Bioremediation of petroleum and petroleum products:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Beverly, MA
Scrivener [u.a.]
2012
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Energy and environment
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | XVI, 567 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780470938492 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 264 | 1 | |a Beverly, MA |b Scrivener [u.a.] |c 2012 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804149697913290752 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface
xv
1
Introduction
to Bioremediation
1
1
Introduction
1
2
Principles of
Bioremediation
7
3
Bioremediation and
Biodegradation 10
3.1
Natural
Bioremediation 10
3.2
Traditional
Bioremediation
Methods
11
3.3
Enhanced Bioremediation Treatment
12
3.4 Biostimulation
and
Bioaugmentation 12
3.5
In Situ and Ex Situ Bioremediation Techniques
13
4
Mechanism of
Biodegradation 15
4.1
Chemical Reactions
15
4.2
Kinetic Aspects
19
4.3
Effect of Salt
20
5
Bioremediation Methods
22
5.1
Method Parameters
23
5.2
In Situ and Ex Situ Bioremediation
24
5.3 Biostimulation
and
Bioaugmentation
of Contaminated Sites
25
5.4
Monitored Natural Attenuation
25
5.5
Soil Vapor Extraction, Air Sparging, and
Bioventing
26
5.6
Use of Biosurfactants
28
5.7
Rhizosphere Bioremediation
28
5.8 Bioengineering in
Bioremediation
29
6
Test Methods for
Biodegradation 30
7
References
31
vi
Contents
2
Petroleum
Composition and Properties
39
1
Introduction
39
2
Composition
46
2.1
Elemental Composition
47
2.2
Chemical Composition
50
2.3
Composition by Volatility
52
2.4
Composition by Fractionation
55
2.5
Composition by Spectroscopy
57
2.5.1
Infrared Spectroscopy
58
2.5.2
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
58
2.5.3
Mass Spectrometry
59
2.5.4
Other Techniques
61
3
Properties
62
3.1
Density and Specific Gravity
63
3.2
Elemental (Ultimate) Analysis
64
3.3
Chromatographie
Fractionation
65
3.4
Liquefaction and Solidification
67
3.5
Metals Content
68
3.6
Surface and
Interfacial
Tension
69
3.7
Viscosity
71
3.8
Volatility
74
4
References
76
3
Refinery Products and By-Products
79
1
Introduction
79
2
Refinery Products
81
2.1
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
90
2.2
Naphtha, Gasoline, and Solvents
92
2.3
Kerosene and Diesel Fuel
94
2.4
Fuel Oil
95
2.5
Lubricating Oil
98
2.6
White Oil, Insulating Oil,
Insecticides
100
2.7
Grease
101
2.8
Wax
102
2.9
Asphalt
104
2.10
Coke
105
3
Refinery Chemicals
106
3.1
Spent Caustic
106
Contents
vii
3.2
Spent Acids
107
3.3
Spent Catalysts
109
3.3.1
Demet
113
3.3.2
Met-X
113
4
References
113
Composition and Properties of Caseous Products
115
1
Introduction
115
2
Gaseous Products
118
2.1
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
118
2.2
Natural Gas
121
2.3
Refinery Gas
125
3
Environmental Effects
129
4
Analysis
134
4.1
Calorific Value (Heat of Combustion)
136
4.2
Composition
136
4.3
Density
141
4.4
Relative density
141
4.5
Sulfur
142
4.6
Volatility and Vapor Pressure
143
5
References
143
Composition and Properties of Liquid Products
147
1
Introduction
147
2
Naphtha
148
2.1
Composition
153
2.2
Density (Specific Gravity)
158
2.3
Evaporation Rate
158
2.4
Flash Point
159
2.5
Odor and Color
159
2.6
Volatility
160
