Verfügbarkeit: Understanding torts

Understanding torts:

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Hauptverfasser:	Diamond, John L. (VerfasserIn), Levine, Lawrence C. (VerfasserIn), Bernstein, Anita (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	New Providence, NJ [u.a.] LexisNexis 2010
Ausgabe:	4. ed.
Schriftenreihe:	Understanding series
Schlagworte:	Torts > United States Unerlaubte Handlung USA
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	Getr. Zählung
ISBN:	9781422476451 1422476456

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MARC


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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Table of Contents Chapter 1 INTENTIONAL INTERFERENCE WITH PERSONS AND PROPERTY .................................. 1 § 1.01 INTENT ..............................................3 [A] Overview and Definition .................................3 [B] Intent as Desire ......................................3 [C] Intent as Substantial Certainty ........................... 3 [D] Transferred Intent ..................................... 4 [E] The Mistake Doctrine ................................... 5 [F] Insanity and Infancy .................................... 6 § 1.02 BATTERY ............................................ 6 [A] Overview and Definition .................................6 [B] Intent Requirement .....................................7 fC] Harmful or Offensive Contact ............................. 8 [D] Causation ........................................... 9 [E] Policy Rationale .......................................9 § 1.03 ASSAULT ............................................ 9 f A] Overview ........................................... 9 [B] Definition .......................................... 10 [1] Intent Requirement .................................. 10 [2] Apprehension ...................................... 10 [3] Imminent Harmful or Offensive Contact ................... 11 [4] Reasonable Apprehension ............................. 12 [5] Fear versus Apprehension ............................. 12 [6] Conditional Assault .................................. 12 [7] Source of the Contact ................................ 13 fC] Justifications for the Tort ................................ 13 [1] Moral Justifications .................................. 13 [2] Compensation Rationale .............................. 13 [3] Deterrence Rationale ................................. 14 § 1.04 FALSE IMPRISONMENT ................................ 14 [A] Overview and Definition ................................ 14 [B] Bounded Area ....................................... 15 [C] Means of Confinement or Restraint ........................ 15 [1] Physical Barrier .................................... 15 [2] Force or Threat of Immediate Force ...................... 15 [3] Omissions ........................................ 16 [4] Improper Assertion of Legal Authority (False Arrest) .......... 16 [D] Contrast With Malicious Prosecution and Abuse of Process ....... 17 [E] Consciousness of Confinement ........................... 17 ix Table of Contents [F] No Minimum Time .................................... 18 [G] Transferred Intent..................................... 18 [H] Policy Issues ........................................ 18 § 1.05 TRESPASS TO CHATTEL AND CONVERSION ............... 19 [A] Overview .......................................... 19 [B] Definition of Trespass to Chattel .......................... 19 [1] Bad Faith Not Required ............................... 19 [2] Actual Damage, Substantial Deprivation, or Dispossession Required ......................................... 20 [3] Transferred Intent ................................... 21 [C] Definition of Conversion ................................ 21 § 1.06 INTENTIONAL INFLICTION OF MENTAL DISTRESS ......... 22 [A] Overview .......................................... 22 [B] History ............................................ 22 [C] Definition .......................................... 23 [1] Extreme and Outrageous Conduct ........................ 23 [a] Sexual Harassment and Racial Epithets .................. 24 [b] Constitutional Limits ............................... 25 [2] Intent or Recklessness to Cause Severe Mental Distress ........ 26 [3] Severe Mental Distress ............................... 26 [D] Third-Party Recovery .................................. 27 [E] Exception for Innkeepers, Common Carriers, and Other Public Utilities ............................................ 28 [F] Policy Rationales ..................................... 28 Chapter 2_________ DEFENSES TO INTENTIONAL TORTS ........... 31 § 2.01 CONSENT ........................................... 32 [A] Overview .......................................... 32 [B] Express and Implied Manifestations of Consent ................ 32 [C] Consent by Law ...................................... 