VCSELs: fundamentals, technology and applications of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2013
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Springer series in optical sciences
166 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIX, 558 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 364224985X 9783642249853 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a VCSELs |b fundamentals, technology and applications of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers |c Rainer Michalzik ed. |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2013 | |
| 300 | |a XIX, 558 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Springer series in optical sciences |v 166 | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Halbleiterlaser |0 (DE-588)4139556-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a VCSEL-Laser |0 (DE-588)4707820-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 653 | |a Semiconductor lasers. | ||
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| 700 | 1 | |a Michalzik, Rainer |d 1965- |0 (DE-588)115481931 |4 edt | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe |z 978-3-642-24986-0 |
| 830 | 0 | |a Springer series in optical sciences |v 166 |w (DE-604)BV000000237 |9 166 | |
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| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025376923 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804149617832493056 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
PART I BASIC VCSEL CHARACTERISTICS
1 VCSELS: A RESEARCH REVIEW 3
RAINER MICHALZIK 1.1 RESEARCH HISTORY REFLECTED IN VCSEL BOOKS 3
1.2 NEW DEVELOPMENTS MOTIVATING THIS BOOK 7
1.3 OTHER RESEARCH NOT COVERED BY THE CHAPTERS 9
1.4 THE FUTURE 12
REFERENCES 15
2 VCSEL FUNDAMENTALS 19
RAINER MICHALZIK 2.1 INTRODUCTION 19
2.2 VCSEL DESIGN AND OPERATION PARAMETERS 21
2.2.1 VCSEL TYPES AND GENERAL PROPERTIES 21
2.2.2 BRAGG REFLECTORS 24
2.2.3 RELATIVE CONFINEMENT FACTOR 27
2.2.4 THRESHOLD GAIN AND PHOTON LIFETIME 28
2.2.5 THRESHOLD CURRENT 30
2.2.6 MATRIX METHOD AND STANDING-WAVE PATTERN 32
2.2.7 ENERGY FLUX AND DIFFERENTIAL QUANTUM EFFICIENCY . . . 35
2.2.8 CONVERSION EFFICIENCY 38
2.3 EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF OXIDE-CONFINED VCSELS 4 0
2.3.1 DEVICE STRUCTURE 4 0
2.3.2 EXPERIMENTAL OPERATION CHARACTERISTICS 41
2.3.3 TEMPERATURE BEHAVIOR 4 3
2.3.4 TRANSVERSE MODES 4 6
2.4 DYNAMIC AND NOISE BEHAVIOR 5 0
2.4.1 RATE EQUATIONS 50
2.4.2 SMALL-SIGNAL MODULATION RESPONSE 52
I X
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1016104847
IMAGE 2
X CONTENTS
2.4.3 RELATIVE INTENSITY NOISE 55
2.4.4 EMISSION LINEWIDTH 57
2.5 VCSEL-BASED OPTICAL INTERCONNECTS 59
2.5.1 FIBER COUPLING 59
2.5.2 LARGE-SIGNAL MODULATION EFFECTS 60
2.5.3 HIGH-SPEED OPTICAL DATA TRANSMISSION 61
2.6 CONCLUSION 66
REFERENCES 67
3 THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING O F VCSELS 77
PIERLUIGI DEBERNARDI 3.1 INTRODUCTION 77
3.2 INTERPLAY OF THE DIFFERENT EFFECTS 78
3.3 OPTICAL PART 79
3.3.1 THE COUPLED-MODE APPROACH 80
3.3.2 COMPARING DIFFERENT MODELS 83
3.3.3 COMPARISONS WITH EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 84
3.4 THERMAL PART 93
3.5 MAJOR TEMPERATURE RELATED PHENOMENA 97
