Thermoplastics and thermoplastic composites:
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier, William Andrew
2013
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Series: | PDL handbook series
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Physical Description: | XXVII, 1044 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781455778980 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Thermoplastics and thermoplastic composites |c Michel Biron |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Amsterdam [u.a.] |b Elsevier, William Andrew |c 2013 | |
| 300 | |a XXVII, 1044 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804149670155386880 |
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| adam_text | Contents
Disclaimer
............................................................................................................................................................xxi
Acronyms and Abbreviations
............................................................................................................................xxiii
1
Outline of the Actual Situation of Plastics Compared to Conventional Materials
..................1
1.1
Polymers: The Industrial and Economic Reality Compared to Traditional Materials
...........................1
1.
1.1
Plastic and Metal Consumption
.....................................................................................................1
1.1.2
Mechanical Properties
....................................................................................................................4
1.1.3
Thermal and Electrical Properties
.................................................................................................7
1.1.4
Durability
.......................................................................................................................................8
1.1.5
Material Costs
..............................................................................................................................10
1.2
What Are Thermoplastics, Thermoplastic Elastomer,
Thermosets,
Composites, and Hybrids?
..........10
1.2.1
Thermoplastics
.............................................................................................................................10
1.2.2
Thermoplastic Elastomers
............................................................................................................15
1.2.3
Thermosets
...................................................................................................................................16
1.2.4
Polymer Composites
....................................................................................................................17
1.2.5
Hybrid Materials
..........................................................................................................................17
1.3
Plastics: An Answer to the Designer s Main Problems
........................................................................18
1.3.1
Economic Requirements
..............................................................................................................18
1.3.2
Technical Requirements
...............................................................................................................19
1.3.3
Marketing Requirements
..............................................................................................................19
1.3.4
Sustainability and Environmental Requirements
........................................................................19
1.3.5
Some Weaknesses of Polymer Materials
.....................................................................................20
1.4
Outline of the Technical and Economic Possibilities of Processing
.....................................................20
1.4.1
Thermoplastic Processing
............................................................................................................20
1.4.2
Thermoset Processing
..................................................................................................................24
1.4.3
Composite Processing
..................................................................................................................25
1.4.4
Hybrid Processing
........................................................................................................................27
1.5
Environmental Constraints
.....................................................................................................................27
1.5.1
Toxicity
and Pollution
..................................................................................................................28
1.5.2
The Recycling of Polymers
.........................................................................................................28
1.5.3
Development of Bio-thermoplastics from Renewable Sources
..................................................28
1.6
The Final Material/Process/Cost Compromise
......................................................................................29
References
.....................................................................................................................................................29
2
The Plastics Industry: Economic Overview
...............................................................................31
2.1
Overview of the Global Plastics Industry Today and Tomorrow
..........................................................31
2.2
Market Shares of the Various Thermoplastic Families
.........................................................................33
Contents
2.3
Market Shares of Composites
................................................................................................................34
2.4
Market Shares for the Main Application Sectors
..................................................................................34
2.5
Importance of the Various Processing Modes
.......................................................................................36
2.6
Consumption Trends
..............................................................................................................................37
2.6.1
Thermoplastics
.............................................................................................................................37
2.6.2
Composites
...................................................................................................................................38
2.7
The North American Market
..................................................................................................................38
2.8
The Western European Market
..............................................................................................................38
2.9
The Asian Market
...................................................................................................................................39
2.9.1
The Chinese Market
.....................................................................................................................40
2.9.2
The Japanese Market
...................................................................................................................40
2.9.3
The Indian Market
.......................................................................................................................41
2.10
Structure of the Plastics Processing Industry
........................................................................................41
2.11
Plastic Costs
...........................................................................................................................................42
2.11.1
Raw Material Costs
.....................................................................................................................42
2.11.2
Examples of Additive Costs
.......................................................................................................42
2.11.3
Reinforcement Costs
...................................................................................................................43
2.1
1A Processing Costs
.........................................................................................................................44
2.11.5
Some Good Reasons to Use Plastics and a Few Examples of Success Stories
........................46
2.12
Survey of Main Markets
........................................................................................................................47
2.12.1
Packaging
.................................................................................................................................48
2.12.2
Building and Civil Engineering
...............................................................................................61
2.12.3
Automotive and Transportation
...............................................................................................73
2.12.4
Electrical and Electronics
........................................................................................................86
2.12.5
Household, Entertainment, and Office Appliances
.................................................................96
2.12.6
Mechanical Engineering
........................................................................................................105
2.12.7
Sports and Leisure
.................................................................................................................113
2.12.8
Medical Market
......................................................................................................................117
2.12.9
Furniture and Bedding
...........................................................................................................121
2.12.10
Agriculture
.............................................................................................................................123
2.13
The Future: Two Important Issues Linked to Crude Oil: Costs and Drying Up
................................126
2.13.1
Polymer Cost Evolutions Versus Crude Oil Price
....................................................................128
2.13.2
New Raw Material Sources: Biosourced Plastics
....................................................................129
References
.....................................................................................................................................................131
Basic Criteria for the Selection of Thermoplastics
..................................................................133
3.1
Evaluation of Plastic Properties
...........................................................................................................133
3.1.1
Thermal Behavior
.....................................................................................................................133
3.1.2
Low-Temperature Behavior
......................................................................................................136
3.1.3
Density
......................................................................................................................................136
3.1.4
Mechanical Properties
...............................................................................................................136
3.1.5
Long-Term Mechanical Properties
...........................................................................................139
3.1.6
Long-Term
Light and Ultra Violet Resistance
.........................................................................140
3.1.7
Chemical Resistance by Immersion or Contact
.......................................................................141
Contents
vii
3.1.8
Electrical Properties
..................................................................................................................142
3.1.9
Gas Permeability
.......................................................................................................................142
3.1.10
Flammability
.............................................................................................................................143
3.1.11
Optical Properties
......................................................................................................................143
3.2
Evaluation of Plastic Structural Properties
..........................................................................................143
3.2.1
Morphology and Structure of Polymers
....................................................................................144
3.3
ISO and
ASTM
Standards Concerning Polymer Testing
....................................................................145
3.3.1
ISO Standards
............................................................................................................................145
3.3.2
ASTM
Standards
........................................................................................................................151
3.4
Analysis and Diagnostic Equipment
....................................................................................................155
3.5
Material Selection
................................................................................................................................156
3.6
Precision of the Molded Parts
..............................................................................................................157
3.7
Schematic Comparison of Thermoplastic and Composite Properties
.................................................160
3.8
Upgrading and Customization of Raw Polymers
