation. This was related to the decision
of the Slovenian People s Party leaders and members of the Yugoslav govern¬
ment at the time (president general
Dušan Simović),
Fran Kulovec and Miha
Krek.
On
5
April
1941 -
a day before the attack against Yugoslavia
-
Kulovec
and
Krek
tried to achieve the formation of a joint Slovenian-Croatian state or an
independent Slovenian state under the German protection by contacting the Ger¬
man authorities through the Slovak intermediary in Belgrade. The main burden
of the wrongful political orientation of the Slovenian People s Party in the critical
days of April, whose initiator was Kulovec, fell on
Natlačen,
who was actually
quite lost in his political role of the highest representative of the Slovenian Peo¬
ple s Party in Slovenia.
Natlačen s
initiative involving an independent Slovenian
state under the German protection was unsuccessful due to Hitler s objections.
Therefore
Natlačen
tried to discuss this with the Italians and arrange for a similar
resolution of the Slovenian question as in the case of Slovakia and Independent
State of Croatia (a Slovenian state led by him), and was unsuccessful yet again.
At first he was even disappointed because he was not able to acquire a position
of a quisling. As a Ban who had formed the National Council at the beginning of
the war by appointing representatives of all legal political parties in Slovenia, on
18
April he turned the civilian authority over to the Italian civilian commissioner,
while he himself remained politically active, cooperating with the Italian occu¬
pation authorities. After the establishment of the Ljubljana Province, where the
cultural autonomy of Slovenians was formally ensured and which was annexed
to the fascist Italy in the beginning of May
1941,
Natlačen
was appointed for the
consultative body of the new Italian province, the so-called
Consulta.
Natlačen
welcomed and acknowledged the annexation of the Ljubljana Province, although
the act constituted a breach of the international law. When in the beginning of the
autumn
1941
Natlačen
gradually realised that his policy was wrong, he tried to
distance himself from it. He resigned from
Consulta
and formally retreated from
the political life. He wrote a lengthy report on his political actions during the first
months of the occupation, trying to justify his actions as a Ban and his collabora¬
tion with the occupiers, and sent it to the Yugoslav government-in-exile through
secret channels. Despite his resignation from
Consulta
and the fact that he was se¬
verely compromised and completely discredited in the moral and political sense
with the British as well as with the Yugoslav government (as a politician he was a
disputable and illegitimate person, as far as they were concerned), he managed to
retain the leading position in his party thanks to the situation in Slovenia.
The British, who protected the Yugoslav government, including two ministers
294
Summary
from the ranks of the Slovenian People s Party which was reluctant to accept the
political
reorientation
from the Axis powers towards the British, followed the
developments in Yugoslavia. They paid considerable attention to the situation
in Serbia, where under the conditions of the occupation a civil war broke out
between the supporters of the King
(Mihailović)
and the resistance led by the
communists (Tito), and had their mission in Serbia and in Croatia. The British
may have been unable to evaluate the situation in Slovenia and Croatia properly,
as they lacked direct information. However, they were nevertheless familiar with
the actions or attitude of
Marko Natlačen
to the Italian occupiers. In these circum¬
stances Miha
Krek,
a Slovenian politician, vice-president of the Yugoslav gov¬
ernment in London and an informal leader of the Slovenian People s Party, tried
to pass the materials he regularly received from the occupied Slovenia through
various channels on to the British as diligently as he could. He could only regret
to inform them that in Slovenia the Axis powers were mostly opposed by the
Liberation Front. After the Slovenian Covenant, a coalition of bourgeois parties
opposing the resistance against the occupiers, established in the spring of
1942,
informed him that in the conflict between the Axis powers and the partisans they
were more favourably inclined towards collaborating with the Italians (a course
of action also supported by
Natlačen),
Krek
dissuaded them from such actions
resolutely. Nevertheless, the situation in Slovenia proceeded on its own and the
number of reports of collaboration was increasing. Already in the end of
1942
the British deemed the Slovenian People s Party policies, co-shaped by
Natlačen
even after his formal retreat from political activities, as hostile.
The British, however, were not the only ones with a reserved attitude to¬
wards Dr.
