Isparavanje vode u heterogenim geološkim uslovima: razvoj numeričkog modela određivanja evapotranspiracije
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Veröffentlicht: |
Beograd
Geografski Inst. Jovan Cvijić Srpske Akad. Nauka i Umetnosti
2010
|
Schriftenreihe: | Posebna izdanja / Geografski Institut Jovan Cvijić
77 |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
Beschreibung: | PST: The water evaporation in heterogenous geological conditions. - In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
Beschreibung: | 200 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
ISBN: | 9788680029481 |
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245 | 1 | 0 | |a Isparavanje vode u heterogenim geološkim uslovima |b razvoj numeričkog modela određivanja evapotranspiracije |c Jugoslav Nikolić |
264 | 1 | |a Beograd |b Geografski Inst. Jovan Cvijić Srpske Akad. Nauka i Umetnosti |c 2010 | |
300 | |a 200 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
490 | 1 | |a Posebna izdanja / Geografski Institut Jovan Cvijić |v 77 | |
500 | |a PST: The water evaporation in heterogenous geological conditions. - In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804149613441056768 |
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adam_text | С А Д
Ρ
Ж Л
J
1.
УВОД
..........................................................................................................29
2.
МЕТОДОЛОГША
ИСТРАЖИВАЊА
....................................................33
2.1.
Предмет и цил>
презентованих
истраживања.................................
33
2.2.
Методолошки приступ
истраживању
..............................................34
3.
ФАЗНИ ПРЕЛАЗИ ВОДЕ И ЕВАПОТРАНСПИРАЦША
...................39
3.1.
Опште напомене о
фазним прелазима
воде
....................................42
3.2.
Појам евапотранспирације...............................................................
47
3.2.1.
Потенцијална
и стварна
евапотранспирација.................
52
2.2.2.
Латентна
топлота водене
паре........................................
56
4.
ФАКТОРИ
ИСПАРАВАЊА
ВОДЕ
У ПРИРОДИ
.................................59
4.1.
Аеродинамички фактори
..................................................................59
4.2.
Фактори енергетског биланса
..........................................................61
4.3.
Фактори
подлоге
...............................................................................78
4.4.
Додатни фактори
...............................................................................79
5.
МЕТОДЕ
МЕРЕЊА ИСПАРАВАЊА
ВОДЕ.........................................
83
5.1.
Атмометри
.........................................................................................83
5.2.
Испарители
........................................................................................84
5.3.
Лизиметри
..........................................................................................86
5.4.
Мерења
испараваіьа
воде у Републици
Србији
..............................88
5.5.
Критички осврт на методе
мерења испаравања
воде
....................92
6.
ИНДИРЕКТНО
ОДРЕЂИВАЊЕ ИСПАРАВАЊА
ВОДЕ
....................95
6.1.
Методе
телеметријског одређивања
................................................96
6.2.
Метод водног биланса
......................................................................97
6.3.
Аеродинамичке
методе
.....................................................................97
6.3.1.
Метод преносамасе
...............................................................98
6.3.2.
Метод аеродинамичког профила
...........................................99
6.3.3.
Метод
турбулентное
преноса
.............................................100
6.4.
Методе
енергетског биланса
..........................................................101
6.5.
Емпиријске
методе..........................................................................
101
6.5.1.
Емпиријске
формуле за
испаравање
са слободне водене површине
засноване
на
Dalton-oeoj
једначини
.....................................102
6.5.2.
Друге
емпиријске
формуле
u
одређивање евапорације
...................................................102
6.5.3.
Емпиријске
формуле
за
одређтање евапотранспирације
....................................103
6.6.
Методе граничног
слоја
.............................................................. ...106
6.7.
Комбиноване методе
.......................................................................106
6.8.
Критички осврт на методе
индиректног
одређивања испаравања
воде
..................................108
6.8.1.
Методе
телеметријског одређивања
................................108
6.8.2.
Метод
водног биланса
.........................................................109
6.8.3.
Аеродинамичке
методе
.......................................................109
6.8.4.
Методе енергетског баланса
.............................................110
6.8.5.
Емпиријске
методе
..............................................................
Ill
6.8.6.
Методе граничног
слој
a
......................................................
Ill
6.8.7.
Комбиноване методе
...........................................................112
7.
PA3BOJ
НУМЕРИЧКОГ
МОДЕЛА
ОДРЕЂИВАЊА ЕВАПОТРАНСПИРАЦИЈЕ
......................................115
7.1.
Основна
j
едначина
модела
.............................................................116
7.1.1.
Развој
модула
основне
j
едначине
модела
...........................121
7.1.1.1.
Модул за
одређивање глобалног зрачења
............122
7.1.1.2.
Модул за
одређивање албеда
у
функцији
типа подлоге,
характеристика
вегетације
и висине
Суща
........................................................129
7.1.1.3.
