Change in contemporary English: a grammatical study
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge
Cambridge University Press
2012
|
| Ausgabe: | First paperback edition |
| Schriftenreihe: | Studies in English language
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Originally published: 2009 |
| Beschreibung: | XXVIII, 341 Seiten Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781107410466 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Change in contemporary English |b a grammatical study |c Geoffrey Leech ; Marianne Hundt ; Christian Mair ; Nicholas Smith |
| 250 | |a First paperback edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge |b Cambridge University Press |c 2012 | |
| 300 | |a XXVIII, 341 Seiten |b Diagramme | ||
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| 490 | 0 | |a Studies in English language | |
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| 648 | 4 | |a Geschichte 1900-2000 | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1960-1992 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a English language / Grammar | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Computational linguistics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Linguistic change | |
| 650 | 4 | |a English language / Grammar / History / 20th century | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Englisch | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List /figures pa!,e x
List of tables xiv
Preface xix
Abbreviations and symbolic conventions xxv
1 Introduction: ‘grammar blindness’ in the recent history of
English? r
i. i Grammar is more than an arbitrary list of shibboleths i
i .2 Grammatical changes: proceeding slowly and invisible
at close range? 7
1.3 A frame of orientation: previous research on recent
and ongoing grammatical changes in English 16
1.4 Conclusion 22 2
2 Comparative corpus linguistics: the methodological basis of
this book 24
2.1 (Computer) corpus linguistics: the Brown Corpus and
after 24
2.2 Comparable corpora and comparative corpus
linguistics 27
2.3 The methodological basis of comparative corpus
linguistics 31
2.4 Stages of investigation 33
(A) Rationalize the mark-up of the corpora 33
(B) Undertake annotation of the corpora 33
(C) Use search and retrieval software to identify
and extract recurrent formal features in the
corpus 34
(D) Refine the comparative analysis 34
(Di) Derive difference-of-frequency tables 35
(D2) Derive difference-of-frequency tables from
inter-corpus comparisons 3^
4
v
vi Contents
2*5
2.6
(D3) Undertake further categorization of instances
of features found in the corpora
(E) Further qualitative analysis, examining
individual instances, or clusters of instances,
in both corpora
(F) Functional interpretation of findings
Further details and explanations of the stages of
investigation
2.5.1 (B) Annotation
2.5.2 (C) Search expressions in CQP
2-5-3 (Di) Frequency across genres and subcorpora
2.5.4 (D2) External comparisons
2.5.5 (D3) Further categorization of instances
found in the corpora
2.5.6 (E) Further qualitative analysis
2.5.7 (F) Functional interpretation of findings on all
levels
Conclusion
36
37
37
37
37
3«
40
43
45
47
49
50
3 The subjunctive mood
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The revival of the mandative subjunctive
3.2.1 Overall developments of the mandative
subjunctive
3.2.2 Is the mandative subjunctive losing its formal
connotations?
33 The wre-subjunctive
3.3.1 The ^re-subjunctive: diachronic
development
3.3.2 The awe-subjunctive: a recessive formal
option?
3.4 Revival and demise of the subjunctive? An attempt at
reconciling apparently contradictory developments
3.5 Summary and conclusion
4 The modal auxiliaries
4*1 The declining use of the modal auxiliaries in written
standard English 1961-1^91/2
4.2 The changing use of the modals in different genres
and subcorpora
4.3 The changing use of the modals in spoken vs written
corpora
4.4 The core modals and competing expressions of
modality
5*
51
52
53
57
61
64
66
67
69
7i
7i
73
76
7«
Contents vii
4.5 Shrinking usage of particular modals: a more detailed
examination
4.5.1 The modals at the bottom of the frequency
list: shall, ought to and need(n 7) 80
4.5.2 The semantics of modal decline: may, must
and should 83
4.6 Conclusion 8q
5 The so-called semi-modals q 1
5.1 Auxiliary-lexical verb gradience 92
5.2 Overall changes in frequency of semi-modals q8
5.3 Further evidence for grammaticalization? Phonetics
and semantics 105
5.3.1 Phonetic reduction and coalescence: gonna,
gotta and wanna 105
5.3.2 Signs of abstraction and generalization
(semantic weakening) 107
5.4 The ecology of obligation/necessity 114
5.5 Conclusion 116
6 The progressive 118
6.1 Introduction 118
6.2 Basic and special uses of the progressive 1 iq
6.3 Historical background 120
6.4 Overview of recent distribution patterns 122
6.4.1 Distribution in written BrE and AmE 122
6.4.2 Distribution in contemporaneous BrE speech
and other registers 124
6.5 Present progressive active 127
6.5.1 Quotations and contracted forms 128
6.5.2 Stative verbs I29
6.5.3 Subject type and reference 13°
6.5.4 Special uses l3l
6.6 The progressive passive l36
6.7 The progressive in combination with modal auxiliaries 139
6.7.1 Modal auxiliary + be -ing
6.7.2 Will + be -ing
6.8 Summary and conclusion l4l 7
7 The passive voice r44
7.1 Introduction r44
7.2 The ^-passive !4**
7.3 The ^/-passive 154
7.4 The mediopassive 1^
7.5 Summary and conclusion i64
viii Contents
8 Take or have a look at a corpus? Expanded predicates in
