Keramikata na kultura Krivodol-Sălkuca:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Bulgarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sofija
Univ. Izdat. "Sv. Kliment Ochridski"
2012
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. izd. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | PST: The pottery of the Krivodol-Sǎlcuţa culture. - In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 246 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789540732954 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Georgieva, Petja Georgieva |d 1958- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1027718957 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Keramikata na kultura Krivodol-Sălkuca |c Petja Georgieva |
| 250 | |a 1. izd. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Sofija |b Univ. Izdat. "Sv. Kliment Ochridski" |c 2012 | |
| 300 | |a 246 S. |b zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a PST: The pottery of the Krivodol-Sǎlcuţa culture. - In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804149625861439488 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
Увод
..........................................................................................................................................7
Бележки за илюстрациите
.................................................................................8
За керамиката и нейното значение в археологическите изследвания
............10
Фактори, определящи количествените и качествените характеристики на
находките на битова керамика на археологически обекти
......................................10
Керамиката като източник на информация за древните общества
.........................15
Култура Криводол-Сълкуца
-
обща характеристика
...........................................21
Общи данни за обектите
..................................................................................................26
Класификация и сравнителен анализ
.........................................................................33
Подход при класификацията и методи за анализ
.....................................................33
Група
I.
Едносъставни съдове
....................................................................................37
Класификация
.......................................................................................................37
Сравнителен анализ на едносъставните съдове
от ранния и късния енеолит
................................................................................42
Заключения от анализа
........................................................................................51
Група
II.
Двусъставни съдове
.....................................................................................92
Класификация
......................................................................................................92
Сравнителен анализ на двусъставните съдове
от ранния и късния енеолит
..............................................................................102
Заключения от анализа
......................................................................................126
Група
III.
Трисъставни съдове
..................................................................................127
Класификация
.................................................................................................... 127
Сравнителен анализ на трисъставните съдове
от ранния и късния енеолит
..............................................................................165
Заключения от анализа
......................................................................................169
Група
IV.
Аскоси
.......................................................................................................170
Група
V.
Капаци
.......................................................................................................172
Група
VI.
Поставки
....................................................................................................176
Заключение
.........................................................................................................................177
Релативна хронология
...............................................................................................177
За промените в организацията на керамичното производство през енеолита
.....183
Библиография
....................................................................................................................189
Табла
.....................................................................................................................................193
Резюме на английски език
............................................................................................241
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
Preface
.......................................................................................................................................7
Illustration notes
.....................................................................................................................8
On
the Pottery its Significance to Archeological Research
.......................................10
Factors, determening quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the pottery
finds at archeological sites
.............................................................................................10
Pottery as a source
ofinformation
about the ancient societies
......................................15
The
Krivodol-Sălcuţa
Culture
-
General Characterization
.......................................21
General Data about the Sites
.............................................................................................26
Classification and Comparative Analysis
......................................................................33
Approach in the classification and methods of analysis
................................................33
Group I. Single composite vessels
.................................................................................37
Classification
..........................................................................................................37
Comparative analysis of the single composite vessels
from the Early and Late Eneolithic period
.............................................................42
Conclusions of the analysis
....................................................................................51
Group II. Double composite vessels
..............................................................................92
Classification
..........................................................................................................92
Comparative analysis of the double composite vessels
from the Early and Late Eneolithic period
...........................................................102
Conclusions of the analysis
..................................................................................126
Group III. Triple composite vessels
............................................................................127
Classification
........................................................................................................127
Comparative analysis of the triple composite vessels
from the Early and Late Eneolithic period
...........................................................165
Conclusions of the analysis
..................................................................................169
Group IV. Ascuses
.......................................................................................................170
Group V. Lids
.............................................................................................................172
Group VI. Stands
.........................................................................................................176
Conclusion
........................................................................................... 177
Relative chronology
.....................................................................................................177
On the changes in the organization of pottery production in the Eneolithic period....
183
Bibliography
........................................................................................................................189
T.