................................................................................164
3.8.1
Thermoplastic Alloying
.............................................................................................................166
3.8.2
Compounding with Additives
....................................................................................................168
4
Detailed Accounts of Thermoplastic Resins
.............................................................................189
4.1
Polyethylene or Polythene
...................................................................................................................189
4.1.1
General Properties
.....................................................................................................................190
4.1.2
Thermal Behavior
.....................................................................................................................192
4.1.3
Optical Properties
......................................................................................................................193
4.1.4
Mechanical Properties
...............................................................................................................194
4.1.5
Aging
.........................................................................................................................................195
4.1.6
Electrical Properties
..................................................................................................................197
4.1.7
Joining, Decoration
...................................................................................................................197
4.1.8
Cross-linked PE
.........................................................................................................................205
4.1.9
Foams
........................................................................................................................................205
4.1.10
Industrial Fibers
........................................................................................................................207
4.1.11
Examples of Specific ISO and
ASTM
Standards Concerning PEs
.........................................208
4.1.12
Trade Name and Producer Examples
.......................................................................................211
4.1.13
Property Tables
.........................................................................................................................211
4.2
Polypropylene
.......................................................................................................................................216
4.2.1
General Properties
.....................................................................................................................217
4.2.2
Thermal Behavior
.....................................................................................................................220
4.2.3
Optical Properties
......................................................................................................................220
4.2.4
Mechanical Properties
...............................................................................................................221
4.2.5
Aging
.........................................................................................................................................222
4.2.6
Electrical Properties
..................................................................................................................229
4.2.7
Joining, Decoration
...................................................................................................................229
4.2.8
Foams
........................................................................................................................................229
4.2.9
Examples of Specific ISO and
ASTM
Standards Concerning PPs
.........................................230
4.2.10
Trade Name and Producer Examples
.......................................................................................231
4.2.11
Property Tables
.........................................................................................................................232
viu
Contents
4.3
Other Polyolefins
..................................................................................................................................232
4.3.1
Polybutene-l or Polybutylene-
1................................................................................................232
4.3.2
Polymethylpentene
.....................................................................................................................241
4.3.3
Cyclic
Olefin
Copolymers or Cyclic
Olefin
Polymers
(COC
or COP)
....................................248
4.4
PO
and Nonpolyolefin Copolymers
.....................................................................................................253
4.4.1
Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymers (EVA, E/VAC, EVAC,
VAE, EVM).............................253
4.4.2
Ethylene—
Vinyl Alcohol Copolymers
.......................................................................................264
4.4.3
Ethylene—
Methacrylate Ionomers
.............................................................................................271
4.4.4
Ethylene
Acid and Ethylene-Ester Copolymers
(ЕВА,
EGMA, EMAH, EEA, EAA
. . .)... 278
4.5
Chlorinated Polyethylene
.....................................................................................................................278
4.6 Polyvinylchloride...............................................................................................................................282
4.6.1
General Properties
.....................................................................................................................285
4.6.2
Thermal Behavior
.....................................................................................................................287
4.6.3
Optical Properties
......................................................................................................................288
4.6.4
Mechanical Properties
...............................................................................................................288
4.6.5
Aging
.........................................................................................................................................289
4.6.6
Electrical Properties
..................................................................................................................294
4.6.7
Joining, Decoration
...................................................................................................................295
4.6.8
Foams
........................................................................................................................................295
4.6.9
Examples of Specific ISO and
ASTM
Standards Concerning
PVC
........................................297
4.6.10
Trade Name and Producer Examples
.......................................................................................302
4.6.11
Property Tables
.........................................................................................................................302
4.7
Chlorinated
PVC
(PVC-C or CPVC)
..................................................................................................306
4.7.1
General Properties
......................................................................................................................306
4.7.2
Thermal Behavior
......................................................................................................................306
4.7.3
Mechanical Properties
................................................................................................................306
4.7.4
Aging
..........................................................................................................................................307
4.7.5
Electrical Properties
...................................................................................................................307
4.7.6
Joining, Decoration
....................................................................................................................307
4.7.7
Examples of Specific ISO and
ASTM
Standards Concerning PVC-C
.....................................309
4.7.8
Trade Name and Producer Examples
........................................................................................310
4.7.9
Property Tables
..........................................................................................................................310
4.8
Polyvinylidene Chloride
.......................................................................................................................310
4.8.1
General Properties
......................................................................................................................310
4.8.2
Thermal Behavior
......................................................................................................................312
4.8.3
Mechanical Properties
................................................................................................................312
4.8.4
Aging
..........................................................................................................................................312
4.8.5
Example of
ASTM
Standard
.....................................................................................................313
4.8.6
Trade Name and Producer Examples
........................................................................................313
4.8.7
Property Tables
..........................................................................................................................313
4.9
Other Vinyl Polymers
...........................................................................................................................313
4.9.1
Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVAL or PVOH)
........................................................................................313
4.9.2
Polyvinyl Butyrate
.....................................................................................................................314
4.9.3
Polyvinyl Acetate
.......................................................................................................................314
Contents
ix
4.10
Polystyrene (PS, SB, and SMA)
..........................................................................................................314
4.10.1
General Properties
..................................................................................................................315
4.10.2
Thermal Behavior
..................................................................................................................317
4.10.3
Optical Properties
...................................................................................................................318
4.10.4
Mechanical Properties
............................................................................................................318
4.10.5
Aging
......................................................................................................................................319
4.10.6
Electrical Properties
...............................................................................................................324
4.10.7
Joining, Decoration
................................................................................................................324
4.10.8
Cross-linked PS
(Х
-PS
or PS-X)
...........................................................................................324
4.10.9
Foams [Expandable Polystyrene (EPS)]
................................................................................324
4.10.10
Examples of Specific ISO and
ASTM
Standards Concerning PS
........................................327
4.10.11
Trade Name and Producer Examples
....................................................................................328
4.10.12
Property Tables
......................................................................................................................328
4.11 ABS
and Methylmethacrylate—Acrylonitrile—Butadiene—
Styrene
....................................................328
4.11.1
General Properties
..................................................................................................................328
4.11.2
Thermal Behavior
..................................................................................................................333
4.11.3
Optical Properties
...................................................................................................................333
4.11.4
Mechanical Properties
............................................................................................................334
4.11.5
Aging
......................................................................................................................................334
4.11.6
Electrical Properties
...............................................................................................................335
4.11.7
Joining, Decoration
................................................................................................................339
4.11.8
Examples of Specific ISO and
ASTM
Standards Concerning
ABS
and MABS
.................339
4.11.9
Trade Name and Producer Examples
....................................................................................340
4.11.10
Property Tables