33 [D] Invalidating Manifestations of Consent ...................... 33 [1] Incapacity ........................................ 33 [2] Action Beyond Scope of Consent ........................ 33 [3] Fraud ............................................ 34 [4] Duress ........................................... 34 [5] Illegality ......................................... 34 § 2.02 SELF-DEFENSE .........................,............. 35 [A] Overview and Definition ................................ 35 [B] The Threat Must Be Immediate ........................... 35 [C] The Victim s Response Must Be Reasonable .................. 36 [D] The Obligation to Retreat From Deadly Force ................. 36 § 2.03 DEFENSE OF OTHERS ................................. 37 χ Table of Contents [A] Overview .......................................... 37 [B] Limited Privilege Rule ................................. 37 [C] Restatement Rule ..................................... 37 [D] Competing Policy Considerations ......................... 38 § 2.04 DEFENSE AND RECOVERY OF PROPERTY ................. 38 [A] Overview .......................................... 38 [B] Reasonable Force ..................................... 38 [C] Force Against a Privileged Party .......................... 39 [D] Defense of Habitation .................................. 39 [E] Mechanical Devices ................................... 39 [F] Recovery of Personal Property ............................ 40 § 2.05 NECESSITY .......................................... 41 [A] Overview and Definition ................................ 41 [B] Private Necessity ..................................... 41 [C] Public Necessity ...................................... 42 [D] Intentional Injury and Killing ............................ 43 Chapter 3 THE NEGLIGENCE CONCEPT AND THE __________________ REASONABLE PERSON STANDARD OF CARE ____ 45 § 3.01 OVERVIEW .......................................... 45 § 3.02 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT ........................... 46 § 3.03 THE STANDARD OF CARE .............................. 46 § 3.04 THE REASONABLE PERSON ............................ 47 [A] The Characteristics of the Reasonable Person ................. 49 [B] Flexibility in the Reasonable Person Standard ................. 50 [1] Emergency ........................................ 51 [2] Physical Conditions .................................. 52 [3] Mental Conditions ................................... 53 [4] The Effect of Superior Abilities, Skill, or Knowledge .......... 55 [C] Gender Bias in the Reasonable Person Standard ............... 56 § 3.05 THE CHILD STANDARD OF CARE ........................58 § 3.06 DEGREES OF NEGLIGENCE .............................59 Chapter 4 THE DETERMINATION OF UNREASONABLENESS: BREACH OF DUTY, CUSTOM, AND THE ROLE OF THE __________________ JURY ......................................61 § 4.01 OVERVIEW .......................................... 61 § 4.02 THE RISK CALCULUS ................................. 62 [A] Probability .......................................... 63 [B] Magnitude of the Loss ................................. 64 [C] Burden of Avoidance .................................. 65 [D] Value of the Hand Formula .............................. 66 xi Table of Contents § 4.03 THE ROLE OF CUSTOM ................................ 68 [A] Deviation from Custom .................................68 [B] Compliance with Custom ............................... 69 § 4.04 THE ROLE OF THE JURY ............................... 69 Chapter 5 PROOF OF BREACH ..........................73 § 5.01 OVERVIEW ..........................................73 § 5.02 KINDS OF EVIDENCE ..................................74 § 5.03 SLIP AND FALL CASES AND THE ROLE OF CONSTRUCTIVE NOTICE .............................................75 § 5.04 RES IPSA LOQUITUR ...................................76 [A] Byrne v. Boadle ...................................... 77 [B] Probably Negligence .................................. 77 [C] Probably the Defendant .................................78 [D] The Outer Reaches of Res Ipsa Loquitur — Ybarra v. Spangard.....80 [E] The Effect and Value of Res Ipsa Loquitur ................... 81 [F] The Role of the Defendant s Superior Knowledge .............. 82 Chapter 6 STATUTORY STANDARDS OF CARE — NEGLIGENCE PERSE ...................... 85 § 6.01 OVERVIEW .......................................... 85 § 6.02 FACTORS USED FOR DETERMINING THE PROPRIETY OF ADOPTING A STATUTE AS THE STANDARD OF CARE ....... 86 [A] Type of Harm ....................................... 87 [B] Plaintiff in Protected Class .............................. 88 [C] Licensing Statutes .................................... 88 § 6.03 EFFECTS OF NON-ADOPTION AND ADOPTION OF STATUTE . . 88 [A] Effects of Non- Adoption of a Statute ....................... 88 [B] Effects of Adoption of the Statute and Statutory Violation ........ 89 § 6.04 THE ROLE OF EXCUSE ................................ 