3.6 ELECTRICAL PART 99
3.6.1 APPROXIMATED CURRENT PROFILES 99
3.6.2 CURRENT LEAKAGE 101
3.7 RATE EQUATIONS 103
3.7.1 CARRIER EXPANSION AND PROJECTION TECHNIQUE 105
3.7.2 LIGHT OUTPUT CURVE COMPUTATION 106
3.8 EXAMPLE O F RESULTS 107
3.8.1 MODEL VALIDATION 109
3.8.2 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES OF NUMERICAL RESULTS I L L
3.9 SUMMARY 115
REFERENCES 115
4 SINGLE-MODE VCSELS 119
ANDERS LARSSON AND JOHAN S. GUSTAVSSON 4.1 INTRODUCTION 119
4.2 APPLICATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS 120
4.3 OPTICAL FIELDS AND MODES IN VCSELS 122
4.3.1 LONGITUDINAL FIELDS 122
4.3.2 TRANSVERSE FIELDS 122
4.3.3 POLARIZATION 126
4.4 TECHNIQUES FOR SINGLE-MODE EMISSION 127
4.4.1 INHERENTLY SINGLE-MODE VCSELS 127
4.4.2 SINGLE-MODE EMISSION FROM INHERENTLY MULTIMODE VCSELS 132
4.5 A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE 138
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS XI
4.6 SUMMARY 140
REFERENCES 140
PART II DEVICE TECHNOLOGY AND PERFORMANCE
5 POLARIZATION CONTROL O F VCSELS 147
JOHANNES MICHAEL OSTERMANN AND RAINER MICHALZIK 5.1 INTRODUCTION 147
5.2 VCSELS AND THEIR POLARIZATION 148
5.2.1 EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS 149
5.2.2 SOME THEORETICAL EXPLANATIONS 153
5.3 NEED FOR POLARIZATION CONTROL OF VCSELS 155
5.4 APPROACHES TO POLARIZATION CONTROL 156
5.4.1 POLARIZATION-DEPENDENT GAIN 157
5.4.2 POLARIZATION-DEPENDENT MIRROR 158
5.4.3 ASYMMETRIC RESONATORS 159
5.4.4 EXTERNAL OPTICAL FEEDBACK 159
5.4.5 INTENTIONAL POLARIZATION SWITCHES 159
5.5 SURFACE GRATINGS FOR POLARIZATION CONTROL 160
5.5.1 GRATINGS WITH WAVELENGTH-SCALE PERIODS 161
5.5.2 SUB-MATERIAL-WAVELENGTH SURFACE GRATINGS 167
5.5.3 HIGH-INDEX-CONTRAST SUBWAVELENGTH GRATINGS 168
5.6 CONCLUSION 168
REFERENCES 169
6 POLARIZATION DYNAMICS O F VCSELS 181
KRASSIMIR PANAJOTOV AND FRANCO PRATI 6.1 BACKGROUND 182
6.2 OVERVIEW OF THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ON POLARIZATION DYNAMICS O F A
SOLITARY VCSEL 184
6.2.1 ALIGNMENT OF POLARIZATION AXIS TO [110] OR [110] AXES:
ELASTO-OPTIC AND ELECTRO-OPTIC EFFECTS 184
6.2.2 TYPE I POLARIZATION SWITCHING 186
6.2.3 POLARIZATION MODE HOPPING 189
6.2.4 TYPE II POLARIZATION SWITCHING AND DOUBLE POLARIZATION SWITCHING
192
6.2.5 IMPACT OF QW ANISOTROPIC STRAIN ON POLARIZATION SWITCHING BEHAVIOR
195
6.2.6 POLARIZATION FLUCTUATIONS AND NONLINEAR BIREFRINGENCE AND
DICHROISM 196
6.2.7 PITCHFORK TYPE O F POLARIZATION SWITCHING IN VCSELS 202
IMAGE 4
XII
CONTENTS
6.2.8 VOLTAGE CONTROLLED POLARIZATION SWITCHING
IN COUPLED-CAVITY VCSELS 203
6.2.9 POLARIZATION DYNAMICS OF OPTICALLY PUMPED VCSELS 204
6.3 PHYSICAL MECHANISMS AND THEORETICAL MODELING O F POLARIZATION
DYNAMICS IN VCSELS 206
6.3.1 POLARIZATION BISTABILITY IN EDGE-EMITTING SEMI CONDUCTOR LASERS
AND GAIN COMPRESSION MODEL 206
6.3.2 DIFFERENT PHYSICAL MECHANISMS CAN LEAD TO NET GAIN EQUALIZATION IN
VCSELS 210
6.3.3 POLARIZATION DYNAMICS IN VCSELS: THE SPIN-FLIP MODEL (SFM) 214
6.4 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVE APPLICATIONS 223
REFERENCES 225
7 DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE O F HIGH-SPEED VCSELS 233
YU-CHIA CHANG AND LARRY A. COLDREN 7.1 INTRODUCTION 233
7.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 235