......................................................................................................................340
4.12
SAN, Acrylate Rubber-Modified
Styrene
Acrylonitrile (ASA), Acrylonitrile—EPDM—
Styrene
(AES or AEPDS), and Acrylonitrile Chlorinated Polyethylene
Styrene
............................................340
4.12.1
General Properties
..................................................................................................................343
4.12.2
Thermal Behavior
..................................................................................................................344
4.12.3
Optical Properties
...................................................................................................................344
4.12.4
Mechanical Properties
............................................................................................................345
4.12.5
Aging
......................................................................................................................................345
4.12.6
Electrical Properties
...............................................................................................................346
4.12.7
Joining, Decoration
................................................................................................................349
4.12.8
Examples of Specific ISO and
ASTM
Standards Concerning SAN, ASA, AEPDS,
and ACS
.................................................................................................................................349
4.12.9
Trade Name and Producer Examples
....................................................................................349
4.12.10
Property Tables
......................................................................................................................349
4.13 Polyamides
or Nylons (PA)
..................................................................................................................349
4.13.1 Polyamides 66
and
6
(PA
66
and PA
6)...................................................................................354
4.13.2 Polyamides 11
and
12
(PA
11
and PA
12)...............................................................................365
4.13.3
Linear PAs Intermediate between PA
6
or
66
and PA
11
or PA
12:
PA
610
and PA
612......376
4.13.4 Polyamide 46
(PA
46)...............................................................................................................379
4.13.5
Semi-aromatic PAs, PPA, PAA, and Transparent Amorphous
Polyamide
(PA-T)
..................385
4.13.6
Cast Nylon
.................................................................................................................................389
Contents
4.14
Thermoplastic Polyesters (PET, PBT, PETG, PCT, PTMT, PCTG, PEN, PCTA, and
PTT)
.............392
4.14.1
General Properties
..................................................................................................................394
4.14.2
Thermal Behavior
..................................................................................................................395
4.14.3
Optical Properties
...................................................................................................................397
4.14.4
Mechanical Properties
............................................................................................................397
4.14.5
Aging
......................................................................................................................................398
4.14.6
Electrical Properties
...............................................................................................................402
4.14.7
Joining, Decoration
................................................................................................................402
4.14.8
Examples of Specific ISO and
ASTM
Standards Concerning Polyesters
............................402
4.14.9
Trade Name and Producer Examples
....................................................................................402
4.14.10
Property Tables
......................................................................................................................403
4.15
Acrylics (PMMA, PMI, SMMA, and MBS)
.......................................................................................403
4.15.1
General Properties
..................................................................................................................407
4.15.2
Thermal Behavior
..................................................................................................................408
4.15.3
Optical Properties
...................................................................................................................409
4.15.4
Mechanical Properties
............................................................................................................409
4.15.5
Aging
......................................................................................................................................409
4.15.6
Electrical Properties
...............................................................................................................410
4.15.7
Joining, Decoration
................................................................................................................410
4.15.8
Foams
.....................................................................................................................................410
4.15.9
Examples of Specific ISO and
ASTM
Standards Concerning Acrylics
...............................414
4.15.10
Trade Name and Producer Examples
....................................................................................415
4.15.11
Property Tables
......................................................................................................................415
4.16
Polycarbonates
......................................................................................................................................415
4.16.1
General Properties
..................................................................................................................415
4.16.2
Thermal Behavior
..................................................................................................................420
4.16.3
Optical Properties
...................................................................................................................421
4.16.4
Mechanical Properties
............................................................................................................421
4.16.5
Aging
......................................................................................................................................422
4.16.6
Electrical Properties
...............................................................................................................428
4.16.7
Joining, Decoration
................................................................................................................428
4.16.8
Examples of Specific ISO and
ASTM
Standards Concerning PCs
......................................428
4.16.9
Trade Name and Producer Examples
....................................................................................429
4.16.10
Property Tables
......................................................................................................................429
4.17
Polyoxymethylene, Polyacetal, Acetal, or Polyformaldehyde (POM)
................................................429
4.17.1
General Properties
..................................................................................................................429
4.17.2
Thermal Behavior
..................................................................................................................434
4.17.3
Optical Properties
...................................................................................................................435
4.17.4
Mechanical Properties
............................................................................................................435
4.17.5
Aging
......................................................................................................................................436
4.17.6
Electrical Properties
...............................................................................................................440
4.17.7
Joining, Decoration
................................................................................................................441
4.17.8
Examples of Specific ISO and
ASTM
Standards Concerning
Acetáis
................................441
4.17.9
Trade Name and Producer Examples
....................................................................................441
4.17.10
Property Tables
......................................................................................................................441
Contents
xi
4.18
Polyphenylene Oxide and Polyphenylene Ether
.................................................................................441
4.18.1
General Properties
..................................................................................................................445
4.18.2
Thermal Behavior
..................................................................................................................446
4.18.3
Optical Properties
...................................................................................................................447
4.18.4
Mechanical Properties
............................................................................................................447
4.18.5
Aging
......................................................................................................................................448
4.18.6
Electrical Properties
...............................................................................................................448
4.18.7
Joining, Decoration
................................................................................................................448
4.18.8
Examples of Specific ISO and
ASTM
Standards Concerning PPE
.....................................452
4.18.9
Trade Name and Producer Examples
....................................................................................453
4.18.10
Property Tables
......................................................................................................................453
4.19 Fluorinated
Thermoplastics: Fully Perfluorinated Thermoplastics (PTFE or TFE, PFA, FEP),
Copolymers (ETFE), Partially
Fluorinated
(PVDF, PVF), Chlorofluoroethylene (PCTFE), and
Copolymer (ECTFE)
............................................................................................................................453
4.19.1
Perfluorinated Thermoplastics (PTFE or TFE, PFA, FEP)
......................................................460
4.19.2
Tetrafluoroethylene and
Ethylene
Copolymer (ETFE)
............................................................471
4.19.3
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)
.......................................................................................480
4.19.4
Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene
Copolymer (ECTFE)
..........................................................484
4.19.5
Polyvinylidene Fluoride
............................................................................................................498
4.19.6
Polyvinyl Fluoride
.....................................................................................................................504
4.20
Cellulosics (CA, CAB, and CP)
..........................................................................................................511
4.21
Polysulfone, Polyarylsulfone, Polyethersulfone, and Polyphenylenesulfone
.....................................518
4.21.1
General Properties
..................................................................................................................518
4.21.2
Thermal Behavior
..................................................................................................................519
4.21.3
Optical Properties
...................................................................................................................520
4.21.4
Mechanical Properties
............................................................................................................520
4.21.5
Aging
......................................................................................................................................522
4.21.6
Electrical Properties
...............................................................................................................525
4.21.7
Joining, Decoration
................................................................................................................525
4.21.8
Foam
.......................................................................................................................................525
4.21.9
Examples of Specific ISO and
ASTM
Standards Concerning PSUs
....................................526
4.21.10
Trade Name and Producer Examples
....................................................................................526
4.21.11
Property Tables
......................................................................................................................526
4.22
Polyphenylene
Sulfide
(PPS)...............................................................................................................