1-46.................................................................................................................................193
Abstract
.................................................................................................................................241
Petya
Georgieva
THE POTTERY OF THE
KRIVODOL-SÄLCUTA
CULTURE
(Summary)
The study analyses the larger collections of whole vessels, belonging to the
Krivodol-Sălcuţa
culture
from the settlements at Krivodol,
Sălcuţa,
Zaminets, Ohoden, Galatin, Devetashkata Peshtera, Peklyuk and
Dyakovo, as well as from Yunatsite
-
a settlement located in the contact zone between the
Krivodol-Sălcuţa
and Kodjadermen-Gumelnita-Karanovo VI cultures. The goal is to present the main characteristics of the
ceramics, to determine the relative chronology of the individual settlements and the periodization of the cul¬
ture, as well as to track the changes in the general characteristics of ceramics manufacturing in the explored
region during the Eneolithic period which are associated with changes in the socio-economic structure of
the societies in the Balkan-Carpathian metallurgical province. For this reason the analysis includes ceram¬
ics from the previous culture
-
Gradeshnitsa-Slatino-Dikilitash. Used are the collections from the
Slatino
settlement, horizons
3-6,
as the largest published collection of whole vessels from the early Eneolithic pe¬
riod, and from the Sitagroi settlement, horizon III, where the southern variant of the culture can be seen and
about whose relative chronology there are opposing opinions.
The first part discusses the possibilities for the use of the characteristics of ceramics as a source of
information about the relative chronology and especially about the changes in the nature of the economical
and social structure in the Eneolithic societies. It looks at the relationships between the characteristics of
the ceramics made and used by a given society and the level of development of the economy and the social
structure. Examples of the differences in the characteristics of the ceramics of prehistoric societies with
similar social structure and different economy and of the differences in the characteristics of prehistoric
societies and historic societies are given.
The second and the third parts contain an overview of the studies on the
Krivodol-Sălcuţa
culture and
of the information on the stratigraphy of the settlements from which the vessels in this research are. There is
clear stratigraphical data for the vessels from: Devetashkata Peshtera (from neighboring houses in the same
horizon), Peklyuk (from a ceramics kiln), Galatin (from a burnt down house), Ohoden (from a single house),
Zaminets (from three consecutive, distinct horizons),
Sălcuţa
(from five consecutive, distinct horizons) and
Slatino
(from three consecutive, distinct horizons). The vessels from Dyakovo are from two or more build¬
ing horizons and in account of their specific characteristics, they are viewed in the analysis as a single corfi-
plex of several chronologically close horizons. The vessels from Yunatsite are from two horizons, but since
there is no data to distinguish them, they are also examined together. The vessels from Sitagroi are
probabţy
from three consecutive horizons. There is data that shows that part of them are from stage Ilia and Hlb
and the rest are generally taken to be from Sitagroi III. Since their characteristics are very close to those of
Slatino
5-6,
they are examined together in the analysis, as a complex from the early Eneolithic period. The
vessels from Krivodol are from a single settlement
-
from two different, non-simultaneous digs and from a
treasure-hunter s trench. The building horizons are five or more. The vessels from the first excavations by V.
Mikov do not have stratigraphical data. The vessels from the next excavations by B. Nikolov, of which there
are much less, are published with stratigraphical data, but, because several obvious discrepancies between
the published and the actual information have been found, they are examined with the rest in the analysis, as
vessels from a single settlement, in which different stages in the development of the culture are presented.
The fourth part of the study is devoted to the analysis of the vessels. The parametric characteristics are
the leading element in the proposed classification. The vessels are divided into three main formal groups
(fig.
3),
depending on the complexity of their shapes, as following: group
I
-а
single, simple shape (fig.
4,
5),
group II
-
two simple shapes, one above the other (figure
9-17),
group HI
-
three simple shapes, one
above the other (fig.
27-39)
and separately from them
-
askoi (fig.
46),
lids (fig.
47)
and stands (fig.
49).
