Etnografija i antropološka topografija na Skopsko vo 20. vek:
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | Macedonian |
Veröffentlicht: |
Skopje
2011
|
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., mazedon. - Einf. in engl. Sprache u. d.T.: Ethnographic and anthropological topography of Skopje area in the 20th century. - Zsfassung d. einz. Beiträge in engl. Sprache |
Beschreibung: | 255 S. Ill., Kt. |
ISBN: | 9786082330044 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | СОДРЖИНА
Анеша Свешиева
Вовед
.......................................................................................................7
Анета Свешиева
Скопско
во
20.
век
...............................................................................19
Љупчо
С. Ристески
Митско-религиските и општествено-економските аспекти
на културната
топографија
на традициското село
на примери од Скопско
.....................................................................101
Алла Качева
Енергетските извори
во
домакинството
во
Скопско
во
20.
век
....
і
19
Татјана Горгиовсш
Скопските приградски населби
и села во
светлината
на општествената, економската и демографската динамика
во
19.
и
20.
век
....................................................................................157
Славица
Христова
Социјалниот
аспект на народната
носија
во
четири населби
од околината на
Скопје
.....................................................................211
Боне Величковски
Библиографија
на прилози
објавени
во
20.
век за
етнологијата
и фолклорот на
Скопје
и Скопско
....................................................249
ИНДЕКС
.............................................................................................255
ETHNOGRAPHIC AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL TOPOGRAPHY
OF SKOPJE AREA IN THE
20™
CENTURY
INTRODUCTION
Ethnological and anthropological investigations of the cultural, historical, functional, struc¬
tural, and all other social phenomena of the 20[h century in the Skopje area were necessary since
changes in folk life and culture were more than obvious, while it was not sufficiently clear how
and how fast these changes occurred in the frames of the Macedonian state. What was crucial
in this sense
-
migrations and immigrations from the village to the city, political and structural
changes of ethnic areas, change of the regional borders, expansion of neighboring countries,
through inclusion of parts of Macedonia etc., or all of these at the same time? Thus, field activi¬
ties and theoretical preparations were undertaken concerning a project whose primary working
title was „Aspects of Material Culture in the Area of Skopje . However, as it is often the case,
during the work itself few important „aspects of the research became clearer, and thus the
basic horizontal and vertical coordinates were established. The structure was formed under the
influence of the data on the general changes, initiated by the dynamics of the 20 11 century, and
related to the Balkan and the First World War, the circumstances in Macedonia before and after
the creation of the Kingdom of the Serbians, Croats and Slovenes, the events related to World
War II and the creation of the Federative People s Republic of Yugoslavia/Socialistic Federative
Republic of Yugoslavia, i.e. the ideological, state, political and economic model of this Federa¬
tion, as well as the information on the cultural changes from the end of the century, initiated by
the dissolution of the Federation, through new military activities at the Balkans, and the change
of the ideological, state, political, economic and social models of the ex-Federal units, and in this
sense of the Republic of Macedonia.
Historical periods during which different cultural influences clash or attract each other,
through dynamic social processes, present a genuine challenge for different profiles of scientists
from the field of the social and humanistic sciences, ethnologists and anthropologists included.
Those are specially sensitive situations, when centuries old achievements are challenged, in the
domain of moral and ethics, when „people become each other s wolfs , but those are also times
when a person is ready to give the most precious that he owns, his life, for human rights and
liberties. It is well known that during the
ŻO 1
century the past and the future at these territories
have mixed in an unnatural way, and ethnic Macedonia has suffered the faith to be cut into pieces
by the newly established borders. At the beginning of the 20lh century and to the middle of it,
there was only
38%
free territory left from the one that was once Macedonians motherland.
After all possible events that took place with great pace by the first half of the century, before
the second half of the century at this territory (of the ex-Serbian
Vardar
administrative region,
13
called
banovina )
the Democratic Federative Macedonia, later on People s Republic of Mac¬
edonia, and finally Socialistic Federative Republic of Macedonia was formed in the frames of
the new Yugoslav Federation, to finally achieve a status of an independent and sovereign state,
the Republic of Macedonia.
Since the covered period is obviously an extremely dynamic one, few topics were defined
which should have sewed as indicators of changes, in a century when our country from feudal¬
ism entered capitalism of a Balkan type, then communism, and capitalism of the Balkan type
again, by the end of the century.
As a result of the defined aims and the obtained results, the first title lost its sense, and the
authors defined another: „ETHNOGRAPHIC AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL TOPOGRAPHY
OF THE SKOPJE AREA DURING THE
20™
CENTURY .
In these sense, the intention of the five authors
-
researchers: Ljupcho S.
Risteski, PhD,
Ala
Kacheva,
Slavica
Hristova MA,
Tatjana
Gjorgjiovska MA and the editor
Aneta Svetieva
PhD,
was to shed light from the threshold of the 21st century, towards social changes in the Skopje
area during the
20
century, to recognize the processes related to these cultural changes, and
to connect the reasons and the consequences of these events with the reflections that are valid
up to this day. The review of the bibliography of articles, monographs and other types of texts
published during the last decade of the 19th century and during the 20th century, prepared by Bone
Velichkovski PhD, contributes to the general picture of events that took place in Macedonia,
and more concretely, in Skopje area. Namely, there is a certain metamorphosis reflected in the
published works: Macedonians that are up to that moment an
inexistent
nation, always presented
with another name in the statistics of the neighboring countries, as Bulgarians, Serbs, Greeks
etc., starting from middle of the 20th century suddenly appear strongly, and in great numbers
as Macedonians, who want to make up for the previous period spent under foreign authority,
under foreign names, in frames of other states and under the influence of foreign educational,
economic, military and all other structural state mechanisms.