530
4.22.1
General Properties
..................................................................................................................530
4.22.2
Thermal Behavior
..................................................................................................................531
4.22.3
Optical Properties
...................................................................................................................531
4.22.4
Mechanical Properties
............................................................................................................531
4.22.5
Aging
......................................................................................................................................532
4.22.6
Electrical Properties
...............................................................................................................533
4.22.7
Joining, Decoration
................................................................................................................533
4.22.8
Examples of Specific ISO and
ASTM
Standards Concerning
PPS
......................................533
4.22.9
Trade Name and Producer Examples
....................................................................................536
4.22.10
Property Tables
......................................................................................................................536
xii
Contents
4.23
Polyetheretherketones, Polyetherketones, and Polyaryletherketones
..................................................536
4.23.1
General Properties
..................................................................................................................536
4.23.2
Thermal Behavior
..................................................................................................................540
4.23.3
Optical Properties
...................................................................................................................541
4.23.4
Mechanical Properties
............................................................................................................541
4.23.5
Aging
......................................................................................................................................542
4.23.6
Electrical Properties
...............................................................................................................545
4.23.7
Joining, Decoration
................................................................................................................545
4.23.8
Examples of Specific
ASTM
Standards Concerning Polyketones
.......................................545
4.23.9
Trade Name and Producer Examples
....................................................................................545
4.23.10
Property Tables
......................................................................................................................545
4.24
Polyetherimide
......................................................................................................................................548
4.24.1
General Properties
.....................................................................................................................548
4.24.2
Thermal Behavior
.....................................................................................................................549
4.24.3
Optical Properties
......................................................................................................................550
4.24
A Mechanical Properties
...............................................................................................................550
4.24.5
Aging
.........................................................................................................................................551
4.24.6
Electrical Properties
..................................................................................................................553
4.24.7
Joining, Decoration
...................................................................................................................553
4.24.8
Trade Name and Producer Examples
.......................................................................................553
4.24.9
Property Tables
.........................................................................................................................553
4.25
Polyamide-imide
..................................................................................................................................556
4.25.1
General Properties
..................................................................................................................556
4.25.2
Thermal Behavior
..................................................................................................................557
4.25.3
Optical Properties
...................................................................................................................557
4.25.4
Mechanical Properties
............................................................................................................558
4.25.5
Aging
......................................................................................................................................558
4.25.6
Electrical Properties
...............................................................................................................562
4.25.7
Joining, Decoration
................................................................................................................562
4.25.8
Examples of Specific
ASTM
Standards Concerning
PAI
.....................................................562
4.25.9
Trade Name and Producer Examples
....................................................................................562
4.25.10
Property Tables
......................................................................................................................562
4.26
Polyimides
............................................................................................................................................562
4.26.1
General Properties
..................................................................................................................564
4.26.2
Thermal Behavior
..................................................................................................................566
4.26.3
Optical Properties
...................................................................................................................567
4.26.4
Mechanical Properties
............................................................................................................568
4.26.5
Aging
......................................................................................................................................569
4.26.6
Electrical Properties
...............................................................................................................575
4.26.7
Joining, Decoration
................................................................................................................575
4.26.8
Foams
.....................................................................................................................................576
4.26.9
Examples of Specific
ASTM
Standards Concerning Pis
......................................................577
4.26.10
Trade Name and Producer Examples
....................................................................................577
4.26.11
Property tables
.......................................................................................................................577
Contents
xiii
4.27
Liquid Crystal Polymers
......................................................................................................................577
4.27.1
General Properties
..................................................................................................................577
4.27.2
Thermal Behavior
..................................................................................................................585
4.27.3
Optical Properties
...................................................................................................................586
4.27.4
Mechanical Properties
............................................................................................................586
4.27.5
Aging
......................................................................................................................................588
4.27.6
Electrical Properties
...............................................................................................................592
4.27.7
Joining, Decoration
................................................................................................................592
4.27.8
Example of Specific
ASTM
Standards Concerning LCP
.....................................................592
4.27.9
Trade Name and Producer Examples
....................................................................................592
4.27.10
Property Tables
......................................................................................................................592
4.28
Polybenzimidazole
...............................................................................................................................592
4.28.1
General Properties
.....................................................................................................................592
4.28.2
Thermal Behavior
.....................................................................................................................592
4.28.3
Optical Properties
......................................................................................................................597
4.28.4
Mechanical Properties
...............................................................................................................597
4.28.5
Aging
.........................................................................................................................................597
4.28.6
Electrical Properties
..................................................................................................................597
4.28.7
Trade Name and Producer Examples
.......................................................................................599
4.28.8
Property Tables
.........................................................................................................................599
4.29
Alloys
...................................................................................................................................................599
4.29.1
ABS/PC Alloys
......................................................................................................................602
4.29.2
ASA/PC Alloys
......................................................................................................................603
4.29.3
ABS
/ΡΑ
Alloys
......................................................................................................................605
4.29.4
PP
/ΡΑ
Alloys
..........................................................................................................................608
4.29.5
Thermoplastic Polyester Alloys
.............................................................................................611
4.29.6
ABS/PVC Alloys
...................................................................................................................616
4.29.7
PSU-Based Alloys
..................................................................................................................622
4.29.8
PPS-Elastomer Alloys
............................................................................................................623
4.29.9
PI Derivative Alloys: PEI/PC, PEI/PSU, TPI/PEEK, and PBI/PEEK
..................................623
4.29.10
Other Alloys
...........................................................................................................................633
4.30
Thermoplastic Elastomers
....................................................................................................................639
4.30.1
Thermoplastic Styrenics (SBS, SEBS, SIS, SEPS
. . .)...........................................................647
4.30.2
Thermoplastic Olefinics (PP/EPDM
. . .).................................................................................655
4.30.3
Thermoplastic Vulcanizates
-
TPV (PP/EPDM-V, PP/NBR-V, PP/IIR-V.