7.2.1 INTRINSIC LASER RESPONSE 236
7.2.2 EXTRINSIC PARASITIC RESPONSE 239
7.3 DESIGN O F HIGH-SPEED VCSELS 241
7.3.1 ACTIVE REGION 241
7.3.2 LATERAL MODE CONFINEMENT AND SINGLE MODENESS . . . . 242
7.3.3 CHIP PARASITICS 243
7.3.4 PAD PARASITICS 245
7.3.5 THERMAL MANAGEMENT 246
7.4 PERFORMANCE O F HIGH-SPEED VCSELS 247
7.4.1 850-NM VCSELS 248
7.4.2 980-NM VCSELS 249
7.4.3 1.1-NM VCSELS 251
7.4.4 LONG-WAVELENGTH VCSELS 253
7.5 LOSS-MODULATED HIGH-SPEED VCSELS 255
7.5.1 PRINCIPLE O F OPERATION 255
7.5.2 VCSELS WITH AN ELECTROABSORPTION MODULATOR 256
7.5.3 VCSELS WITH AN ELECTROOPTICAL MODULATOR 257
7.6 CONCLUSION 257
REFERENCES 257
8 HIGH-POWER VCSEL ARRAYS 263
JEAN-FRANFOIS P. SEURIN 8.1 INTRODUCTION 263
8.2 DEVELOPMENT O F HIGH-EFFICIENCY VCSEL DEVICES 266
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS XIII
8.2.1 DEVICE STRUCTURE AND FABRICATION 266
8.2.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 267
8.3 2D VCSEL ARRAY FABRICATION 276
8.4 RESULTS 279
8.5 HIGH-BRIGHTNESS VCSEL ARRAYS 282
8.6 HIGH-ENERGY VCSEL ARRAYS 284
8.6.1 VCSEL-BASED ACTIVE Q-SWITCH 284
8.6.2 SHORT PULSE VCSEL ARRAY MODULES 286
8.7 CONCLUSIONS 286
REFERENCES 287
9 HIGH-CONTRAST GRATING VCSELS 291
CONNIE J. CHANG-HASNAIN 9.1 INTRODUCTION 291
9.2 HIGH-CONTRAST SUBWAVELENGTH GRATING (HCG) 292
9.2.1 HCG AS BROADBAND REFLECTOR 293
9.2.2 PHYSICS O F HCG 295
9.3 HCG-VCSEL DESIGN AND FABRICATION 296
9.4 OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS O F HCG-VCSEL 298
9.4.1 LIGHT-CURRENT AND NEAR FIELD CHARACTERISTICS 298
9.4.2 LITHOGRAPHICALLY-DEFINED POLARIZATION CONTROL 300
9.4.3 TRANSVERSE MODE CONTROL 302
9.4.4 HCG SIZE DEPENDENCE 303
9.5 FABRICATION TOLERANCE 304
9.6 LITHOGRAPHICALLY-DEFINED MULTI-WAVELENGTH HCG-VCSELS. . . 306 9.7
TUNABLE HCG-VCSELS 309
9.7.1 DESIGN AND FABRICATION 309
9.7.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNABLE HCG-VCSEL 311
9.8 SUMMARY 313
REFERENCES 314
PART III FROM INFRARED TO VIOLET EMISSION
10 LONG-WAVELENGTH VCSELS WITH BURIED TUNNEL JUNCTION 321
MARKUS ORTSIEFER, WERNER HOFMANN, JIIRGEN ROSSKOPF AND MARKUS-CHRISTIAN
AMANN 10.1 SPECIAL ISSUES FOR LONG-WAVELENGTH VCSELS 322
10.2 THE BURIED TUNNEL JUNCTION CONCEPT 324
10.3 DEVICE STRUCTURES AND CHARACTERISTICS 327
10.3.1 INP-BASED VCSELS 327
10.3.2 GASB-BASED VCSELS 341
10.4 APPLICATIONS 343
10.4.1 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION 343
10.4.2 VCSEL-BASED OPTICAL GAS SENSING 346
IMAGE 6
XIV CONTENTS
10.5 CONCLUSION 348
REFERENCES 349
11 GALNNAS(SB) LONG-WAVELENGTH VCSELS 353
JAMES S. HARRIS, HOPIL BAE AND TOMAS SARMIENTO 11.1 INTRODUCTION 353
11.2 GROWTH ISSUES O F GALNNAS(SB) 358
11.3 1.3 URN GALNNAS VCSELS 362
11.4 1.55 GALNNASSB VCSELS 364
11.5 SUMMARY 369
REFERENCES 370
12 RED EMITTING VCSEL 379
MICHAEL JETTER, ROBERT ROBBACH AND PETER MICHLER 12.1 INTRODUCTION 379
12.2 VCSEL STRUCTURE 381
12.2.1 ALGALNP ACTIVE ZONE 381
12.2.2 DISTRIBUTED BRAGG REFLECTORS 381
12.2.3 OXIDE APERTURE 383
12.2.4 IN-SITU REFLECTION MEASUREMENT 384
12.3 DEVICE CHARACTERISTICS OF RED VCSEL 385
12.3.1 HEAT DISSIPATION MODEL 386
12.3.2 HIGH TEMPERATURE RESULTS 389
12.3.3 MODULATION BANDWIDTH 389
12.3.4 MODULATION LIMITS 390
12.3.5 DATA TRANSMISSION 392
12.3.6 RELIABILITY 393