British and American English 166
8. i The state of the art 167
8.2 Hypotheses !7°
8.3 Defining the variable !73
84 Results !74
84.1 Stylistic variation *74
84.2 Diachronic variation *75
84.3 Regional variation f75
8.5 Summary !7M
g Non-finite clauses 1 #1
g. 1 Introduction: long-term trends in the evolution of
English non-finite clauses iNi
g.2 Changes in non-finite clauses I: case studies of
individual matrix verbs 1H6
g.2.1 Help -1- infinitive 187
g.2.2 Prevent/stop + NP + (from) + gerund ig3
g.2.3 Start and stop in catenative uses ig5
g.24 Want to igg
g.2.5 Assessing the speed of changes 201
g.3 Changes in non-finite clauses II: statistical trends in
the tagged corpora 201
g.4 Conclusion 204
10 The noun phrase 20^
10.1 Parts of speech: an overall survey 207
10.2 Nouns and noun sequences 2, j
10.2.1 Common nouns 2I2
10.2.2 Proper nouns, including proper nouns as
acronyms ^ (^
10.3 Noun sequences and other juxtapositions 214
10.3.1 Noun + common noun sequences 216
10.3.2 Noun sequences with plural attributive
nouns
10.3.3 Sequences of proper nouns ^
10.4 The .v-genitive and the «/-genitive
. . 222
104.1 The .v-gemtive
104.2 The «/-genitive 223
10.5 Relative clauses 224
1 o. 5. x Wh- relative clauses 2 2 ^
10.5.2 That relative clauses 22*
10.5.3 Zero relative clauses 22t^
10.5.4 Pied-piping vs preposition stranding 23
xo.6 Summary and conclusion 231
*33
Contents ix
11 Linguistic and other determinants of change 236
11.1 The functional and social processes of change 236
11.2 Grammaticalization 237
11.3 Colloquialization 239
11.3.1 Contracted negatives and verb forms 240
11.3.2 Abnegation vs «¿»-negation 241
11.3.3 Questions 242
11.3.4 Other plausible grammatical signs of
colloquialization 243
11*3.5 Punctuation 244
11.3.6 Problems and issues concerning
colloquialization 245
11.4 Densification of content 24y
11.5 Americanization? 252
11.5.1 4Americanization’ in relation to other trends 256
11.5.2 ‘Americanization’ and sociolinguistic
globalization 258
11.6 Other trends 25^
11.6.1 Democratization: ironing out differences 259
11.6.2 Language prescriptions 263
11.6.3 Analyticization? 264
11.7 Conclusion 2^7
Appendix I The composition oj the Brown Corpus 273
Appendix II The CH tagset used for parl-of-speech tagging oj
the four corpora 27^
Appendix III Additional statistical tables and charts 281
References 3J4
Index 335
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| spelling | Change in contemporary English a grammatical study Geoffrey Leech ; Marianne Hundt ; Christian Mair ; Nicholas Smith First paperback edition Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2012 XXVIII, 341 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Studies in English language Originally published: 2009 Includes bibliographical references and index Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1960-1992 gnd rswk-swf Corpora (Linguistics) English language / Grammar Computational linguistics Linguistic change English language / Grammar / History / 20th century Englisch Geschichte Grammatik Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd rswk-swf Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd rswk-swf Sprachwandel (DE-588)4056508-7 gnd rswk-swf Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 s Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 s Sprachwandel (DE-588)4056508-7 s Geschichte 1960-1992 z 1\p DE-604 Leech, Geoffrey N. 1936-2014 Sonstige (DE-588)119411350 oth Hundt, Marianne 1966- Sonstige (DE-588)1060813181 oth Mair, Christian 1958- Sonstige (DE-588)172246393 oth Smith, Nicholas Sonstige oth Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025356954&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Change in contemporary English a grammatical study Includes bibliographical references and index Corpora (Linguistics) English language / Grammar Computational linguistics Linguistic change English language / Grammar / History / 20th century Englisch Geschichte Grammatik Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd Sprachwandel (DE-588)4056508-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4021806-5 (DE-588)4014777-0 (DE-588)4056508-7 |
| title | Change in contemporary English a grammatical study |
| title_auth | Change in contemporary English a grammatical study |
| title_exact_search | Change in contemporary English a grammatical study |
| title_full | Change in contemporary English a grammatical study Geoffrey Leech ; Marianne Hundt ; Christian Mair ; Nicholas Smith |
| title_fullStr | Change in contemporary English a grammatical study Geoffrey Leech ; Marianne Hundt ; Christian Mair ; Nicholas Smith |
| title_full_unstemmed | Change in contemporary English a grammatical study Geoffrey Leech ; Marianne Hundt ; Christian Mair ; Nicholas Smith |
| title_short | Change in contemporary English |
| title_sort | change in contemporary english a grammatical study |
| title_sub | a grammatical study |
| topic | Corpora (Linguistics) English language / Grammar Computational linguistics Linguistic change English language / Grammar / History / 20th century Englisch Geschichte Grammatik Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd Sprachwandel (DE-588)4056508-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Corpora (Linguistics) English language / Grammar Computational linguistics Linguistic change English language / Grammar / History / 20th century Englisch Geschichte Grammatik Sprachwandel |
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