Marko Natlačen
and his relations with the Italians. It was obvious that
he as a leading member of the pre-war bourgeois party elite, especially as the last
Ban of the
Drava
Báñate,
would be under the scrutiny of his political opponents
at the time, especially the communists. The communists were very critical of him
even before the war. During the dissolution of Yugoslavia due to the war of April
1941
and his dubious activities at the time this criticism became increasingly
severe, counting
Natlačen
without any reservations among the so-called national
traitors or among the ranks of the »Slovenian capitalist classes«, supposedly re¬
sponsible for the horrible national disaster, that is, the occupation. This criticism
became even louder when he showed a lot of opportunism in his attitude towards
the Italian commissioner as well as
Benito
Mussolini during the annexation of the
Ljubljana Province, a part of Slovenia occupied by Italy. In the eyes of the Ital¬
ian occupation authorities
Natlačen,
as a former Ban, certainly represented their
primary and logical Slovenian contact. He agreed with it and tried to persuade the
Italian authorities to establish a special quisling entity with him at the helm. He
was not able to achieve that: the Italians integrated the Ljubljana Province into
the context of their own state, appointing
Natlačen
for the
Consulta
consultative
body as one of its fourteen members. In the autumn of
1941
the former Ban may
have resigned from the
Consulta
due to his disagreement with the Italian way
295
Marko
Natlačen
(1886—1942):
v
zgodovinskem dogajanju
of stifling the nascent resistance. However, this move of
Natlačen s
was seen
as a necessity due to the »increasing national political barometer« among the
Slovenians. Apart from the aforementioned opportunistic moves, such relations
only strengthened the opinion that
Natlačen
was a traitor, especially in the eyes
of the communist leadership of the resistance movement. In accordance with the
communist tactics employed with regard to their Slovenian opponents, an idea of
eliminating
Natlačen
emerged quite early on, as soon as in September
1941,
but
it was not carried out at the time. The plan was revisited in the spring of
1942,
but
was opposed at the time by certain important members of the Liberation Front
leadership, for example
Josip
Vidmar and
Edvard
Kocbek. In the summer of
1942
Natlačen
was subject to
carenai
surveillance by the partisan Security Intelligence
Service, which failed to establish
Natlačen s
involvement in organising any ac¬
tive or even military activities against the partisans. However, the opinion of the
Communist Party leadership and the Security Intelligence Service with regard to
Natlačen s
execution changed in the end of September
1942,
when a fatal deci¬
sion was reached. Thus Dr.
Marko Natlačen
was shot in his house in Ljubljana on
13
October
1942.
The killing of Dr.
Marko Natlačen,
carried out by the Security Intelligence
Service of the liberation movement, was the most ambitious elimination opera¬
tion in the wartime Ljubljana. It was achieved through deception and the assassin
managed to escape. In order to retaliate, on the next day the Italian occupiers shot
the largest group of hostages in the Ljubljana Province during the Italian occupa¬
tion in front of
Natlačen s
house.
24
hostages were killed. Due to the increasing
number of assassinations carried out by the liberation movement in the Ljubljana
Province, in a public proclamation on
24
April
1942
the highest representatives
of the military and civilian occupation authorities in Ljubljana, the commander
of the 11th Army Corps general Mario Robotti and senior commissioner
Emilio
Grazioli, threatened to shoot hostages. The Italian threats failed to put an end
to partisan attacks in the rural areas or to the Security Intelligence Service as¬
sassinations of the Slovenian occupier s collaborators (ideological and political
opponents of the liberation movement) in Ljubljana, and the assassins were usu¬
ally untraceable. Therefore the Italian occupation authorities
-
after each new
threat to kill one of them or any other Slovenian civilians
-
gathered people they
had in custody (their number depended on the importance of the assassination)
and started shooting them as hostages. Due to the threat of the Italian occupa¬
tion authorities to execute hostages from the ranks of the Slovenian cultural and
scientific life (this was the type of people they had in custody to this end), should
the killings of important politicians, opponents of the liberation movement and
occupier s collaborators continue, the leadership of the liberation movement sus¬
pended all further eliminations of their political opponents despite their consider¬
able political success.
The Security Intelligence Service gathered a lot
ofinformation
about
Natlačen,
who had supported and called for armed collaboration, even if it was mostly
296
Summary
useless and without any real evidence which could result in an »indictment«.
Natlačen
s
direct cooperation with the occupation authorities after September
1941
was not proved. However, his assassination represented an important politi¬
cal action for the opponents of the liberation movement, since the gap between
the Liberation Front and the anti-communist action even increased, bringing the
clericalists and liberals even closer in their opposition of the liberation movement
violence in Ljubljana (the killing of collaborators).
In his political actions at the onset of war, when the Yugoslav state was at¬
tacked, and in the beginning of the occupation as well as after it, Dr.