The next level in the classification is general function
-
for the table
(1),
kitchen
(2),
pithoi
(3)
and models
241
(4).
The criteria by which the classification is done arc size, method of treatment of the exterior surface and
proportions. Usually with prehistoric ceramics it is difficult to clearly discern the kitchen and the table cat¬
egories. However, in the
Krivodol-Sălcuţa
ceramics, like in the other late Eneolithic cultures, the category
of kitchen vessels
(1.2,11.2,
III.
2)
is clearly distinguished. These are the vessels with purposely roughened
outer surface (covered with barbotine) and with proportionally bigger bottoms than the rest (fig.
5,
graph.
2,
fig.
15, 16,
graph.
21, 22,
fig.
37, 38).
A very small part of all examined vessels have characteristics, by
which they can be ambiguously assigned to two of these categories. The next two levels in the classification
are distinguished by specific parametric characteristics and details of the shapes and all vessels are illus¬
trated in groups by type (fig.
5, 6, 9-17, 27-39, 46, 47, 49).
Included with the parts of the study, devoted to
the comparative analysis with the early Eneolithic vessels are illustrations of all examined vessels (fig.
7-8,
18-45, 46, 48, 49).
The formulas for the proportions, used for the analysis and classification and the system
for recording their values within the illustration of each vessel are shown in figure
3.
The comparison of
the data for the proportions and the sizes of the separate vessels, in groups by type, is presented in graphs.
The data on the decoration and the specifics of the shape of the separate parts of each vessel (rims, bottoms,
shape of the vertical profiles, handles, spouts) is analyzed as well. The comparative analysis with the early
Eneolithic vessels is done by groups, categories and types. The goal on one hand, is to present the differ¬
ences between the early and late Eneolithic period and on the other, to find the indications by which part of
the complexes from the early period come close to those from the late period more than others in order to
determine their place in the relative chronology.
Results from the comparative analysis
Vessels from group I (fig.
5-8).
Significant differences are found in the parametric characteristics
between the vessels from
Krivodol-Sălcuţa
and the early Eneolithic ones from
Slatino
5-6
and Sitagroi III.
Despite the simple shape, there are several indications of the variation: proportions and size, shape of the
rims, types of handles, shape of the bottom, method for treatment of the exterior surfaces and ornamentation,
by which most of the early Eneolithic vessels can be discerned from the late Eneolithic ones, even when
it comes to single non-ornamented vessels, separated by the context of their discovery. The vessels from
Slatino
5,
Slatino
6
and Sitagroi III show major similarities in the listed criteria and generally differ signifi¬
cantly from the late Eneolithic vessels. An important difference is that within the early Eneolithic vessels it
is practically impossible to separate a category of kitchen ceramics
-
they have neither specific roughening
of the external surface, nor different proportions, when comparing the data on size and proportions, clear
differences in the proportions of the vessels in the category of table ceramics from the settlements of the
Krivodol-Sălcuţa
culture and Yunatsite on one hand and
Slatino
5-6
and Sitagroi III on the other can be
seen (graphs
6, 8, 9).
The differences are reflected in the predominance of deeper vessels with markedly
proportionally bigger bottoms in the early Eneolithic period, unlike in the late period
.
The early period and
late period both contain a broad variety of sizes, but in the late Eneolithic period small, medium and large
sized bowls (most are large, with a diameter at the rim of over
26
cm) can be differentiated, whereas the
early Eneolithic period has no such step like grouping by size (graph
3, 4).
By these criteria, from the early
Eneolithic vessels, those from Sitagroi III are closest to the late Eneolithic ones, followed by
Slatino
6
and
Slatino
5,
but the differences between the three complexes are minimal. From the late Eneolithic pottery,
closest to the early Eneolithic is only a vessel from Zaminets A and after that some of the vessels from
Dyakovo, Peklyuk, Devetashkata Peshtera and Yunatsite. The ceramics from Galatin, Rebarkovo,
Sălcuţa
He and Ohoden differ the most from the early Eneolithic pottery. The pottery from Rebarkovo as a whole
shows significant dissimilarities with the rest. As to the shape of the rims, the differences are in their sig¬
nificantly larger variety during the early Eneolithic period, especially in the bigger vessels. During the late
Eneolithic period, even though the vessels are from more settlements and even more building levels, clear
relations between size, proportions, treatment of the exterior surface and shape of the rim are established,
from which there is little deviation. For example, all large shallow bowls from the
Krivodol-Sălcuţa
culture
(1.