89 § 6.05 NEGLIGENCE PER SE AND CHILDREN .................... 90 § 6.06 COMPLIANCE WITH STATUTE .......................... 91 § 6.07 CRITICISMS OF THE NEGLIGENCE PER SE DOCTRINE ....... 91 Chapter 7 PROFESSIONAL NEGLIGENCE ................ 93 § 7.01 OVERVIEW .......................................... 93 § 7.02 MEDICAL MALPRACTICE .............................. 94 [A] Alternative Approaches to the Practice of Medicine ............. 95 [B] Proof Issues in Medical Malpractice ........................ 96 [1] Expert Witnesses ................................... 96 [2] The Common Knowledge Exception and Res Ipsa Loquitur ..... 98 xii Table of Contents § 7.03 INFORMED CONSENT ................................. 98 [A] Battery ............................................ 99 [B] Negligence ......................................... 99 [1] The Physician Rule ................................. 100 [2] The Patient Rule ................................... 100 [C] Extensions of the Informed Consent Doctrine ................ 102 § 7.04 ATTORNEY MALPRACTICE ............................ 103 Chapter 8 DUTY IN NEGLIGENCE CASES ................ 105 § 8.01 OVERVIEW ......................................... 105 § 8.02 NONFEASANCE ..................................... 107 [A] Duty to Rescue ...................................... 108 [1] Creating the Peril .................................. 110 [2] Special Relationships ................................ Ill [3] Undertaking to Act and Reliance ........................ Ill [4] Contract ......................................... 113 [5] Conclusion ....................................... 113 [B] Duty to Control and to Protect ........................... 113 [1] Duty to Control .................................... 114 [a] Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California ............ 115 [b] Suppliers of Liquor ............................... 117 [c] Negligent Entrastment ............................. 118 [2] Duty to Protect .................................... 119 [a] Landlord Duty to Protect ..........·.................. 119 [b] Business Duty to Protect ............................ 120 [c] Police Duty to Protect and the Public Duty Doctrine ........ 122 [i] Police Duty ................................... 122 [ii] The Public Duty Doctrine in Other Contexts ............ 124 § 8.03 THE LIMITS OF THE MISFEASANCE/NONFEASANCE DISTINCTION ....................................... 124 § 8.04 THE FORESEEABLE PLAINTIFF REQUIREMENT ........... 125 § 8.05 CONCLUSION ....................................... 127 Chapter 9_________ LAND OCCUPIER DUTY ..................... 129 § 9.01 OVERVIEW ......................................... 129 § 9.02 THE COMMON LAW STATUS APPROACH ................ 130 [A] Trespassers ........................................ 130 [1] Frequent or Known Trespassers ........................ 131 [2] Child Trespassers .................................. 132 [B] Licensees .......................................... 134 [C] Invitees ........................................... 135 xiii Table of Contents [D] Determining Status ................................... 136 § 9.03 THE UNITARY STANDARD ............................ 138 § 9.04 LAND POSSESSOR DUTY TO THOSE OUTSIDE THE LAND ... 140 § 9.05 LANDLORD-TENANT RELATIONS ...................... 141 Chapter 10 DUTY LIMITED BY KIND OF HARM ............ 143 § 10.01 NEGLIGENT INFLICTION OF EMOTIONAL DISTRESS ....... 144 [A] Overview .......................................... 144 [B] Direct Actions ...................................... 145 [1] The Impact Rule ................................... 145 [2] Risk of Impact Rule — The Zone of Danger ............... 146 [3] Special Cases ..................................... 146 [4] Broadest Direct Recovery ............................ 147 [5] Recovery for Fear of Future Physical Harm ................ 148 [6] Conclusion ....................................... 149 [C] Bystander Actions ................................... 149 [1] Zone of Danger .................................... 150 [2] Dillon v. Legg: Minority Rule .......................... 150 [3] The Second Restatement Position ....................... 152 [4] Policy Considerations ............................... 153 § 10.02 WRONGFUL CONCEPTION, WRONGFUL BIRTH, AND WRONGFUL LIFE .................................... 154 [A] Overview .......................................... 154 [B] Wrongful Conception ................................. 155 [C] Wrongful Birth ...................................... 157 [D] Wrongful Life ...................................... 158 [E] Conclusion ........................................ 159 § 10.03 LOSS OF CONSORTIUM, WRONGFUL DEATH, AND SURVIVAL ......................................... 160 [A] Overview .......................................... 160 [B] Loss of Consortium .................................. 160 [C] Wrongful Death ..................................... 