2.7
Environmental Impact
161
3
Fuel Oil
162
3.1
Asphaltene Content
164
3.2
Composition
165
3.3
Density (Specific Gravity)
167
3.4
Elemental Analysis
168
3.5
Flash Point
172
3.6
Metals Content
172
viii
Contents
3.7
Pour Point
and Viscosity
173
3.8
Stability
174
3.9
Environmental
Impact
175
4
Wastewaters
177
5
References
180
Composition
and Properties of Solid
Products
183
1
Introduction
183
2
Residua and Asphalt
184
2.1
Acid Number
187
2.2
Asphaltene Content
188
3.3
Carbon Disulfide Insoluble Constituents
189
2.4
Composition
190
2.5
Density (Specific Gravity)
192
2.6
Elemental Analysis
195
2.7
Float Test
196
2.8
Softening Point
196
2.9
Viscosity
197
2.10
Weathering
197
2.11
Environmental Impact
197
3
Coke
199
3.1
Ash
201
3.2
Composition
202
3.3
Density
204
3.4
Dust Control Material
205
3.5
Hardness
205
3.6
Metals
206
3.7
Sulfur
207
3.8
Environmental Impact
207
4
Sludge
208
5
References
210
Sample Collection and Preparation
213
1
Introduction
213
2
Petroleum Chemicals
215
3
Sample Collection and Preparation
218
3.1
Soil Sampling
220
3.2
Sampling from an Aqueous Medium
221
Contents
ix
3.3
Sample Collection
222
3.3.1
Volatile Compounds
225
3.3.2
Condensate Releases
227
3.3.3
Semi-Volatile and Non-Volatile
Compounds
228
3.3.4
Solids
233
3.3.5
Water Samples
236
3.4
Extract Concentration
237
3.5
Sample Cleanup
240
4
Measurement
240
5
Accuracy
242
6
Precision
243
7
Method Validation
245
8
Quality Control and Quality Assurance
252
8.1
Quality Control
253
8.2
Quality Assurance
255
9
Method Detection Limit
256
10
References
256
8
Analytical Methods
259
1
Introduction
259
2
Chemical And Physical Properties
262
2.1
Adhesion
263
2.2
Biological Oxygen Demand
263
2.3
Boiling Point Distribution
264
2.4
Chemical Dispersibility
265
2.5
Density, Specific Gravity, and API Gravity
266
2.6
Emulsion Formation
267
2.7
Evaporation
268
2.8
Fire Point and Flash Point
269
2.9
Fractionation
270
2.10
Leachability and
Toxicity
270
2.11
Metals Content
271
2.12
Pour Point
272
2.13
Solubility in Aqueous Media
272
2.14
Sulfur Content
273
2.15
Surface Tension and
Interfacial
Tension
273
2.16
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
274
χ
Contents
2.17
Viscosity
277
2.18
Volatile Organic Compounds
278
2.19
Water Content
279
3
Petroleum Group Analyses
279
3.1
Thin Layer Chromatography
283
3.2
Immunoassay
284
3.3
Gas Chromatography
285
3.4
High Performance Liquid Chromatography
287
3.5
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
288
4
Other Analytical Methods
289
4.1
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
289
4.2
Gas Chromatography
290
4.3
Infrared Spectroscopy
294
4.4
Gravimetry
296
4.5
Immunoassay
297
5
References
298
Biodegradation
of Petroleum
305
1
Introduction
305
2 Biodegradation
of Specific Constituents
307
2.1
Alkanes
307
2.2
Aromatic hydrocarbons
309
2.3
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
310
2.4
Phenolic Compounds
316
2.5
Spent Caustic
317
2.6
Wastewater
318
2.7
Chlorinated Compounds
319
3
Petroleum
Biodegradation
319
3.1
Effects of
Biodegradation
322
3.2
Conditions for
Biodegradation
323
3.3
Effect of Nutrients
325
3.4
Effect of Temperature
327
3.5
Effect of
Dispersants
329
3.6
Rates of Oil
Biodegradation
329
3.7
Effect of Weathering
332
4
Application to Spills
333