1.1.
1.) have a widening on the inside of the rim, while the rims of the closest in size and proportions
242
bowls from
Slatino
5,
Slatino
6
and Sitagroi III have an analogous semicircle widening on the inside, or arc
flat and thinned, or are flat and generally widened, or slightly curved outward, or cut, or have an outgrowth
(cornicle), or handle. The comparison of the bottoms shows the least amount of differences
-
some of the
large bowls 1.
1.1.1.
have buds on the inside wall, which are not present in the early Eneolithic period, i.e. in
this case as well, the differences are drastic. The handles, to the extent that they exist in this group of vessels,
are usually different both in shape and in location. The handles of the late Eneolithic bowls are on the wall
of the vessel, and on the early Eneolithic
-
on the edge of the rim. There are similarities in terms of the loca¬
tion of the handle are present only with cups and especially with cups on conical chairs (I.I.
2.2.),
where the
differences are minimal. The main differences in the decoration are: the early Eneolithic pottery is decorated
on both the outside and inside and the decoration can be both painted or incised, whereas the late Eneolithic
only has painted decoration and only on the inside; in the late Eneolithic period decoration is found only on
the large bowls (1.
1.1.1.),
but there is no such dependency in the early Eneolithic; some bowls from the early
Eneolithic period have incised signs on the outside of the bottoms, whereas the late period ones have no such
thing, with one exception from Dyakovo on a single fragment from a bottom. Compared to the variety of
combinations of sizes, proportions and shapes of the rims in the early Eneolithic period, the late Eneolithic
is much more standardized, especially in the case of the fine ceramic vessels, which are most of the vessels
from group I. The combinations of criteria for size, proportions, shape of the rim, treatment of the surface
and decoration show significantly less variety both generally for the group and within the separate types
and there practically is no pottery, whose characteristics can show it to belong to two different types (the so
called intermediate variants).
Vessels from group II (fig.
9-26).
Some of the types of vessels from
Krivodol-Sălcuţa
have a clear
prototype in the complexes from
Slatino
and Sitagroi III (II.l.l.l.,
11.1.1.2.,
II.
1.2.1., И.1.2.З.,
11.1.3.1-7.,
II.2.6.2. and II.
2.8.),
while others have very different characteristics and can be compared to the early ones
only in size and proportions, ornamentation technique and size and location of the ornamentation field.
There are types from the early Eneolithic period, like the large bowls with tilted and outwards curved edges
(fig.
21, 22),
which are not manufactured in the late Eneolithic period, but are present both in
Slatino
and
Sitagroi III.
When comparing the data on size and proportions for the types of vessels from group II, which are
found during the entire Eneolithic period (II.
1.1.
and
И.1.З.),
just like with the vessels from group I, there
are differences, which can be used to determine the relative chronology (graph
22-32).
The characteristics
of
Slatino
and Sitagroi III are close and are clearly different from the late Eneolithic characteristics. By this
criterion, closer to the early Eneolithic vessels are some from Zaminets A and from Devetashkata Peshtera
and markedly different
-
from Galatin,
Sălcuţa
Ila
-с
and Ohoden. Some vessels from the two horizons at
Yunatsite (fig.
9: 26.4.2; 14:
II.
1.3.6;
fig.
24)
have much more in common with the complexes from
Slatino
and Sitagroi III, than with the late Eneolithic ones. Some of the cups with two handles have similarities
with the early Eneolithic vessels, but not in proportions and in terms of the distribution of the ornamenta¬
tion, which is reason to believe that there is significant chronological difference between the two horizons
at Yunatsite.