162 [1] Who May Recover ................................. 163 [2] Recoverable Damages ............................... 163 [3] Proof Problems .................................... 164 [4] Defenses ........................................ 165 [D] Survival Actions ..................................... 165 § 10.04 NEGLIGENTLY INFLICTED ECONOMIC LOSS ............. 166 [A] Overview .......................................... 166 [B] Pure Economic Loss .................................. 167 [C] Liability of Negligent Information Suppliers ................. 169 [1] Quasi-Privity ..................................... 171 xiv Table of Contents [2] Restatement Section 552............................. 172 [3] Foreseeability Approach ............................. 172 [4] Debating Which Approach Is Best ...................... 173 [D] Attorney Liability .................................... 175 Chapter 11 CAUSE-IN-FACT ............................ 177 § 11.01 OVERVIEW ......................................... 177 § 11.02 BUT FOR ANALYSIS ................................ 178 § 11.03 SUBSTANTIAL FACTOR TEST .......................... 179 § 11.04 PROOF PROBLEMS IN CAUSE-IN-FACT .................. 180 [A] Shifting the Burden of Proving Causation ................... 180 [B] Market Share Liability ................................ 181 [C] Medical Uncertainty Cases ............................. 184 [D] Statistical Evidence of Causation ......................... 185 [E] Future Developments ................................. 186 Chapter 12 PROXIMATE OR LEGAL CAUSE ............... 187 § 12.01 OVERVIEW ......................................... 187 § 12.02 THE PROBLEM PROXIMATE CAUSE ADDRESSES .......... 188 § 12.03 PROXIMATE CAUSE TESTS ............................ 189 [A] Foreseeability Test — Definition ......................... 189 [1] The Wagon Mound Cases and the Requirement of Reasonably Foreseeable Consequences ............................ 190 [2] Type of Harm Versus Manner and Extent ................. 191 [3] Superseding Intervening Forces ........................ 191 [B] Egg-Shell Plaintiff Personal Injury Rule .................. 194 [C] Direct Causation Test ................................. 195 [D] Practical Politics and Rough Sense of Justice Test .......... 196 [E] Restatement Test .................................... 197 § 12.04 POLICY OBJECTIVES ADDRESSED BY PROXIMATE CAUSE . . 199 Chapter 13________ JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY .............. 201 § 13.01 OVERVIEW AND DEFINITION .......................... 201 § 13.02 JOINT TORTFEASORS ................................ 202 [A] Acting in Concert .................................... 202 [B] Independent Acts Causing a Single Indivisible Injury ........... 202 [C] Vicarious Liability ................................... 203 [D] Joint and Several Liability ............................ 204 § 13.03 SPECIAL PROBLEMS AFTER COMPARATIVE FAULT ....... 205 [A] Allocations of Liability Among Joint Tortfeasors .............. 205 [B] Impact of Settlement on Percentage Shares .................. 205 xv Table of Contents [C] Contribution and Indemnification .........................207 [D] Policy Debate and Reform Statutes ........................209 Chapter 14________ DAMAGES ................................. 211 § 14.01 OVERVIEW ......................................... 211 § 14.02 PROPERTY DAMAGES ................................ 212 § 14.03 PERSONAL INJURY .................................. 213 [A] Medical Expenses ....................................214 [B] Lost Wages or Diminished Earning Capacity .................214 [C] Incidental Economic Consequences ....................... 215 [D] Reduction to Present Value ........................... 215 [E] Pain and Suffering ................................... 216 § 14.04 MITIGATION OR DOCTRINE OF AVOIDABLE CONSEQUENCES .................................... 218 § 14.05 PUNITIVE DAMAGES ................................. 218 [A] Overview and Constitutionality .......................... 218 [B] Policy Arguments for and Against Punitive Damages ...........220 [C] Insurance Liability for Punitive Damages ................... 221 [D] Respondeat Superior and Punitive Damages ................. 222 § 14.06 COLLATERAL SOURCE RULE .......................... 222 Chapter 15 DEFENSES .................................225 § 15.01 OVERVIEW .........................................226 § 15.02 CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE ........................ 227 [A] Definition ......................................... 227 [B] Last Clear Chance Doctrine ............................. 229 [C] Plaintiffs Unable to Exercise Self-Protection ................. 230 § 15.03 COMPARATIVE NEGLIGENCE .....................____. 230 [A] Pure Comparative Negligence ........................... 230 [B] Modified Comparative Negligence ........................ 