. .)......................661
4.30.4
ТРЕ
/PVC
...................................................................................................................................
673
4.30.5
Thermoplastic Polyurethanes
....................................................................................................676
4.30.6
Melt-Processable Rubber
..........................................................................................................681
4.30.7
Thermoplastic Polyester Elastomers (TPEE or COPE)
...........................................................685
4.30.8
Polyether Block Amides
...........................................................................................................688
4.30.9
Super-TPV
.................................................................................................................................695
4.31
Biosourced Thermoplastics
..................................................................................................................699
4.31.1
Overview
...................................................................................................................................699
4.31.2
Specific Standards Concerning
Bioplastics
..............................................................................701
xiv
Contents
4.31.3
Trade Name and Producer Examples of Partly or Totally Biosourced Polymers
...................701
4.32
Thermoplastics More or Less Directly Derived from Natural Raw Materials
...................................701
4.32.1
Ready-to-Use Thermoplastic Starch
.........................................................................................701
4.32.2
Ready-to-Use
PLA
Grades
.......................................................................................................704
4.32.3
Ready-to-Use Cellulose-Based Plastics
....................................................................................706
4.32.4
Other Aliphatic Polyesters: PHA, PHB, Polyhydroxyvalerate,
Polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate, and Polyhydroxybutyrate—Hexanoate
Copolymer
.................................................................................................................................707
4.32.5
Liquid Wood Based on
Lignin
by Arboform
...........................................................................708
4.32.6
Miscellaneous Proprietary Alloys and Compounds
.................................................................708
4.32.7
Biosourced Composites
.............................................................................................................710
4.33
Conventional Polymers Synthesized from Biosourced Chemical Bricks
...........................................710
4.33.1
Polyolefins
.................................................................................................................................710
4.33.2
Polyamides
................................................................................................................................711
4.33.3
Thermoplastic Polyesters
..........................................................................................................711
4.33.4
Thermoplastic Polyurethanes
....................................................................................................712
4.33.5
Acrylics
.....................................................................................................................................712
4.34
Hyperbranched, Dendrimers, Star-Branched, and Multiarm Polymers
..............................................712
References
......................................................................................................................................................714
5
Thermoplastic Processing
...........................................................................................................715
5.1
Molding Thermoplastics
......................................................................................................................715
5.1.1
Injection Molding
.......................................................................................................................715
5.1.2
Blow Molding
............................................................................................................................722
5.1.3
Compression Molding
................................................................................................................725
5.1.4
Rotational Molding or Rotomolding
.........................................................................................725
5.1.5
Slush Molding
............................................................................................................................726
5.1.6
Casting
........................................................................................................................................726
5.1.7
RIM
............................................................................................................................................727
5.1.8
Dipping
.......................................................................................................................................727
5.1.9
Spraying
.....................................................................................................................................728
5.2
Extrusion and Connected Processes
....................................................................................................728
5.2.1
Extrusion
....................................................................................................................................728
5.2.2
Blown Film Extrusion
................................................................................................................731
5.3
Calendering
...........................................................................................................................................732
5.4
Coating
.................................................................................................................................................732
5.4.1
Extrusion Coating
......................................................................................................................732
5.4.2
Roll Dipping, Spreading
............................................................................................................733
5.4.3
Powdering, Electrostatic Deposition
..........................................................................................734
5.4.4
Solvent Casting of Films
...........................................................................................................734
5.4.5
Laminating
.................................................................................................................................735
5.5
Foaming
................................................................................................................................................735
5.5.1
Molding of Expandable Beads
..................................................................................................736
5.5.2
Structural Foam Injection
..........................................................................................................736
Contents
xv
5.5.3
Extrasion
of Thermoplastics Containing Blowing Agents
.......................................................737
5.5.4
Direct Gas Extrusion Process
....................................................................................................738
5.5.5
Liquid Foam Process
.................................................................................................................738
5.6
Composite Processing
..........................................................................................................................739
5.6.1
Processing Short Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics
..................................................................739
5.6.2
Processing LFRTor LFT: Injection, Compression Molding, Extrusion-Compression,
Composite Insert Molding
.........................................................................................................739
5.6.3
Stamping and Compression Molding of GMT Sheets
..............................................................740
5.6.4
Prepreg Draping and Consolidation by Vacuum or Pressure Bag Molding, Autoclave
.........741
5.6.5
Filament and Tape Winding
.......................................................................................................743
5.6.6
Continuous Processes: Pultrusion and Derived Processes
........................................................744
5.6.7
Sandwich Composites
...............................................................................................................745
5.6.8
Hybrids
.......................................................................................................................................746
5.7
Curing of Thermoplastics
.....................................................................................................................746
5.8
Secondary Processing
...........................................................................................................................747
5.8.1
Thermoforming
..........................................................................................................................747
5.8.2
Machining of Thermoplastics and Composites
.........................................................................750
5.8.3
Boilermaking
..............................................................................................................................750
5.8.4
Inserts, Outserts
..........................................................................................................................751
5.9
Finishing
...............................................................................................................................................752
5.9.1
Cleaning and Surface Treatments
..............................................................................................753
5.9.2
Decoration, Marking
..................................................................................................................754
5.10
Assembly of Fabricated Parts
..............................................................................................................755
5.10.1
Welding
.....................................................................................................................................756
5.10.2
Adhesive Bonding
.....................................................................................................................756
5.10.3
Mechanical Assembly
...............................................................................................................757
5.11
Repair Possibilities: A Significant Thermoplastic Advantage for Large Parts
...................................757
5.12
Annealing
.............................................................................................................................................757
5.13
Another Way: AM Techniques for Prototyping and
е
-Manufacturing...............................................