There is less variety of shapes of vessels with similar proportions during the late Eneolithic period, than
during the early period. Richly ornamented bowls with a tilted and outward curved edge, as well as some of
the variants of the bowls with vertical or inward tilted edge stop being made. Their place is taken by uniform
bowls
(11.1.1.1-2.),
among which two groups of sizes can be clearly seen. The deep bowls, whose widest
parts are rounded (these are found only in Dyakovo
-11.1.2.1.),
also stop being made and instead biconical
or cylindric-conical vessels with a markedly thickened widest part, which are made in parts, possibly mod¬
eled on a mold are made. Small bowls and cups have the same vertical profile shape. Vessels with a biconi¬
cal shape are also found during the early Eneolithic period and were probably modeled the same way, but
most of them are small in size. That is as far as we can judge by the shape of the table vessels, there is more
variety of modeling techniques during the early Eneolithic period.
There are significant differences in the ornamentation as well. While in the late Eneolithic period only
the big bowls are ornamented, during the early period there is no such relation
-
ornamented vessels in all
sizes are found. During the late Eneolithic period the main ornamentation field is on the inside of the vessels,
243
the outside sometimes has ornaments on the edge, which are reduced to small sheaves of vertical or slanted
short lines. From the here examined vessels, only those from Dyakovo and Yunatsite have drawings on their
edges. During the early Eneolithic period the main ornament field is also on the inside, but it is more often
that vessels have ornaments on the outside edges, which sometimes have more complicated compositions
than the traditional for the late period bundles of lines. For some vessels the ornament field on the outside
reaches under the edge. It is limited to one or two horizontal lines and is not found on the late Eneolithic
bowls. The organization of the ornamental compositions, applied to the inside does not differ significantly,
but during the early Eneolithic the ornament is simpler and has less details. One of the bowls from
Slatino
6
has an incised sign on its bottom, which are found on other kinds of early Eneolithic vessels, but are not
during the late Eneolithic period.
Vessels from group III (fig.
27-45).
Fewer vessels from
Slatino
and Sitagroi III are used in the com¬
parative analysis
-
they are roughly a third of the vessels from the
Krivodol-Sălcuţa
culture. Their sizes and
proportions are varied. For the comparative analysis of the different types, the established relations which
can be interpreted as chronological signs are specific characteristics of the different parts of the shapes.
Such are the upward bulged shoulders, shaped like a skirt (fig.
28:
III.
1.1.5,
III.
1.2.4-5; 30:
III.
1.4.2; 31:
III.
1.4.10.1; 32:
III.
1.4.12.1., 111.1.5.1; 34:111.1.6.1.,111.1.6.4.),
which are present in Dyakovo, Devetashkata
Peshtera, Peklyuk, Zaminets, Krivodol and Yunatsite, but are not found in Galatin and
Sălcuţa.
There is also
one such vessel from Ohoden (fig.
34: 111.1.6.1.).
From the vessels, which can be examined as an analogue
of the fine ceramics from the
Krivodol-Sălcuţa
culture, the most numerous and the closest in characteristics
to a concrete kind of late Eneolithic vessels are those with two vertical handles (fig.
42-44).
No significant
difference is found in the general comparison of the proportions. A more interesting result is found when
comparing the sizes (graph
39, 40).
The diameters of the rims of the deep vessels from the late Eneolithic
period vary in a very small range, regardless of their height. They can be divided into several groups by
their height (graph
39:2).
The diameters of the rims of the early Eneolithic vessels vary in a much bigger
range
-
between
3
and
18
cm. The taller vessels have bigger diameters.
Specific only to the late Eneolithic period are the vessels with two slanted handles (fig.
34-36).