12.4 QUANTUM DOT BASED RED EMITTING VCSEL 394
12.5 CONCLUSION 396
12.6 OUTLOOK 396
REFERENCES 397
13 GAN-BASED VCSELS 403
SHING-CHUNG WANG, TIEN-CHANG LU, HAO-CHUNG KUO AND JUN-RONG CHEN 13.1
INTRODUCTION 403
13.2 DESIGN AND FABRICATION O F GAN-BASED VCSELS 406
13.3 OPTICALLY PUMPED GAN-BASED VCSELS 410
13.3.1 HYBRID DBR VCSEL 410
13.3.2 DIELECTRIC DBR VCSEL 413
13.4 ELECTRICALLY PUMPED GAN-BASED VCSELS 416
13.4.1 HYBRID DBR VCSEL 416
13.4.2 DIELECTRIC DBR VCSEL 421
13.5 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 423
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS X V
13.6 SUMMARY 423
REFERENCES 424
PART IV VCSEL APPLICATIONS
14 VCSEL-BASED TRANSCEIVERS FOR DATA COMMUNICATIONS 431
KENNETH P. JACKSON AND CLINT L. SCHOW 14.1 INTRODUCTION 431
14.2 EARLY DATACOM TRANSCEIVERS 432
14.3 THE NEED FOR VCSELS 435
14.4 VCSEL TECHNOLOGY AND THE DRIVE FOR LOWER COSTS 436
14.5 TODAY S VCSEL-BASED TRANSCEIVERS 441
14.6 FUTURE OF VCSEL-BASED TRANSCEIVERS 444
REFERENCES 448
15 LOW-COST OPTICAL VIDEO LINKS BASED ON VCSELS 449
HYUN-KUK SHIN 15.1 INTRODUCTION 449
15.2 OPTICAL VIDEO LINK MODULES FOR DVI AND HDMI 450
15.3 VCSEL IN DISPLAY INTERCONNECTION MODULE 458
15.4 APPLICATIONS O F OPTICAL VIDEO LINKS 461
15.4.1 TRAIN DISPLAY SYSTEM 461
15.4.2 ELEVATOR SYSTEM 462
15.4.3 MEDICAL APPLICATION 464
15.5 REDUCTION O F THE NUMBER O F FIBERS 465
15.6 OPTICAL VIDEO LINK FOR A MASS MARKET 466
15.7 CONCLUSION 470
REFERENCES 470
16 PROGRESS IN VCSEL-BASED PARALLEL LINKS 473
DANIEL M. KUCHTA 16.1 INTRODUCTION 473
16.2 COMMERCIAL VCSEL-BASED PARALLEL LINKS SINCE ~ 2 0 0 0 475
16.3 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN VCSEL-BASED PARALLEL LINKS 485
16.4 DEPLOYMENT O F PARALLEL LINKS IN LARGE SYSTEMS AND TEST BEDS 497
16.5 FIBERS AND CONNECTORS FOR PARALLEL LINKS 505
16.6 RELIABILITY FOR PARALLEL LINKS 507
16.7 OUTLOOK 510
REFERENCES 512
IMAGE 8
X V I
CONTENTS
17 VCSELS FOR OPTICAL MICE AND SENSING 521
MARTIN GRABHERR, HOLGER MOENCH AND ARMAND PRUIJMBOOM 17.1 INTRODUCTION
521
17.2 VCSELS AS IDEAL ILLUMINATION SOURCE FOR THE OPTICAL MOUSE 522
17.2.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND BENEFITS OF VCSELS OVER EDGE EMITTERS
523
17.2.2 VCSEL PRODUCTION AND TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS 523
17.2.3 POLARIZATION STABILIZATION 527
17.3 SMI LASER DOPPLER INTERFEROMETRY 528
17.3.1 VELOCITY MEASUREMENT 528
17.3.2 DIRECTION O F MOTION AND DISTANCE 529
17.4 VCSEL AS INTEGRATED LASER DOPPLER INTERFEROMETER 531
17.-4.1 VCSEL WITH INTEGRATED PHOTODIODE 531
17.4.2 SINGLE-MODE VCSEL 533
17.4.3 D L J D L REQUIREMENTS 534
17.4.4 PHILIPS TWIN-EYE PRODUCT 534
17.5 MORE SMI APPLICATIONS 536
17.6 SUMMARY 537
REFERENCES 537
18 VCSEL-BASED LASER PRINTING SYSTEM 539
NOBUAKI UEKI AND NAOTAKA MUKOYAMA 18.1 INTRODUCTION 539
18.2 VCSELS FOR PRINTER APPLICATIONS 541
18.3 STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS O F VCSEL ARRAY 542
18.4 VCSEL DRIVER IC 545
18.5 IMAGE QUALITY 546
18.6 VCSEL-BASED PRINTER PRODUCTS 547
18.7 SUMMARY 548
REFERENCES 548
INDEX 549
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)816470893 (DE-599)HBZHT017432649 |
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| dewey-ones | 535 - Light and related radiation |