231 [1] Greater than 50 Percent Approach .......................231 [2] 50 Percent or Greater Approach ........................ 231 [3] Slight Comparative Negligence ....................... 231 [C] Determining the Percentage of Fault Attributable to the Plaintiff ... 231 [D] Comparison Between Different Systems .................... 232 [1] Contributory Negligence Versus Comparative Negligence ......232 [2] Comparison Between Pure and Modified Systems of Comparative Fault ..................................233 § 15.04 ASSUMPTION OF RISK ................................233 [A] Definition ......................................... 233 [1] Knowledge of a Particular Risk .........................234 xvi Table of Contents [2] Voluntariness ..................................... 234 [3] Assuming the Risk ................................. 235 [B] Classifications of Assumption of Risk ...................... 235 [1] Express Versus Implied Assumption of Risk ............... 235 [2] Express Assumption of Risk ........................... 235 [3] Implied Assumption of Risk ........................... 236 [a] Approach One: Assumption of Risk Remains a Complete Defense ........................................236 [b] Approach Two: Questioning the Reasonableness of the Assumed Risk ................................... 237 [c] Approach Three: Absorption of Assumption of Risk into Comparative Negligence ............................ 238 [C] The Firefighter s Rule ............................... 240 § 15.05 IMMUNITIES ........................................ 240 [A] Overview ..........................................240 [B] Charitable Immunity .................................. 241 [C] Spousal Immunity ................................... 241 [D] Parent-Child Immunity ................................ 242 [E] Governmental Immunity ............................... 243 Chapter 16 STRICT LIABILITY ..........................247 § 16.01 OVERVIEW ......................................... 247 § 16.02 STRICT LIABILITY FOR INJURIES CAUSED BY ANIMALS ____249 [A] Livestock ..........................................249 [B] Domestic Animals ................................... 250 [C] Wild Animals .......................................251 [D] Defenses .......................................... 252 § 16.03 STRICT LIABILITY FOR ABNORMALLY DANGEROUS ACTIVITIES ........................................ 253 [A] Generally .......................................... 253 [B] Restatement (Second) §§ 519-520........................ 255 [C] Common Law Criteria ................................ 258 [1] Requirement of an Activity under Defendant s Control ........ 258 [2] Type of Hazard Contemplated ......................... 260 [D] Defenses .......................................... 260 [E] The Three Restatements Compared ....................... 261 § 16.04 OTHER APPLICATIONS ............................... 262 [A] Strict Products Liability ............................... 263 [B] Employers Liability .................................. 263 xvii Table of Contents Chapter 17 PRODUCTS LIABILITY ...................... 265 § 17.01 PRODUCTS LIABILITY: GENERALLY .................... 266 § 17.02 PRODUCTS LIABILITY IN TORT ........................ 267 [A] Negligence ........................................ 267 [B] Strict Tort Products Liability as Advanced in Restatement (Second) of Torts § 402A (1965)......................... 268 [1] Generally ........................................ 268 [2] Necessity of Showing a Defect . ........................ 270 [a] The Consumer Expectations Test ...................... 270 [b] The Risk/Utility Test .............................. 272 [c] Hybrid Tests for Defective Design ..................... 273 [3] Necessity of Showing Unreasonable Danger ............... 274 [4] Changes to the Product after Leaving Control of Defendant ..... 275 §17.03 THE THIRD RESTATEMENT (1997) TRIPARTITE APPROACH .. 276 [A] Manufacturing Defects ................................ 276 [B] Design Defects ...................................... 276 [C] Defects of Warning, Instruction, or Marketing ................ 278 [1] Generally ........................................ 278 [2] Obvious Dangers ................................... 279 [3] Causation Questions Involving Disregard of Warnings ........ 281 [4] The Learned Intermediary Rule ........................ 282 [5] Persons to be Warned ............................... 283 [a] Nonbuyers ...................................... 283 [b] The Allergic or Idiosyncratic User ..................... 284 [c] Professional Users ................................ 285 [6] Adequacy ........................................ 285 [D] Defenses and Apportionment ............................ 287 [1] Among Multiple Defendants .......................... 288 [2] Between or Among the Plaintiff and Defendant(s) ........... 288 [3] Disclaimers ...................................... 289 § 17.04 ISSUES OF APPLICABILITY, PROOF, AND STATUTORY REGULATION ....................................... 