"Szmalcówka": historia niemieckiego obozu w Toruniu (1940 - 1943) na tle ideologii nazistowskiej
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Gdańsk
Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, Oddział
2011
Bydgoszcz |
| Schriftenreihe: | Publikacje Gdańskiego Oddziału IPN
14 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Bibliogr. s. 149-156. Indeks |
| Beschreibung: | 167, [4] S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788376292946 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text |
InstytutPami ę ciNarodowej
Komisja Ś ciganiaZbrodniprzeciwkoNarodowiPolskiemuOddzia ł wGda ń s k u
„SZMALCÓWKA
HISTORIA NIEMIECKIEGO OBOZU WTORUNIU (1940-1943)
NA TLE IDEOLOGII NAZISTOWSKIEJ
TOMASZ SYLWIUSZ CERAN
Bydgoszcz-Gdańsk 2011
SPIS TREŚCI
WSTĘP 7
ROZDZIAŁ I Światopoglądowa krucjata 15
Ideologiczna swastyka 17
„Dziwni Niemcy 27
ROZDZIAŁ II Odpolszczenie (Entpolonisierung) „niemieckich Prus 32
Życzenie Forstera, podróż Goebbelsa i plan Himmlera 32
„Polenevakuierung 39
ROZDZIAŁ III Za bramą „Szmalcówki 44
Powstanie i lokalizacja obozu 44
Plan obozu 46
Status „Szmalcówki i kadra obozowa 49
Transporty i liczba/więźniów 51
Zwolnienia, ucieczki i powroty 63
Selekcje rasowe i narodowościowe 68
ROZDZIAŁ IV „Lekcja pracy, czystości i dyscypliny 72
Życie w barłogu * 72
Praca więźniów 75
Głód i urodziny Fuhrera 76
„Niech Bozia mnie zabierze 82
Urzędowy rytuał 88
Prośba o sznurek lub żyletki 92
„Inni Niemcy 95
ROZDZIAŁ V Zamknięta historia? 98
Historia i źródła do ustalenia liczby ofiar 98
Imienny rejestr osób zmarłych w obozie 103
ZAKOŃCZENIE 122
ANEKS Dziesięć dokumentów źródłowych do dziejów obozu 126
SUMMARY 146
WYKAZ SKRÓTÓW 148
SUMMARY
After the conquest of Poland in
1939,
the Polish state was partitioned between two totalitarian
regimes: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. The western areas of the part of Poland seized
by Germany were incorporated directly into the Third Reich. According to Nazi ideology the
Poles were sub-human
(Untermenschen)
and were unable to create their own state; their only
value was to work for and serve the superior German race. The final aim of the Nazis was the
biological annihilation of the Polish nation. Hitler claimed that he had equipped the Germans
with both an invisible and an invincible weapon at the same time, i.e., with Nazi ideology and
the National Socialist worldview.
Albert
Forster,
leader of the Gdansk district and West Prussia to which part of the former
Polish state was annexed, and
Heinrich Himmler,
head of the
SS
and the Reich Commissar
for the Strengthening of the German Ethnic Stock, aimed at the total germanization of the
people in order to transform 'Polish
Pomorze'
into 'German Prussia'. The 'fanatic' Poles
(patriots) and the Jews were to be expelled and gradually replaced by German settlers from
the Baltic states. In the middle of the night, within a few hours or less, entire Polish families,
including babies, children, pregnant women, and old people were forced to pack their posses¬
sions and leave their houses and farms. The German administration called this an' evacuation'
.
The Poles were transported to camps for displaced persons. One of these camps was estab¬
lished in November
1940
in the city of Torun. Local people called this camp
'Szmalcówka'
because it was situated at the site of a former grease factory (the Polish word for grease
being
'szmalec')
that had belonged before the war to a Polish Jew called
Scharf Zelma.
During the first few months of the camp's existence the Poles stayed there for a few
days only and then they were sent either to the so-called General Government or to the 'Alt
Reich' and employed as slave labourers. Others were transported to a camp in the town of
Jabłonowo Pomorskie
in order
tobe germanized.
From
15
March
1941
this situation changed
dramatically. Because of German preparations for an invasion of the Soviet Union, the border
between Germany and the General Government was closed. Polish inmates had to stay in the
Torun camp not for two or three days, but for two or three years.
'Szmalcówka'
changed
its official status from a 'displaced persons camp' to an 'educational and labour camp'.
The living conditions in the camp created by German
Übermenschen
for Polish sub-humans
were terrible.
Małgorzata Wójcik,
the Polish prosecutor from the Institute of National
Remembrance, believes that in the case of
'Szmalcówka'
we can talk about 'semi-geno¬
cide'. People slept in old factory buildings on bare floors or on some straw. The buildings
lacked any heating system and, given the long and harsh winters in Central Europe, this led
to many fatalities. In the first few months, there was no running water. People relieved them¬
selves at the same place that they slept. Food was scarce and of very poor quality: a slice of
bread, soup without any fats and a cup of chicory coffee for a whole day and for all inmates,
including babies and children. Inmates did not receive any clothes, and there was no medical
146
assistance. On
16
May
1942
there were
2926
people in the camp, and
1119
of them were
in such bad physical shape that they could not be sent to do any work whatsoever. The death
toll was very high, in a 'typical' period, from
16
to
31
December
1941, 64
inmates died.