| dewey-raw | 535.2 |
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| id | DE-604.BV040530838 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:25:53Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 364224985X 9783642249853 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025376923 |
| oclc_num | 816470893 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-83 DE-29T DE-92 DE-20 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-83 DE-29T DE-92 DE-20 |
| physical | XIX, 558 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Springer series in optical sciences |
| series2 | Springer series in optical sciences |
| spelling | VCSELs fundamentals, technology and applications of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers Rainer Michalzik ed. Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2013 XIX, 558 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Springer series in optical sciences 166 Halbleiterlaser (DE-588)4139556-6 gnd rswk-swf VCSEL-Laser (DE-588)4707820-0 gnd rswk-swf Semiconductor lasers. VCSEL-Laser (DE-588)4707820-0 s DE-604 Halbleiterlaser (DE-588)4139556-6 s Michalzik, Rainer 1965- (DE-588)115481931 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-642-24986-0 Springer series in optical sciences 166 (DE-604)BV000000237 166 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025376923&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | VCSELs fundamentals, technology and applications of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers Springer series in optical sciences Halbleiterlaser (DE-588)4139556-6 gnd VCSEL-Laser (DE-588)4707820-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4139556-6 (DE-588)4707820-0 |
| title | VCSELs fundamentals, technology and applications of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers |
| title_auth | VCSELs fundamentals, technology and applications of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers |
| title_exact_search | VCSELs fundamentals, technology and applications of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers |
| title_full | VCSELs fundamentals, technology and applications of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers Rainer Michalzik ed. |
| title_fullStr | VCSELs fundamentals, technology and applications of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers Rainer Michalzik ed. |
| title_full_unstemmed | VCSELs fundamentals, technology and applications of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers Rainer Michalzik ed. |
| title_short | VCSELs |
| title_sort | vcsels fundamentals technology and applications of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers |
| title_sub | fundamentals, technology and applications of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers |
| topic | Halbleiterlaser (DE-588)4139556-6 gnd VCSEL-Laser (DE-588)4707820-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Halbleiterlaser VCSEL-Laser |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025376923&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000000237 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT michalzikrainer vcselsfundamentalstechnologyandapplicationsofverticalcavitysurfaceemittinglasers |