758
5.14
Processing Trends: Cheaper, Faster, Easier, Greener
..........................................................................759
5.15
Starting Points for Manufacturer, Converter and Equipment Maker Search
......................................761
5.16
Machinery and Equipment Makers and Distributors
..........................................................................767
References
.....................................................................................................................................................767
6
Thermoplastic Composites
.........................................................................................................769
6.1
Definitions
............................................................................................................................................769
6.2
Reminder of Some Basic Principles
....................................................................................................769
6.3
Composite Mechanical Performances According to the Reinforcement Type
...................................771
6.3.1
Reinforcement by Randomly Distributed Short Fibers
.............................................................771
6.3.2
Reinforcement by Arranged Continuous Fibers
........................................................................772
6.3.3
General Approximate Method for Strength Estimation
............................................................773
6.4
Composite Matrices
..............................................................................................................................774
6.4.1
Some Basic Characteristics of Thermoplastic Matrices
...........................................................775
6.4.2
Influence of the Matrix on Composite Properties
.....................................................................779
xvi
Contents
6.5
Reinforcements
.....................................................................................................................................779
6.5.1
Fibers
..........................................................................................................................................779
6.5.2
The Different Fiber Forms Used for Reinforcement
................................................................798
6.5.3
Foams for Sandwich Technology
..............................................................................................799
6.5.4
Honeycombs
...............................................................................................................................804
6.5.5
Plywood and Wood
....................................................................................................................806
6.5.6
Influence of the Core on the Sandwich Properties
....................................................................806
6.5.7
Nanofillers
..................................................................................................................................807
6.5.8
Carbon Nanotubes
......................................................................................................................808
6.6
Intermediate Semi-manufactured Materials
.........................................................................................810
6.6.1
Glass Mat thermoplastics
...........................................................................................................810
6.6.2
Prepregs
......................................................................................................................................811
6.6.3
Property Examples of Intermediate Semi-manufactured Composites
......................................811
6.6.4
Advanced All-polymer Prepregs or Self-reinforced Polymers
.................................................813
6.7
Examples of Composite Characteristics
..............................................................................................813
6.7.1
Basic Principles
..........................................................................................................................813
6.7.2
Nanocomposites
.........................................................................................................................813
6.7.3
Short Fiber Composites
.............................................................................................................813
6.7.4
Long Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastics
.....................................................................................818
6.7.5
Continuous Fiber Composites
................................................................................................819
6.7.6
Sandwich Composites
................................................................................................................819
6.7.7
Conductive Composites
.............................................................................................................822
6.7.8
Wood Plastic Composites
..........................................................................................................823
References
....................................................................................................................................................828
7
Plastics Solutions for Practical Problems
.................................................................................831
7.1
Some General Rules
.............................................................................................................................831
7.2
Solutions for Metal Replacement
........................................................................................................833
7.2.1
Automotive Sector Likes Plastics for Weight and Cost Savings
..............................................833
7.2.2
Fiber Reinforcement
..................................................................................................................834
7.2.3
Injection Molding for Simple, Flexible, and High-Output Solutions
.......................................835
7.2.4
Glass Mat Thermoplastics
.........................................................................................................836
7.2.5
Hybrids
.......................................................................................................................................836
7.2.6
Outstanding Application Examples
...........................................................................................837
7.2.7
High-Tech Thermoplastic, CF, and Innovative Processing
.......................................................837
7.2.8
Fuel Tanks: Old and New Solutions
..........................................................................................838
7.3
Glass Replacement
...............................................................................................................................838
7.3.1
Main Applications
......................................................................................................................839
7.3.2
Permeability: Make the Good Choice
.......................................................................................841
7.3.3
Think Multilayer Structures, Hybrids, and Coatings
................................................................842
7.3.4
Take Advantage of Polymers
.....................................................................................................845
7.4
Thermoplastics Structural Solutions
....................................................................................................845
7.4.1
Hi-tech Prepregs
.........................................................................................................................846
7.4.2
Sandwich Structures
...................................................................................................................847
Contents
xvii
7.4.3
Monomaterial,
Fully Biosourced, and Absorbable:
PLA
Fiber-Reinforced
PLA
....................849
7.4.4
Nanocomposites: Combine Reinforcement and Conductivity Using Ready-to-Use
Carbon Nanotubes
......................................................................................................................849
7.4.5
Low-Cost and Wide Performance Window: GF-Reinforced PP
...............................................850
7.4.6
Environment-Friendly Structural Solutions
...............................................................................851
7.5
Esthetic Parts
........................................................................................................................................855
7.5.1
Modeling, Simulation, and Rapid Prototyping Avoid Many Defects
.......................................857
7.5.2
Esthetic Enhancement Thanks to Optical Properties: A Jumble of Objective
and Subjective Features
.............................................................................................................857
7.5.3
Decoration and Protective Coatings
..........................................................................................860
7.5.4
Some Tracks to Help Minimizing Physical Defects: Special Grades, Additives,
Processing Parameters
............................................................................................................861
7.5.5
Esthetics Permanence During Service Life
...............................................................................864
7.6
Long-lasting parts
.................................................................................................................................864
7.6.1
Designing Long-Lasting Parts
...................................................................................................865
7.6.2
Durability Enhancement Thanks to Internal Additives
.............................................................866
7.6.3
Durability Enhancement by Coatings and Other External Barrier Materials
...........................875
7.6.4
Durability Optimization by Processing Optimization
...............................................................876
7.6.5
Test End Parts Choosing the Right Specification and the Right Tests
.....................................876
7.6.6
Durability Forecast: Do Not Fall in Some Classic Traps
.........................................................877
7.6.7
Tricky Cases: Very
Long-Term
Service Life of
50, 100
Years, and More?