To kill people, the Nazis did not need to use any of their 'miracle weapons'. A totally
inadequate supply of food, extremely hard work, appalling living conditions, and regular
violence were enough to kill
515
people, including
317
babies and children. Some
62%
of these children were under the age of three. A 'typical' victim was Anna
Rudek,
who
was bom and died in the camp. Another baby, who was born and died on the same day, was
Franciszek Michałowski;
while a girl named
Krystyna Jania
lived for only
12
days. There were
more victims in her family, including her two brothers,
Narcyz
(aged
12),
Emil
(aged
7)
and
her mother
Franciszka
(aged
38).
According to German documents, one of the babies bom
in
'Szmalcówka'
in May
1942
lived for only
12
minutes; just long enough to see his superior
German masters. The oldest person who died in the camp was Maria Jasiecka,
93
years old.
Another tragic story is that of
Cecylia Raszkowska,
who died on
21
May
1942.
Before that she
had lost her three children:
Józef
(4
months), Jan
(18
months), and
Jadwiga
(aged
3).
Adam
Hoszowski, a judge from Torun, was beaten to death in a special cell called a 'bunker' because
he did not show enough respect for his 'Germans Masters'. In July
1943,
'Szmalcówka'
was
closed and the remaining inmates were transported to another 'displaced persons camp'
in Potulice, near the city of Bydgoszcz. None of the German guards was ever punished for
the crimes committed, not even in the law and human rights obeying Western Germany.
For many Poles, especially those living in the north,
'Szmalcówka'
is a symbol of Nazi
German barbarism and the indirect extermination of Polish civilians, especially children and
babies. One of the survivors, Wanda Klimek, described her feelings: 'Let another Devil come
that will finish this Satan, Hitler, off. He will go to Hell, and we shall regain our freedom'.
Either fortunately of unfortunately for Poland, depending on one's point of view, this proph¬
ecy was fulfilled.
147 |
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| author | Ceran, Tomasz Sylwiusz 1983- |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-20T04:54:06Z |
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| isbn | 9788376292946 |
| language | Polish |
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| publisher | Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, Oddział |
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| spelling | Ceran, Tomasz Sylwiusz 1983- Verfasser (DE-588)1065825676 aut "Szmalcówka" historia niemieckiego obozu w Toruniu (1940 - 1943) na tle ideologii nazistowskiej Tomasz Sylwiusz Ceran ; Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, Oddział w Gdańsku Gdańsk Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, Oddział 2011 Bydgoszcz 167, [4] S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Publikacje Gdańskiego Oddziału IPN 14 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Bibliogr. s. 149-156. Indeks Umwandererzentrallager Thorn jhpk Umwandererzentrallager Thorn (DE-588)4569978-1 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Nazizm jhpk Wojna światowa (1939-1945) / okrucieństwa / Polska / Toruń jhpk Umwandererzentrallager Thorn (DE-588)4569978-1 b Geschichte z DE-604 Publikacje Gdańskiego Oddziału IPN 14 (DE-604)BV036583209 14 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025346511&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025346511&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Ceran, Tomasz Sylwiusz 1983- "Szmalcówka" historia niemieckiego obozu w Toruniu (1940 - 1943) na tle ideologii nazistowskiej Publikacje Gdańskiego Oddziału IPN Umwandererzentrallager Thorn jhpk Umwandererzentrallager Thorn (DE-588)4569978-1 gnd Nazizm jhpk Wojna światowa (1939-1945) / okrucieństwa / Polska / Toruń jhpk |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4569978-1 |
| title | "Szmalcówka" historia niemieckiego obozu w Toruniu (1940 - 1943) na tle ideologii nazistowskiej |
| title_auth | "Szmalcówka" historia niemieckiego obozu w Toruniu (1940 - 1943) na tle ideologii nazistowskiej |
| title_exact_search | "Szmalcówka" historia niemieckiego obozu w Toruniu (1940 - 1943) na tle ideologii nazistowskiej |
| title_full | "Szmalcówka" historia niemieckiego obozu w Toruniu (1940 - 1943) na tle ideologii nazistowskiej Tomasz Sylwiusz Ceran ; Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, Oddział w Gdańsku |
| title_fullStr | "Szmalcówka" historia niemieckiego obozu w Toruniu (1940 - 1943) na tle ideologii nazistowskiej Tomasz Sylwiusz Ceran ; Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, Oddział w Gdańsku |
| title_full_unstemmed | "Szmalcówka" historia niemieckiego obozu w Toruniu (1940 - 1943) na tle ideologii nazistowskiej Tomasz Sylwiusz Ceran ; Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, Oddział w Gdańsku |
| title_short | "Szmalcówka" |
| title_sort | szmalcowka historia niemieckiego obozu w toruniu 1940 1943 na tle ideologii nazistowskiej |
| title_sub | historia niemieckiego obozu w Toruniu (1940 - 1943) na tle ideologii nazistowskiej |
| topic | Umwandererzentrallager Thorn jhpk Umwandererzentrallager Thorn (DE-588)4569978-1 gnd Nazizm jhpk Wojna światowa (1939-1945) / okrucieństwa / Polska / Toruń jhpk |
| topic_facet | Umwandererzentrallager Thorn Nazizm Wojna światowa (1939-1945) / okrucieństwa / Polska / Toruń |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025346511&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025346511&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV036583209 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT cerantomaszsylwiusz szmalcowkahistorianiemieckiegoobozuwtoruniu19401943natleideologiinazistowskiej |