They,
like the vessels with two vertical handles, although with different sizes and proportions, are an independent
group with specific appearance. Their decoration is uniform and they are close in size and shape to the ves¬
sels with two vertical handles, but are decorated differently and probably had lids. Significant differences
are found among them both in the handles and proportions of the shapes. They are not found in other places,
Slatino
and Sitagroi III have several vessels with similar handles, which we can consider a prototype (fig.
26: 139.8., 139.6; 40: 137.5., 12.2.5; 41: 115.5., 123.4.).
Separate vessels from Yunatsite have the all the
characteristics of those from the early Eneolithic period and a probably from a chronologically earlier hori¬
zon than the rest. Typologically closest to the vessels from
Slatino
and Sitagroi III are those from Yunatsite,
Dyakovo, Peklyuk and to a lesser extent
-
from Devetashkata Peshtera and Zaminets. Some of the vessels
from Ohoden in this group are typologically close to vessels from Zaminets, Peklyuk and Devetashkata
Peshtera. The vessels from
Sălcuţa
He and Galatin, as well as some of the vessels from Krivodol differ from
the rest in specific details of the shape and are apparently similar to
Sălcuţa
III. The vessels from
Sălcuţa
I-IIa/b do not differ significantly from those from
Sălcuţa
Ile, but
since there are very few of them, they do
not allow for more definite conclusions. Some of the vessels from Krivodol approach in characteristics those
from Zaminets C, others
-
those from
Sălcuţa
Ile,
and others still
-
those from Rebarkovo and
Ostrovul
Corbului.
The typological differences between the vessels from Sitagroi II and
Slatino
on one hand, and the
closest to them vessels from Yunatsite, Dyakovo and Peklyuk on the other, are significant, from which we
can conclude that they don t follow immediately one after the other and that there is an intermediate stage
between them which isn t presented in the here examined complexes.
Askoi, lids, stands. The comparison of data on askoi (fig.
46),
lids (fig.
47,48)
and stands (fig.
49)
con¬
firms the conclusions about the chronological correlation of the complexes and about the tendency towards
standardization of the shapes and sizes of the vessels from the late Eneolithic period.
Relatíve
chronology. The examined complexes present four phases in the development of the Kriv¬
odol-
Sălcuţa
culture. The first and third have two
subphases
each, as follows:
244
I Dyakovo
Peklyuk, Devetashkata Peshtera, Zaminets A-B
II
III
IV
Zaminets C, Krivodol
Kjivodol,
Sălcuţa
I—He
Galatin
Rebarkovo,
Sălcuţa
III, Krivodol
The fourth phase in the development of the culture shows the transition to the next culture chronologi¬
cally
-
Galatin and is not fully presented here.
It is noteworthy that the differences between the examined complexes from
Slatino
and Sitagroi III on
one hand and the complexes from
Krivodol-Sălcuţa
on the other, including those from the earliest phase,
are too sharply outlined. This can be seen with most kinds of vessels and is very clearly shown on shallow
bowls (graph
5, 9-11, 24-32).
Too abrupt a change in proportions, sizes and locations of the ornament fields
is registered (fig.
4-7, 9, 10, 18-22).
Similar changes in the characteristics of the vessels do not happen all
of a sudden. That means that between the stages of the Eneolithic period, known from
Slatino
and Sitagroi
III, which are assigned to the early Eneolithic period and between the first phase of the late period, seen
in Dyakovo, Peklyuk, Devetashkata Peshtera and Zaminets, there is a stage, missing in the materials from
the settlements examined in this study. The characteristics of the ceramics from this stage, whose duration
is unclear, should show the missing smooth transition. Horizon V from the settlement Vaksevo
-
Studena
Voda
(Чохаджиев
2001: 15, 31, 68-72;
рис.
67-73)
is probably part of this stage.
Another problem is the synchronization between the different stages of the late Eneolithic cultures
Krivodol-Sălcuţa
on one hand and Kodjadermen-Gumelnita-Karanovo VI and Varna, on the other. It is
accepted that they are synchronized and that
Krivodol-Sălcuţa
lasts for one more phase than Kodjadermen-
Gumelnita-Karanovo VI and Varna, every culture is divided into three or four
(Krivodol-Sălcuţa)
phases, re¬
spectively and synchronized occurrences in the three cultures correspond to each phase number
(Тодорова
1986,
табл.