4.1
General Application
336
5
References
339
Contents
xi
10 Biodegradation
of Naphtha and Gasoline
361
1
Introduction
361
2
Identity and Origin
361
3
Remediation
363
3.1
Site Remediation
364
3.2
In-Situ Air Stripping
369
3.3
Pump-and-Treat Systems
370
3.4
Vacuum Enhanced Recovery
370
3.5
Single-Phase Vacuum Extraction
371
3.6
Dual-Phase Vacuum Extraction
371
3.7
Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Redemption
371
3.8
In Situ Chemical Oxidation
371
3.8.1
Hydrogen Peroxide/Fenton s
Reagent
371
3.8.2
Permanganates
372
3.9
In Situ-Enhanced Bioremediation
372
3.10
Monitored Natural Attenuation
376
4
BTEXandMTBE
377
4.1
BTEX
377
4.2
Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
380
5
References
382
11 Biodegradation
of Kerosene and Diesel
385
1
Introduction
385
2
Identity and Origin of Kerosene and Diesel
387
3
Bioremediation
389
3.1
Kerosene
389
3.2
Diesel Fuel
391
3.3
Diesel Fuel Additives
401
4
Jet Fuel
402
5
References
404
12 Biodegradation
of Fuel Oil
413
1
Introduction
413
2
Identity and Origin of Fuel Oil
416
2.1
Production
417
2.2
Properties
419
3 Biodegradation 421
4
References
427
xii
Contents
13 Biodegradation
of Lubricating Oil
431
1
Introduction
431
2
Identity and Origin of Lubricating Oil
434
3
Composition and Properties of Lubricating Oil
436
3.1
Thermal Stability of Lubricating Oils
437
3.2
Environmental Aspects of Lubricating Oil Use
438
4 Biodegradation
of Lubricating Oils
438
4.1
Petroleum-Based Oils
440
4.2
Synthetic Lubricating Oil
442
4.3
Used Lubricating Oil
443
4.4
Vegetable Oils
448
5
Bioremediation
-
The Challenge
452
6
Conclusion
453
7
References
453
14 Biodegradation
of Residua and Asphalt
463
1
Introduction
463
2
Identity and Origin of Residua and Asphalt
467
2.1
Residua
467
2.2
Asphalt
467
3
Biodégradation
of Residua and Asphalt
469
3.1
Residua
470
3.2
Asphalt
471
3.3
Asphaltene Constituents
473
4
References
477
15
Bioremediation Methods
483
1
Land Ecosystems
483
1.1
Site Evaluation
486
1.2
Soil Evaluation
489
1.2.1
Physical Properties
489
1.2.2
Chemical Properties
492
1.2.3
Biological Properties
493
1.3
Effect of Temperature
496
1.4
Effect of
pH 497
1.5
Effect of Salinity
498
Contents
xiii
2
Water Ecosystems
498
2.1 Biodegradation 501
2.2
Bioremediation
502
2.2.1
Effect of Temperature
503
2.2.2
Effect of Oxygen
505
2.2.3
Nutrients
505
2.2.4
Effect of Petroleum Characteristics
506
2.2.5
Effect of Prior Exposure
506
2.2.6
Effect of
Dispersants
506
2.2.7
Effect of Flowing Water
506
2.2.8
Effect of Deep-Sea Environments
507
3
References
507
16
The Future of Bioremediation
515
1
Introduction
515
2
Status
517
2.1
Conventional Bioremediation
517
2.2
Enhanced Bioremediation
519
2.3
Bioremediation in Extreme Environments
522
3
Advantages and Disadvantages
524
4
Conclusion
526
5
References
528
Glossary
535
Conversion Factors
555
Index
559
With petroleum-related spills, explosions, and health issues in the headlines almost every
day, the issue of remediation of petroleum and petroleum products is taking on increasing
importance, for the survival of our environment, our planet, and our future. This book is the
first of its kind to explore this difficult issue from an engineering and scientific point of
view and offer solutions and reasonable courses of action.