Модул за
одређивање
ефективног
израчивања
........................................142
7.1.1.4.
Параметаризација површинског
и аеродинамичког отпора
.....................................143
7.1.2.
Основна
једначина
модела у
развијеном
облику..............
144
7.2.
Калибрација
основне
j
едначине модела
.......................................152
7.3.
Почетни услови
...............................................................................157
7.4.
Домен и
резолуција
модела
............................................................158
8.
ЗАЮЬУЧАК
............................................................................................161
9.
SUMMARY
..............................................................................................165
10.
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
........................................................................................169
ПРИЛОЗИ
.......................................................................................................183
9.
SUMMARY
Under the influence of the Solar energy and gravitation, the constant
process of circulation of water occurs in nature. The hydrological cycle includes
the circulation of water in the system troposphere
-
the upper part of the Earth s
crust, which is defined by the equation of the water balance. The classical notion
of water circulation relates to the hydrological cycle with precipitation, total
evaporation and surface/groundwater runoff as basic elements of the water
balance equation, not including geological cycle which is conditioned by the
participation of water in various geological processes in the lower zone of
lithospheric section with the slow water exchange.
Significant need exists for the development of procedures for a more
accurate calculation of the water balance. That is necessary for planning and
control of water resources and for practical applications in many scientific
disciplines.
A calculation of the water balance depends on the estimate of the basic
elements: evapotranspiration and precipitation as meteorological/climatological
elements and run-off as a hydrological element. Each of these elements depends
on many different factors: climatological, geological, hydrogeological, morpho¬
logical, vegetational and other. The more accurate determination of any of the
basic elements will improve the accuracy of the water balance for the given area.
Along with precipitation and runoff, water evaporation is a basic item of
the water balance and cycle phase that is most difficult to quantify, since it is a
very complex and hardly measurable process controlled by many factors. Direct
measurement of evaporation from the active surface of a gauging instrument,
which would represent evaporation in natural conditions, is not solved in a
satisfactory way. Precise direct measurements of evapotranspiration are provided
only by the electronic weight lysimeters, however these instruments are relatively
expensive, bulky, immobile and impractical. Therefore, development of
numerical models for indirect determination of integral water evaporation is very
important.
Designing the model to calculate evapotransipration under different
natural conditions is significant for the practical use in
hydrogeology,
hydrology,
meteorology, agriculture, environmental protection and other scientific areas.
The determination of evapotranspiration is important for many scientific disci¬
plines, at least as important as calculation of the water balance.
Evapotranspiration depends on the energy and dynamic conditions in the
system troposphere
-
vegetation cover
-
upper zone of Earth s crust, on one
166
THE WATER EVAPORATION IN HETEROGENOUS GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
THE DEVELOPMENT OF NUMERICAL MODEL FOR DETERMINATION OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
hand, and on the physiology of a plant, stage of growth, root system develo¬
pment, distribution of stomes, kind and structure of vegetation, and character of
terrain, on the other.
In this paper, the numerical model for calculating spatial evapotranspi-
ration, based on modular approach, is presented. The model is comprised of
modules that describe the energy, dynamic and plant physiology influences, with
parameterization of geological influences of terrain. Modularly determined
parameters are integrated through the basic equation of the model which
includes, among others, physical processes that mainly regulate the evapo-
transpiration: the absorption of solar energy, which provides latent evaporation
heat to active surface and transport mechanism of water steam from evaporating
surface. The equation is based on a combined approach, deeply founded in
physics, where input data is regularly and routinely measured. The error in an
evaporation calculation from the system lacking water, such as drought episodes
for instance, is eliminated by introducing additional factors through superficial
resistance that modifies the process of evapotranspiration.
Geologic influence is parameterized on the mode requiring
hydrogeolo¬
gie
approach to the ground research methodology. Influences of the aerodynamic
resistance, and the superficial resistance of plant species, are parameterized in a
specific way. The superficial resistance of plant species simulates the control of
watery vapour exhalation from plant leaves by means of the available practical
parameters. Aerodynamic resistance is calculated in relation to the wind speed
and active surface roughness.
The model, among other things, consists of
modul
for calculation of
spatial and time dependency of albedo, as well as crop cover and aerodynamic
resistances through the use of parameters available in practice.
The model includes significant components of energy balance, which
primarily influence the process of evapotranspiration, such as: earth-atmosphere
system radiation balance, latent heat flux, sensitive heat flux, and heat flux in the
ground. Due to often lack of actinometric measurements, the methods of indirect
determination of suitable shortwave and longwave components of the radiation
balance were developed, based on parameters from which these radiations
depend the most, and which are accessible to a relatively wider range of
explorers. The global radiation is calculated based on relative sunshine duration
or cloudiness, with coefficients that are adapted to the concrete terrain conditi¬
ons. The adapted coefficients in relation to terrain conditions are also used for
the calculation of effective longwave radiation. This is the way to get a specific
approach for the calculation of evapotranspiration.