35).
After the study and publication of the settlements at Kozareva
Mogiła
and Sozopol, it be¬
came clear that the stage called IVth phase of the
Krivodol-Sălcuţa
has synchronous settlements in Eastern
Bulgaria (Draganov
1998;
Георгиева
2003),
even though they are few in comparison. The problem is to
what extent the other stages in the development of each of the cultures can be synchronized with one anoth¬
er. In this regard, the ceramics from Yunatsite is especially interesting. Within the Kodjadermen-Gumelnita-
Karanovo VI culture the late Eneolithic horizons from this site are placed in the second and third phases, or
in the end of the third
(Тодорова
1986: 65;
Todorova,
Matsanova
2000;
Николов
2006: 143),
but according
to the here presented periodization of the
Krivodol-Sălcuţa
culture, it follows that they are synchronous to
the first, seen in Peklyuk, Devetashkata Peshtera and Zaminets
А, В.,
i.e. according to the proposed in this
study synchronization, the early stages of Kodjadermen-Gumelnita-Karanovo VI and Varna don t have a
clear analogue (studied sites with well published ceramic complexes) in within
Krivodol-Sălcuţa,
except
maybe Dyakovo, purely theoretically. The ceramics from the burnt horizons of Yunatsite do not give reason
for synchronization with the latest stages in the development of the Kodjadermen-Gumelnita-Karanovo VI
culture and Varna, presented in settlements like Kozareva
Mogiła
and Starozagorski
Mineralni Bani,
as
well as with the latest registered as of now stage, seen in Sozopol
(Георгиева
2003;
Георгиева
2005),
but
definitely is not part of the first phase. The question is to what extent the lack
ofinformation
on sites in West¬
ern Bulgaria from the period between
Slatino
and the first phase of
Krivodol-Sălcuţa
is due to subjective
reasons, or shows the actual demographic situation. The distribution of finds of different kinds and types of
massive copper items on the territory of the late Eneolithic cultures also testifies to the lack of full synchron-
icity in the stages of development of the eastern western region. The axe-hammers, which are typologically
earlier, are distributed mainly on the territory of the cultures Varna and Kodjadermen-Gumelnita-Karanovo
VI, whereas the pick-hoes (axes-adzes)
-
on the territory of
Krivodol-Sălcuţa
(Черных
1978,
карта
VII,
рис.
60;
Тодорова
1986,
фиг.
24).
Some of the established differences between the ceramics from the early and late Eneolithic period are
due to the gradual aesthetic changes natural for every developing manufacturing of ceramics. Others are
245
related to the changes in organization of the ceramics manufacturing. One of the most interesting results is
the established significant difference in the parametric characteristics of vessels from the same type from
the early and late Eneolithie period. With bowls it is the clearly identifiable differences in the proportions
and tendencies towards standardization of the size and details. Some of the shapes, manufactured during
the early Eneolithie period, stop being made in the late period, but in their place, in terms of their function,
production of new shapes is not started, but instead those of the old ones are maintained, which are easier
to model and have close general proportions and sizes. During the late Eneolithie period only two kinds of
shapes for bowls were made
-
conical, widened on the inside of the rim and conical with a low edge, witch
had close proportions and sizes
-
small, medium and large, in contrast with the variety of sizes, proportions
and variants for shaping the details during the early Eneolithie period. The change in the deep amphora-like
vessels is expressed in the clear differentiation of the types, a unification of the diameters of the rims, limit¬
ing the ornament area and standardization of the decoration. The techniques used during the late Eneolithie
period for decorating are not in the least less varied, but unlike in the early Eneolithie period, when even
the cooking vessels cannot be discerned from the rest
(Чохаджиев
2006: 22),
there is a direct relationship
between function, proportions, surface treatment and decoration. The deep vessels with two slanted handles
are usually only decorated on the shoulders and most often with poked in ornament, which creates rough
relief in that area. Unlike them, the vessels with two vertical long handles
-
with smoothened cannelures on
the shoulders and more rarely with painted with graphite or pasta paint ornament. Deviations from the stan¬
dard are either in individual copies of the early stage of development of the culture, or in very precisely
made luxurious vessels, which impress with their rich decoration. Finds of such vessels show that not the
loss of skills is the reason for the standardized look of the rest. The ornamentation of the kitchen ceramics
also looks standard. All vessels, meant for cooking, carrying or storing water or other products are covered
with barbotine, usually applied with fingers. Despite their rough appearance, these vessels are not of lesser
quality than the rest and generally have a perfectly smoothened inner surface and bottoms with proportional
diameters. The barbotine is applied in order to improve the functionality
-
so that the vessels do not slip
when they are handled and carried, in case they are hot or wet. During the early Chalcolithic period, the sur¬
face of the vessels for cooking does not differ from that of the rest. The big vessels for water and the pithoi
are richly ornamented with graphite painted or incised decoration.