This book will guide the reader through the various methods that are used for the bioremediation
of petroleum and petroleum products. The text is easy to read and includes many up-to-date and
topical references.
This book introduces the reader to the science and technology of
biodégradation
—
a key process in
the bioremediation of petroleum and petroleum-based contaminants at spill sites. The contaminants
of concern in the molecularly variable petroleum and petroleum products can be degraded under
appropriate conditions. But the success of the process depends on the ability to determine the
necessary conditions and establish them in the contaminated environment.
Although the prime focus of the book is to determine the mechanism, extent, and efficiency of
biodégradation,
it is necessary to know the composition of the original petroleum or petroleum
product. The laws of science dictate what can or cannot be done with petroleum and petroleum
products to ensure that
biodégradation
(hence, bioremediation) processes are effective.The science of
the composition of petroleum and petroleum products is at the core of understanding the chemistry of
biodégradation
and bioremediation processes. Hence, inclusion of petroleum analyses and properties
along with petroleum product analyses and properties is a necessary part of this text.
Bioremediation of Petroleum and Petroleum Products:
Summarizes the pros and cons of remediation of petroleum and petroleum-based products, from
an environmental perspective
Gives examples of unethical behavior and how they should be corrected
Offers arguments and elucidates engineering considerations on all sides of these difficult
environmental and economic issues
Audience:
Petroleum engineers, chemical engineers, process engineers, scientists, and other engineers interested
in the bioremediation of petroleum.
James G. Speight is a senior fuel consultant and Visiting Professor at the University of Trinidad and
Tobago and Adjunct Professor of Chemical and Fuels Engineering at the University of Utah, USA.
He is recognized internationally as an expert in the characterization, properties, and processing of
conventional and synthetic fuels and has more than forty years of experience in the process industries.
He is the author of numerous books and papers, the senior editor on the Journal of Sustainable Energy
Engineering, and has won numerous awards and distinctions.
Karuna Arjoon received her Master of Philosophy degree in
2009
from the University of Trinidad and
Tobago where she has served in various academic positions for the past four years. Karuna has provided
consultant services for many international companies and has affiliations with the National Association
of Corrosion Engineers.
Cover
Design: Kris
Hackerott
Background Image, black liquid:
Arsemi
Gerasymenko I Bigstock.com
Refinery at dusk Image: Daniel Dupuis I Bigstock.com
Waterfall Image: Heather
Zellers
I Bigstock.com
Offshore Image: Kovalenko Lurail I Bigstock.com
Refinery Image: Christian Lagerak I Dreamstime.com
Also available
Scrivener
www.scrivenerpubhshing.com
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Speight, James G. 1940- Arjoon, Karuna K. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)102833625X |
| author_facet | Speight, James G. 1940- Arjoon, Karuna K. |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Speight, James G. 1940- |
| author_variant | j g s jg jgs k k a kk kka |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040605929 |
| classification_rvk | WK 3800 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)822490735 (DE-599)BSZ372667953 |
| discipline | Biologie |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV040605929 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:27:09Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780470938492 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025433596 |
| oclc_num | 822490735 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 |
| physical | XVI, 567 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Scrivener [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Energy and environment |