Marko
Natlačen
as a Ban, president of the National Council and member of the
Con¬
sulta,
made a number of legal mistakes with regard to the international military
and neutral law as well as to the provisions of the Yugoslav criminal laws. As far
as the international military and neutral law as well as the Criminal Code of the
Yugoslav state were concerned (which
Natlačen
represented in front of the oc¬
cupiers as its high-ranking official),
Natlačen
was at least morally responsible for
his inappropriate actions during his contacts with the Italian military and civilian
authorities. Furthermore, he was responsible for inappropriate behaviour and ac¬
tions during the gathering of the volunteers for the defence from the attackers.
Instead of encouraging his side and providing assistance in the organisation of the
volunteer resistance, he called for peace and order, claiming that at that moment
the greatest sin against the nation would be if civilians engaged in armed conflicts
with a foreign military force. He started collaborating openly with the occupation
authorities. His membership in the
Consulta
had the same implications. In his ac¬
tions and relationship with the occupiers
Natlačen
committed a few acts defined
as crimes against the existence of the state and its regime by the Criminal Code
of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. By turning to the Germans with the idea of them
occupying the whole of the Slovenian territory and annexing it to the Tripartite
Pact, where this territory would enjoy a kind of an autonomy under his own
leadership,
Natlačen
committed treason as defined by the Criminal Code of the
Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Furthermore, his opposition to the demolition of infra¬
structure (bridges, roads) in order to hinder the attackers advance also constituted
a crime according to the Yugoslav legislation.
Natlačen s
actions during the attack
against Yugoslavia and in the first days of the war until the occupation involved
numerous breaches of the criminal law. His party colleagues, who had sought
the protection of the British, were aware of it, which is why they were forced to
distance themselves from
Natlačen
and his policies.
Prevod
Borut Praper
297
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040633270 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 4640 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)823254290 (DE-599)BVBBV040633270 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Slovenija / Zgodovina / 1918-1942 / Zborniki ssg |
| geographic_facet | Slovenija / Zgodovina / 1918-1942 / Zborniki |
| id | DE-604.BV040633270 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:27:54Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | Slovenian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025460484 |
| oclc_num | 823254290 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| physical | 319 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Inštitut za Novejšo Zgodovino |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Marko Natlačen (1886-1942) v zgodovinskem dogajanju uredil Zdenko Čepič Ljubljana Inštitut za Novejšo Zgodovino 2012 319 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Marko Natlačen in the historical context Natlačen, Marko / 1886-1942 / Biografije ssg Natlačen, Marko 1886-1942 (DE-588)136847218 gnd rswk-swf Slovenci / 20.st / slovenski politiki Svetovna vojna 1939-1945 / Slovenija / 1941-1942 / Zborniki ssg Slovenija / Zgodovina / 1918-1942 / Zborniki ssg (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Natlačen, Marko 1886-1942 (DE-588)136847218 p DE-604 Čepič, Zdenko Sonstige oth Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025460484&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025460484&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Marko Natlačen (1886-1942) v zgodovinskem dogajanju Natlačen, Marko / 1886-1942 / Biografije ssg Natlačen, Marko 1886-1942 (DE-588)136847218 gnd Slovenci / 20.st / slovenski politiki Svetovna vojna 1939-1945 / Slovenija / 1941-1942 / Zborniki ssg |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)136847218 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Marko Natlačen (1886-1942) v zgodovinskem dogajanju |
| title_auth | Marko Natlačen (1886-1942) v zgodovinskem dogajanju |
| title_exact_search | Marko Natlačen (1886-1942) v zgodovinskem dogajanju |
| title_full | Marko Natlačen (1886-1942) v zgodovinskem dogajanju uredil Zdenko Čepič |
| title_fullStr | Marko Natlačen (1886-1942) v zgodovinskem dogajanju uredil Zdenko Čepič |
| title_full_unstemmed | Marko Natlačen (1886-1942) v zgodovinskem dogajanju uredil Zdenko Čepič |
| title_short | Marko Natlačen (1886-1942) v zgodovinskem dogajanju |
| title_sort | marko natlacen 1886 1942 v zgodovinskem dogajanju |
| topic | Natlačen, Marko / 1886-1942 / Biografije ssg Natlačen, Marko 1886-1942 (DE-588)136847218 gnd Slovenci / 20.st / slovenski politiki Svetovna vojna 1939-1945 / Slovenija / 1941-1942 / Zborniki ssg |
| topic_facet | Natlačen, Marko / 1886-1942 / Biografije Natlačen, Marko 1886-1942 Slovenci / 20.st / slovenski politiki Svetovna vojna 1939-1945 / Slovenija / 1941-1942 / Zborniki Slovenija / Zgodovina / 1918-1942 / Zborniki Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025460484&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025460484&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT cepiczdenko markonatlacen18861942vzgodovinskemdogajanju |