The described changes, which from an aesthetic point of view can be interpreted as regress
-
a decrease
in the variety of shapes and sizes, the richly decorated on all sides vessels disappear, actually show the
development of the process of standardization. The functional characteristics of each of the separate kinds
become more outlined. More outlined and easily discerned are also the changes in size. There are usually
three sizes
-
small, medium and large. The observed tendency towards standardization can be regarded as
an early stage of adaptation of the production to the needs of trade
-
series of identical vessels begin to be
manufactured in excess, some of which can be use for trade. Also to the change in the organization of the
production testify the first finds of ceramic kilns, built in settlements, like the one from Peklyuk.
246
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Georgieva, Petja Georgieva 1958- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1027718957 |
| author_facet | Georgieva, Petja Georgieva 1958- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Georgieva, Petja Georgieva 1958- |
| author_variant | p g g pg pgg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040536527 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)820391104 (DE-599)BVBBV040536527 |
| edition | 1. izd. |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Krivodol (DE-588)7555215-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Krivodol |
| id | DE-604.BV040536527 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:26:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789540732954 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025382519 |
| oclc_num | 820391104 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 246 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Univ. Izdat. "Sv. Kliment Ochridski" |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Georgieva, Petja Georgieva 1958- Verfasser (DE-588)1027718957 aut Keramikata na kultura Krivodol-Sălkuca Petja Georgieva 1. izd. Sofija Univ. Izdat. "Sv. Kliment Ochridski" 2012 246 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PST: The pottery of the Krivodol-Sǎlcuţa culture. - In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Chalkolithikum (DE-588)4138001-0 gnd rswk-swf Krivodol (DE-588)7555215-2 gnd rswk-swf Krivodol (DE-588)7555215-2 g Chalkolithikum (DE-588)4138001-0 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025382519&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025382519&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Georgieva, Petja Georgieva 1958- Keramikata na kultura Krivodol-Sălkuca Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Chalkolithikum (DE-588)4138001-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4138001-0 (DE-588)7555215-2 |
| title | Keramikata na kultura Krivodol-Sălkuca |
| title_auth | Keramikata na kultura Krivodol-Sălkuca |
| title_exact_search | Keramikata na kultura Krivodol-Sălkuca |
| title_full | Keramikata na kultura Krivodol-Sălkuca Petja Georgieva |
| title_fullStr | Keramikata na kultura Krivodol-Sălkuca Petja Georgieva |
| title_full_unstemmed | Keramikata na kultura Krivodol-Sălkuca Petja Georgieva |
| title_short | Keramikata na kultura Krivodol-Sălkuca |
| title_sort | keramikata na kultura krivodol salkuca |
| topic | Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Chalkolithikum (DE-588)4138001-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Funde Chalkolithikum Krivodol |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025382519&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025382519&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT georgievapetjageorgieva keramikatanakulturakrivodolsalkuca |