.............................878
7.7
Transparent Parts
..................................................................................................................................881
7.7.1
Transparent and Translucent Thermoplastics Panel
..................................................................882
7.7.2
Transparent PP: A Low-Cost Transparent General-Purpose and Engineering
Thermoplastic
.............................................................................................................................884
7.7.3
Transparent SMMA Materials for Medical Applications
.........................................................884
7.7.4
Transparency and Mechanical Performance
..............................................................................885
7.7.5
Transparency and Thermal Behavior
.........................................................................................885
7.7.6
Transparency and Chemical Resistance
....................................................................................886
7.7.7
Transparency for Luxury Packaging
..........................................................................................886
7.7.8
Refractive Index of Thermoplastics
...........................................................................................886
7.8
Fire
Retardant
Thermoplastics and Halogen-Free Fire
Retardant
Solutions
......................................888
7.8.1
Be Careful: Flammability is Overregulated
..............................................................................888
7.8.2
Examples of Routes Toward Fire Retardancy
...........................................................................889
7.8.3
Inherently Fire
Retardant
Thermoplastics: Halogen-Containing and Halogen-Free
Polymers
.....................................................................................................................................890
7.8.4
Ready-to-Use HFFR Thermoplastic Grades
..............................................................................890
7.8.5
HFFR Additives
.........................................................................................................................892
7.8.6
HFFR PP Highly Filled with Mineral Fillers
............................................................................894
7.8.7
Innovative Part Architectures: Overmolded Coatings, Multilayer Structures
..........................894
7.9
High Heat-Resistant Thermoplastics
...................................................................................................894
7.9.1
PBI: A Difficult-to-Process Champion
.....................................................................................896
7.9.2
Thermoplastic Polyimides
........................................................................................................897
7.9.3
Polyarylketones (PEEK,
РАЕК, РЕК)
.....................................................................................897
xviii
Contents
7.9.4
Interesting Compromises: Alloys of PBI or TPI and PEEK
...................................................899
7.9.5
PAI:
A Melt Processable Cousin of Pis
...................................................................................902
7.9.6
High Heat LCPs: Self-Reinforcement in Addition
..................................................................902
7.9.7
PPS:
A General-Purpose Family of High-Heat Polymers
....................................................902
7.9.8
Perfluorinated Polymers: PTFE, the Most Commonly Used and PFA, the Melt
Processable
................................................................................................................................903
7.9.9
Polyphthalamide
........................................................................................................................903
7.9.10
Polyethersulfone
(PES
or
PESU)
(see Subchapter
4.21
for general properties):
A Case Study
.............................................................................................................................904
7.9.11
Polyetherimides
.........................................................................................................................905
7.10
Thermoplastics for Low-Temperature Applications
............................................................................905
7.10.1
Thermal Fatigue Due to Cold/Heat Cycling
............................................................................907
7.10.2
Low-Temperature Behavior: Possible Enhancement Ways
.....................................................908
7.10.3
Case Study: Tribology at Extreme Low Temperatures
............................................................909
7.11
Electrically Conductive Thermoplastics
..............................................................................................910
7.11.1
Conductive Plastics Consumption and Applications
................................................................911
7.11.2
Some Conventional Conductive Additives
...............................................................................912
7.11.3
Innovative Solutions
..................................................................................................................914
7.12
Antifriction thermoplastics
...................................................................................................................916
7.12.1
Thermoplastics and Tribology
..................................................................................................918
7.12.2
Tribological Additives
..............................................................................................................918
7.13
Absorbent and SAPs
............................................................................................................................919
7.13.1
SAPs Based on Acrylic Acid and Its Salts and Derivatives
....................................................921
7.13.2
Other Absorbent and SAPs
.......................................................................................................923
7.13.3
Semi-manufactured Products
....................................................................................................923
7.13.4
Applications
..............................................................................................................................924
7.14
Thermally Conductive Thermoplastics
................................................................................................927
7.14.1
Aluminum Powders as Thermal Conductivity Enhancers
.......................................................929
7.14.2
Ceramics as Thermal Conductivity Enhancers
........................................................................930
7.14.3
CF and Carbon Nanotubes as Thermal Conductivity Enhancers
............................................932
7.14.4
Ready-to-Use Compounds
........................................................................................................932
7.15
Magnetic Thermoplastics
.....................................................................................................................933
7.15.1
Ready-to-Use Magnetic Thermoplastic Compounds
...............................................................936
7.15.2
An Important Issue: Thermoplastic and Processing Choices
..................................................938
7.16
Heavy Compounds
...............................................................................................................................938
7.16.1
Ready-to-Use Heavy Thermoplastic Compounds
....................................................................940
7.16.2
Effects of Density and Thermoplastic Family
.........................................................................940
7.17
Super-Soft Thermoplastics
...................................................................................................................940
7.17.1
Ready-to-Use Compounds
........................................................................................................941
7.17.2
Ultrasoft
Foams
.........................................................................................................................945
7.18
Antimicrobial Solutions
.......................................................................................................................945
7.18.1
Ready-to-Use Biocidal Additives
.............................................................................................946
7.18.2
Regulation Overview
................................................................................................................947
7.18.3
Conventional Antimicrobial Active Constituents
.....................................................................947
Contents
xix
7.18.4
Innovative and Recent Ways
.....................................................................................................948
7.18.5
Natural Sourced
Biocides
.........................................................................................................950
7.18.6
Applications: Hazardous Media, Intensive Service, Safe Touch Devices,
Consumer Goods, and Marine Media
.......................................................................................951
7.18.7
Suppliers and Trade Name Examples
.......................................................................................951
7.19
Antifogging Solutions
..........................................................................................................................951
7.19.1
Antifogging Strategies
..............................................................................................................953
7.19.2
Antifogging Additives
...............................................................................................................953
7.19.3
Antifogging Coatings
................................................................................................................954
7.20
Chemical Resistance of Thermoplastics
..............................................................................................955
7.20.1
Action of Chemicals on Thermoplastics
..................................................................................956
7.20.2
Interpretation of the Results
.....................................................................................................959
7.21
Adhesion Issues
....................................................................................................................................960
7.21.1
Cleaning
....................................................................................................................................963
7.21.2
Surface Modification
.................................................................................................................963
7.21.3
Primers
......................................................................................................................................965
7.21.4
Thermoplastic Formulation
.......................................................................................................965
7.22
Semi-manufactured Products
...............................................................................................................967
7.23
Thermoplastic Foams
...........................................................................................................................968
7.24
Suggestions for Phthalate-Free Solutions
............................................................................................969
7.24.1
Non-banned Phthalates
.............................................................................................................974
7.24.2