| spelling | Speight, James G. 1940- Verfasser (DE-588)102833625X aut Bioremediation of petroleum and petroleum products James G. Speight ; Karuna K. Arjoon Beverly, MA Scrivener [u.a.] 2012 XVI, 567 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Energy and environment Bodensanierung (DE-588)4137352-2 gnd rswk-swf Erdöl (DE-588)4015179-7 gnd rswk-swf Organischer Schadstoff (DE-588)4172787-3 gnd rswk-swf Biologischer Abbau (DE-588)4145625-7 gnd rswk-swf Petroleum (DE-588)4173960-7 gnd rswk-swf Umwelt (DE-588)4061616-2 gnd rswk-swf Erdölprodukt (DE-588)4152695-8 gnd rswk-swf Kraftstoff (DE-588)4073754-8 gnd rswk-swf Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd rswk-swf Sanierung (DE-588)4126617-1 gnd rswk-swf Kerosin (DE-588)4163647-8 gnd rswk-swf Ölpest (DE-588)4129524-9 gnd rswk-swf Bioremediation (DE-588)4611954-1 gnd rswk-swf Bioremediation (DE-588)4611954-1 s Bodensanierung (DE-588)4137352-2 s Organischer Schadstoff (DE-588)4172787-3 s DE-604 Erdöl (DE-588)4015179-7 s Erdölprodukt (DE-588)4152695-8 s Kraftstoff (DE-588)4073754-8 s Biologischer Abbau (DE-588)4145625-7 s Petroleum (DE-588)4173960-7 s Kerosin (DE-588)4163647-8 s Umwelt (DE-588)4061616-2 s Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 s Ölpest (DE-588)4129524-9 s Sanierung (DE-588)4126617-1 s Arjoon, Karuna K. Verfasser aut Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025433596&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025433596&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Speight, James G. 1940- Arjoon, Karuna K. Bioremediation of petroleum and petroleum products Bodensanierung (DE-588)4137352-2 gnd Erdöl (DE-588)4015179-7 gnd Organischer Schadstoff (DE-588)4172787-3 gnd Biologischer Abbau (DE-588)4145625-7 gnd Petroleum (DE-588)4173960-7 gnd Umwelt (DE-588)4061616-2 gnd Erdölprodukt (DE-588)4152695-8 gnd Kraftstoff (DE-588)4073754-8 gnd Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd Sanierung (DE-588)4126617-1 gnd Kerosin (DE-588)4163647-8 gnd Ölpest (DE-588)4129524-9 gnd Bioremediation (DE-588)4611954-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4137352-2 (DE-588)4015179-7 (DE-588)4172787-3 (DE-588)4145625-7 (DE-588)4173960-7 (DE-588)4061616-2 (DE-588)4152695-8 (DE-588)4073754-8 (DE-588)4186812-2 (DE-588)4126617-1 (DE-588)4163647-8 (DE-588)4129524-9 (DE-588)4611954-1 |
| title | Bioremediation of petroleum and petroleum products |
| title_auth | Bioremediation of petroleum and petroleum products |
| title_exact_search | Bioremediation of petroleum and petroleum products |
| title_full | Bioremediation of petroleum and petroleum products James G. Speight ; Karuna K. Arjoon |
| title_fullStr | Bioremediation of petroleum and petroleum products James G. Speight ; Karuna K. Arjoon |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bioremediation of petroleum and petroleum products James G. Speight ; Karuna K. Arjoon |
| title_short | Bioremediation of petroleum and petroleum products |
| title_sort | bioremediation of petroleum and petroleum products |
| topic | Bodensanierung (DE-588)4137352-2 gnd Erdöl (DE-588)4015179-7 gnd Organischer Schadstoff (DE-588)4172787-3 gnd Biologischer Abbau (DE-588)4145625-7 gnd Petroleum (DE-588)4173960-7 gnd Umwelt (DE-588)4061616-2 gnd Erdölprodukt (DE-588)4152695-8 gnd Kraftstoff (DE-588)4073754-8 gnd Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd Sanierung (DE-588)4126617-1 gnd Kerosin (DE-588)4163647-8 gnd Ölpest (DE-588)4129524-9 gnd Bioremediation (DE-588)4611954-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bodensanierung Erdöl Organischer Schadstoff Biologischer Abbau Petroleum Umwelt Erdölprodukt Kraftstoff Umweltverschmutzung Sanierung Kerosin Ölpest Bioremediation |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025433596&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025433596&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT speightjamesg bioremediationofpetroleumandpetroleumproducts AT arjoonkarunak bioremediationofpetroleumandpetroleumproducts |