289 [A] Applicability ....................................... 289 [1] Non-Manufacturing Sellers ........................... 289 [2] Sellers of Used Products ............................. 290 [3] Lessors .......................................... 290 [4] Services ...........................:·.............. 291 [5] Sellers of Real Property .............................. 292 [6] What Is a Product? ................................. 293 [B] Proof ............................................. 293 [1] The Accident Itself ................................. 293 [2] Other Accidents or Claims ............................ 294 xviii Table of Contents [3] Subsequent Product Changes .......................... 295 [4] Res Ipsa Loquitur .................................. 295 [5] The Role of Regulation by Statute ....................... 296 § 17.05 STRICT PRODUCTS LIABILITY FOR MISREPRESENTATION . . 297 [A] The Restatement Formulations ........................... 297 [B] Statements Used in Advertising and Promotion ............... 298 § 17.06 WARRANTY ........................................ 299 [A] Express Warranty .................................... 299 [1] Representation of Fact ............................... 300 [2] Basis of the Bargain ................................ 301 [B] Implied Warranty of Merchantability ...................... 301 [C] Implied Warranty of Fitness for a Particular Purpose ........... 302 [D] Warranty Disclaimers ................................. 303 [1] Conspicuousness ................................... 304 [2] As Is Disclaimers ................................. 305 [E] To Whom Warranties Run ...............:.............. 306 Chapter 18________ NUISANCE AND TRESPASS ................... 307 § 18.01 NUISANCE ......................................... 308 [A] Overview .......................................... 308 [B] Private Nuisance .................................... 308 [1] Trespass Distinguished .............................. 308 [2] Elements ........................................ 310 [a] Unreasonable Interference ........................... 310 [b] Current Possessory Interest .......................... 311 [c] Intentional or Unintentional Conduct May Suffice .......... 311 [3] Nature of the Interest Interfered With .................... 313 [4] Economic Loss .................................... 315 [5] Prospective Nuisance ................................ 316 [6] Corrective Justice and Utilitarianism ..................... 316 [C] Public Nuisance ..................................... 320 [1] Generally ........................................ 320 [2] Proper Complainants ................................ 321 [3] Special Injury Rule ................................. 322 [4] Environmental Harm ................................ 323 [5] Using Public Nuisance to Ameliorate Social Ills ............. 324 § 18.02 TRESPASS .......................................... 325 [A] Overview .......................................... 325 [B] The Requirement of Intent .............................. 325 [C] The Requisite Physical Invasion and Harm .................. 326 [D] Above and Below the Surface ........................... 328 [E] Trespassing Animals .................................. 329 xix Table of Contents [F] Statutes of Limitation ................................. 330 [1] Permanent Trespass; Continuing Trespass ................. 330 [2] Discovery Statutes of Limitation ...................... 330 Chapter 19 ECONOMIC TORTS ......................... 331 § 19.01 FRAUDULENT MISREPRESENTATION ................... 332 [A] Overview .......................................... 332 [B] Definition ......................................... 332 [1] Material Misrepresentation by Defendant .................. 332 [2] Scienter ......................................... 335 [3] Intent to Induce Reliance ............................. 335 [4] Causation ........................................ 336 [5] Justifiable Reliance ................................. 336 [6] Damages ........................................ 337 § 19.02 INTENTIONAL INTERFERENCE WITH CONTRACT AND INTENTIONAL INTERFERENCE WITH PROSPECTIVE ECONOMIC RELATIONS .............................. 338 [A] Overview .......................................... 338 [B] Definitions ......................................... 339 [1] Valid Contract or Economic Expectancy .................. 340 [2] Knowledge of Valid Contract or an Economic Expectancy by the Defendant ................................... 340 [3] Intent by the Defendant to Interfere With the Contract or Economic Expectancy ............................... 340 [4] Interference Caused by the Defendant ................... . 341 [5] Damages ........................................ 341 [C] Justifications for Interference ............................ 341 § 19.03 TORTIOUS BREACH OF THE COVENANT OF GOOD FAITH AND FAIR DEALING ................................. 