Petrochemicals-Based Alternatives
...........................................................................................975
7.24.3
Bio-based Alternatives
..............................................................................................................977
7.24.4
End Cost of Phthalate Plasticizer Replacement
.......................................................................978
7.24.5
Producers and Trade Name of Nonphthalate Plasticizers
........................................................978
7.25
Suggestions to Avoid Six Substances Banned or Restricted by RoHS
..............................................979
7.26
Proposed Ways Toward Lower VOCs
.................................................................................................981
7.26.1
Examples of Sources of VOCs
.................................................................................................982
7.26.2
Some General Ways to Reduce VOCs
.....................................................................................982
7.26.3
Low-VOC or Low-Emission Thermoplastics
...........................................................................983
References
......................................................................................................................................................983
8
Future Prospects for Thermoplastics and Thermoplastic Composites
.................................985
8.1
The Laws and Requirements of the Market
........................................................................................985
8.2
Thermoplastic and Thermoplastic Composite Answers and Assets
...................................................985
8.3
Some Scenarios for Price Evolutions of Raw Polymers and Competing Metals
...............................988
8.3.1
Modeling from Historical Prices
...............................................................................................989
8.3.2
Modeling from Crude Oil Prices
...............................................................................................989
8.4
Markets: What Drives What? The Forces Driving Development
.......................................................989
8.4.1
Consumption Trends
..................................................................................................................989
8.4.2
Requirements of the Main Markets
...........................................................................................991
8.5
Cost Savings
.........................................................................................................................................991
8.5.1
Material Costs
............................................................................................................................991
8.5.2
Hybrids
.......................................................................................................................................992
8.5.3
Processing Costs
........................................................................................................................992
xx
Contents
8.6
Material Upgrading Thanks to Nanoreinforcement
............................................................................994
8.6.1
Carbon Nanotubes
......................................................................................................................994
8.6.2
Nanofillers
..................................................................................................................................994
8.6.3
Nanofibers
..................................................................................................................................996
8.6.4
Graphene
....................................................................................................................................997
8.6.5
Molecular Reinforcement
..........................................................................................................998
8.6.6
Polymer Nanotubes
....................................................................................................................998
8.7
Material Competition
...........................................................................................................................998
8.7.1
Short Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastics to Compete with LFRT
.............................................998
8.7.2
Thermoplastic and Thermoset Competition
..............................................................................999
8.7.3
Three-Dimensional Reinforcements Compete with 2D
..........................................................1000
8.7.4
Carbon Fibers Compete with Glass Fibers
..............................................................................1000
8.7.5
New Special-Performance Polymers
.......................................................................................1001
8.8
Environmental Concerns
....................................................................................................................1002
8.8.1
Recycling of Thermoplastics and Thermoplastic Composites
................................................1003
8.8.2
Sustainable and Biodegradable Thermoplastics
......................................................................1007
8.8.3
Sustainable Standard and High-Performance Reinforcements
...............................................1009
8.8.4
Examples of Sustainable Composites
......................................................................................1010
8.9
Are
Bioplastics
so Green? Beware of Study Interpretation
..............................................................1010
8.10
The Immediate Future Seen Through Recent Patents
.......................................................................1012
8.10.1
Analysis of Patents by Polymer Type
....................................................................................1012
8.10.2
Analysis of Patents by Reinforcement Type
..........................................................................1012
8.10.3
Analysis of Patents by Structure and Process Type
...............................................................1012
8.11
The Immediate Future Seen through Recent Awards
........................................................................1012
References
...................................................................................................................................................1025
Glossary
............................................................................................................................................................1027
Index
.................................................................................................................................................................1035
A Volume in the Plastics Design Library Series
Thermoplastics and Thermoplastic Composites
Second Edition
Michel Biron
Combining materials data, information on processing techniques, and economic aspects, this book provides a complete guide to the
selection and use of materials in the plastics industry and related sectors.
Thermoplastics represent
90%
of materials used in the global plastics industry. This book bridges the technology and business aspects of
thermoplastics, providing a guide designed for engineers working in real-world industrial settings. The author explores the criteria for material
selection, provides a detailed guide to each family of thermoplastics, and also explains the various processing options for each material type.
More than
30
families of thermoplastics are described with information on their advantages and drawbacks. Biron explores the technological
properties and economics of the major thermoplastics and reinforced thermoplastics, such as polyethylene, and emerging polymers such as
polybenzimidazole, thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) and
bioplastics.
In this second edition, all data has been fully updated, and major new material on
bioplastics
and wood plastic composites has been included.
An entirely new chapter, entitled Plastics Solutions for Practical Problems , provides case studies to illustrate a wide range of design and
production challenges across the spectrum of thermoplastics, from metal and glass replacement solutions to fire
retardant
plastics and
antimicrobials.
RELATED TITLES
Thermosets
and Composites
(2004)
Michel Biron
ISBN:
9781856174114
Chemical Resistance of Thermoplastics
(2011)
William Woishnis and
Sina
Ebnesajjad
ISBN:
9781455778966
Chemical Resistance of Specialty Thermoplastics
(2012)
William Woishnis and
Sina
Ebnesajjad
ISBN:
9781455731107
William
Andrew
ISBN
978-1-4557-7898-0
Applied Science Publishers
www.wUliamandrcw.com
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Biron, Michel 1936- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1314212737 |
| author_facet | Biron, Michel 1936- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Biron, Michel 1936- |
| author_variant | m b mb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040586681 |
| classification_rvk | UV 9150 ZM 5300 ZM 7020 |
| classification_tum | WER 560b |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)820421022 (DE-599)BVBBV040586681 |
| dewey-full | 668.423 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 668 - Technology of other organic products |
| dewey-raw | 668.423 |
| dewey-search | 668.423 |
| dewey-sort | 3668.423 |
| dewey-tens | 660 - Chemical engineering |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Physik Werkstoffwissenschaften Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:26:43Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781455778980 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Biron, Michel 1936- Verfasser (DE-588)1314212737 aut Thermoplastics and thermoplastic composites Michel Biron 2. ed. Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier, William Andrew 2013 XXVII, 1044 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PDL handbook series Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd rswk-swf Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd rswk-swf Thermoplast (DE-588)4059844-5 gnd rswk-swf Verbundwerkstoff (DE-588)4062670-2 gnd rswk-swf Thermoplast (DE-588)4059844-5 s Verbundwerkstoff (DE-588)4062670-2 s DE-604 Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 s Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 s 1\p DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025414723&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025414723&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Biron, Michel 1936- Thermoplastics and thermoplastic composites Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd Thermoplast (DE-588)4059844-5 gnd Verbundwerkstoff (DE-588)4062670-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4046699-1 (DE-588)4033676-1 (DE-588)4059844-5 (DE-588)4062670-2 |
| title | Thermoplastics and thermoplastic composites |
| title_auth | Thermoplastics and thermoplastic composites |
| title_exact_search | Thermoplastics and thermoplastic composites |
| title_full | Thermoplastics and thermoplastic composites Michel Biron |
| title_fullStr | Thermoplastics and thermoplastic composites Michel Biron |
| title_full_unstemmed | Thermoplastics and thermoplastic composites Michel Biron |
| title_short | Thermoplastics and thermoplastic composites |
| title_sort | thermoplastics and thermoplastic composites |
| topic | Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd Thermoplast (DE-588)4059844-5 gnd Verbundwerkstoff (DE-588)4062670-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Polymere Kunststoff Thermoplast Verbundwerkstoff |
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