Modularly determined parameters are integrated through a basic model
equation that includes influences of all relevant factors on the process of evapo¬
transpiration: most important energy and aerodynamic factors, vegetation cover
and geologic substrate.
SUMMARY
167
In the nature surrounding watersheds, heterogeneous geological conditi¬
ons exist, which cause heterogeneous evapotranspiration field; in other words,
the characteristics of evapotranspiration vary with the change of coordinates.
Model enables determination of total water evaporation for heterogeneous areas,
calculating in net points with horizontal resolution, which is such, that
elementary surface approximates homogenous area with satisfying accuracy.
Contributions of energy and aerodynamic factors in the model are not
possible to consider without some practical knowledge of meteorology, as a
geophysical science, and an estimate of the geological influence without
hydrogeological and
hydrologie
investigations. Physiological water evaporation,
or transpiration, also depends on additional factors, which can be investigated by
applying some knowledge of forestry, agriculture and other sciences. For all
these reasons, evaporanspiration requires a complex, multidisciplinary approach.
The basic model equation was calibrated using data from electronic
weight lysimeters of the Hydrometeorological Institute of Serbia and concurrent
measurements of all necessary meteorological parameters taken in the same
location.
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Nikolić, Jugoslav 1955- |
author_GND | (DE-588)102759848X |
author_facet | Nikolić, Jugoslav 1955- |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Nikolić, Jugoslav 1955- |
author_variant | j n jn |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV040528359 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)820385424 (DE-599)GBV641490011 |
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id | DE-604.BV040528359 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:25:49Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9788680029481 |
lccn | 2011424670 |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025374482 |
oclc_num | 820385424 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 |
owner_facet | DE-12 |
physical | 200 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
publishDate | 2010 |
publishDateSearch | 2010 |
publishDateSort | 2010 |
publisher | Geografski Inst. Jovan Cvijić Srpske Akad. Nauka i Umetnosti |
record_format | marc |
series2 | Posebna izdanja / Geografski Institut Jovan Cvijić |
spelling | Nikolić, Jugoslav 1955- Verfasser (DE-588)102759848X aut Isparavanje vode u heterogenim geološkim uslovima razvoj numeričkog modela određivanja evapotranspiracije Jugoslav Nikolić Beograd Geografski Inst. Jovan Cvijić Srpske Akad. Nauka i Umetnosti 2010 200 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Posebna izdanja / Geografski Institut Jovan Cvijić 77 PST: The water evaporation in heterogenous geological conditions. - In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Evapotranspiration (DE-588)4219549-4 gnd rswk-swf Mathematisches Modell (DE-588)4114528-8 gnd rswk-swf Evapotranspiration (DE-588)4219549-4 s Mathematisches Modell (DE-588)4114528-8 s DE-604 Geografski Institut Jovan Cvijić Posebna izdanja 77 (DE-604)BV008905274 77 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025374482&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025374482&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
spellingShingle | Nikolić, Jugoslav 1955- Isparavanje vode u heterogenim geološkim uslovima razvoj numeričkog modela određivanja evapotranspiracije Evapotranspiration (DE-588)4219549-4 gnd Mathematisches Modell (DE-588)4114528-8 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4219549-4 (DE-588)4114528-8 |
title | Isparavanje vode u heterogenim geološkim uslovima razvoj numeričkog modela određivanja evapotranspiracije |
title_auth | Isparavanje vode u heterogenim geološkim uslovima razvoj numeričkog modela određivanja evapotranspiracije |
title_exact_search | Isparavanje vode u heterogenim geološkim uslovima razvoj numeričkog modela određivanja evapotranspiracije |
title_full | Isparavanje vode u heterogenim geološkim uslovima razvoj numeričkog modela određivanja evapotranspiracije Jugoslav Nikolić |
title_fullStr | Isparavanje vode u heterogenim geološkim uslovima razvoj numeričkog modela određivanja evapotranspiracije Jugoslav Nikolić |
title_full_unstemmed | Isparavanje vode u heterogenim geološkim uslovima razvoj numeričkog modela određivanja evapotranspiracije Jugoslav Nikolić |
title_short | Isparavanje vode u heterogenim geološkim uslovima |
title_sort | isparavanje vode u heterogenim geoloskim uslovima razvoj numerickog modela odredivanja evapotranspiracije |
title_sub | razvoj numeričkog modela određivanja evapotranspiracije |
topic | Evapotranspiration (DE-588)4219549-4 gnd Mathematisches Modell (DE-588)4114528-8 gnd |
topic_facet | Evapotranspiration Mathematisches Modell |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025374482&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025374482&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
volume_link | (DE-604)BV008905274 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT nikolicjugoslav isparavanjevodeuheterogenimgeoloskimuslovimarazvojnumerickogmodelaodređivanjaevapotranspiracije |