343 Chapter 20 MISUSE OF LEGAL PROCESSES ...............347 § 20.01 OVERVIEW ......................................... 347 § 20.02 MALICIOUS PROSECUTION AND MALICIOUS INSTITUTION OF CIVIL PROCEEDINGS: DEFINITION ................... 348 [A] Institution or Continuation of Criminal or Civil Proceedings Against the Plaintiff .................................. 348 [B] Termination of the Proceeding in Favor of the Plaintiff .......... 349 [C] Absence of Probable Cause ............................. 350 [D] Improper Purpose or Malice of the Accuser ................... 350 [E] Damages ...........................:.............. 351 § 20.03 IMMUNITY OF PUBLIC OFFICIALS ...................... 351 xx Table of Contents § 20.04 INTERACTION BETWEEN FALSE IMPRISONMENT AND MALICIOUS PROSECUTION AND MALICIOUS INSTITUTION OF CIVIL PROCEEDINGS .............................. 352 § 20.05 ABUSE OF PROCESS ................................. 352 Chapter 21________ DEFAMATION ..............................355 § 21.01 OVERVIEW ......................................... 356 § 21.02 COMMON LAW DEFAMATION ......................... 356 [A] Defamatory Statement ................................. 357 [1] Defamatory to Whom? ............................... 357 [2] Statements Not Facially Defamatory: Inducement and Innuendo . 358 [B] Of and Concerning the Plaintiff .......................... 359 [1] Group Defamation .................................. 359 [2] Corporate Plaintiffs ................................. 360 [C] Publication and Republication ........................... 360 [D] Damages .......................................... 361 [1] The Libel/Slander Distinction .......................... 361 [2] Slander and Slander Per Se ........................... 362 [3] Libel and Libel Per Quod ............................. 362 [E] Common Law Defenses ............................... 362 [1] Substantial Truth ................................... 363 [2] Absolute Privileges ................................. 363 [3] Qualified Privileges ................................. 364 § 21.03 CONSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS ...................... 365 [A] Public Officials ...................................... 366 [B] Public Figures ...................................... 367 [C] Private Persons ...................................... 369 [1] Public Concern .................................... 369 [2] Private Concern ................................... 370 [D] Actual Malice ...................................... 370 [E] Falsity ............................................ 371 [F] Conclusion ........................................ 371 Chapter 22________ INVASION OF PRIVACY ..................... 373 § 22.01 OVERVIEW ......................................... 373 § 22.02 INTRUSION UPON SECLUSION ......................... 373 § 22.03 APPROPRIATION OF NAME OR PICTURE AND THE RIGHT OFPUBLICITY ...................................... 375 § 22.04 FALSE LIGHT ....................................... 376 § 22.05 PUBLIC DISCLOSURE OF PRIVATE FACTS ................ 378 Table of Cases ....................................... TC-1 Index ............................................... 1-1 xxi
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author	Diamond, John L. Levine, Lawrence C. Bernstein, Anita
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spelling	Diamond, John L. Verfasser aut Understanding torts John L. Diamond ; Lawrence C. Levine ; Anita Bernstein Torts 4. ed. New Providence, NJ [u.a.] LexisNexis 2010 Getr. Zählung txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Understanding series Torts United States Unerlaubte Handlung (DE-588)4061688-5 gnd rswk-swf USA USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Unerlaubte Handlung (DE-588)4061688-5 s DE-604 Levine, Lawrence C. Verfasser aut Bernstein, Anita Verfasser aut Digitalisierung UB Passau application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025453541&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Diamond, John L. Levine, Lawrence C. Bernstein, Anita Understanding torts Torts United States Unerlaubte Handlung (DE-588)4061688-5 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4061688-5 (DE-588)4078704-7
title	Understanding torts
title_alt	Torts
title_auth	Understanding torts
title_exact_search	Understanding torts
title_full	Understanding torts John L. Diamond ; Lawrence C. Levine ; Anita Bernstein
title_fullStr	Understanding torts John L. Diamond ; Lawrence C. Levine ; Anita Bernstein
title_full_unstemmed	Understanding torts John L. Diamond ; Lawrence C. Levine ; Anita Bernstein
title_short	Understanding torts
title_sort	understanding torts
topic	Torts United States Unerlaubte Handlung (DE-588)4061688-5 gnd
topic_facet	Torts United States Unerlaubte Handlung USA
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025453541&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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