In this sense, the first topic „Skopje area in the
20
century , by
Aneta
Svetieva PhD, ana¬
lyzes the changes in the area of Skopje, in an ethnographic and territorial sense, i.e. the Skopje
ethnic areas and the dynamic changes of their borders, together with their ethnic culture, seen
through verbal and non-verbal ethnic symbols. The second topic
-
„Mythological, religious
and social-economic aspects of cultural topography of traditional village based upon examples
from Skopje Area by Ljupco S.
Risteski,
refers to the interdependence of these key factors on
the appearance, duration and disappearance of some religious forms of thinking and acting. The
third topic
-
„Energy sources used by households in Skopje area in the
20
century by Ala
Kacheva, graduated ethnologist, refers to the energy in the house, accompanied by memorized
data on the elementary ways of providing energy, until the introduction of electricity, seen as key
factors of the dynamic changes in the culture of housing. The fourth topic
-
„Skopje sub-urban
settlements and the village in the light of social, economic and demographic dynamics in the
19
and the 20th century by
Tatjana
Gjorgjiovska MA, follows all given aspects, depending on
the facts of the changes which are visible in contemporary life as their result, while being rec¬
ognized by people from Skopje area as key moving forces. The fifth topic titled „Social aspect
of folk costume in four settlements near Skopje , by
Slavica
Hristova MA, refers to the great
importance of the folk costume as a non-verbal ethnic symbol of the ethnic communities of the
Skopje area (Skopje Montenegrins, Blakjani, Dervenci, Karshiyaci etc.), until the middle of the
20
century. The author follows the continuous process of disappearance of the costume, from
subtle changes in the costume, up to its final disappearance from every-day life. Further on, she
follows the latest emergence of awareness of people from Skopje area, regarding the costume
14
as a visible sign of identity, which initiated a re-affirmation of the costume as a local social and
more general national symbol, on certain, precisely defined days of family, religious and state
holidays. The last important indicator of change is the Bibliography of articles published during
the 20th century, on ethnology and folklore of Skopje and the Skopje area, compiled by Bone
Velichkovski PhD, presuming that this part should visibly show all social, economic, political
and cultural movements that took place at the territory of Skopje during the 20th century. The
bibliography shows that the oldest published works are written by Serbian and Bulgarian authors
and date from the end of the 19th century
(Веселиновиќ,
M,
1895;
Васил Кнчов,
1896,1898,
и Светозар
Томиќ,
1905),
those are at the same time the last published works from the period
of 19th century propaganda. Further on, after the Balkan wars and the First World War, Serbian
state conducted organized ethnographic research of the acquired part of
Vardar
Macedonia, and
thus of Skopje and the Skopje area, intending to present the affiliation of Macedonian people as
a southern „branch of Serbian population. However, authors mainly proved to be persons with
scruples, so even though they named the Macedonian population as Serbian, Bulgarian etc.,
they included valuable data in favor of the cultural identity of Macedonians, that are today used
during research of different ethnographic phenomena. Works that have Serbian background, in
total
21
of them contained in the bibliography, could be followed from the ^Oties to the
4()ties
of the
20
century. A separate group could be formed by the works of Macedonian authors that
have Serbian sir names during that time, who have published articles on folk life in different
professional journals, as for example
Vera
Gjorgjevic
-
Dimitrijevic (later on known as
Vera
Klichkova), Kiselinovik Gjorgje or Gjorgji Kiselinov from
Resen
and others. The tendency of
Serbian authors publishing results of their researches on folk life in the Skopje area continued
after World War H, also in professional Serbian journals, which is a result of the fact that Mac¬
edonians in this period did not have sufficient human recourses in the fields of ethnography and
ethnology. For example, in the 50ties of the
20
century, the following Serbian authors have
published works in Serbian language: Vojin
Ivanovic, Kojic
Branislav, Dushanka Bojanic and
others. Starting from
1951,
there are also Macedonian authors emerging, who publish in succes¬
sion anthropo-geographic and ethnographic works in Macedonian and less in Serbian language,
in Macedonian and Serbian professional journals, as for example
Jovan
F. Trifunovski.
The
number of Macedonian ethnographers and folklorists is rapidly growing, who professionally or
semi-professionally researched Macedonian folk culture in the second half of the
2Û 11
century, or
62
work in total in the attached bibliography, which is far more than the number of the previously
published works, in the first half of the century. This phenomenon clearly speaks about the great
interest of Macedonian academic concerning their folk culture. This rise can be interpreted as a
result of the studies of ethnology, that were opened at the Institute of history at the Philosophical
faculty in
1947,
that unfortunately, under the influence of different political circumstances were
closed in
1953.
Immediately afterwards the „Institute of Folklore was opened, where ethnolo¬
gists from the canceled study group moved. At the same time cadres from the field of folkloristic
were formed, but unfortunately the number of ethnologists dropped, so in a particular moment
during the 70-ties of the 20lh century there was only one ethnologists employed (Leposava
Spirovska).
The empirical and theoretical basis of the project „ETHNOGRAPHIC AND ANTHRO¬
POLOGICAL TOPOGRAPHY OF THE SKOPJE AREA DURING THE
20™
CENTURY are
founded upon classical and contemporary theories in ethnology and other related social sciences,
that analyze the phenomena from different aspects, and create the possible image of the whole.
When it comes to classical empiric material and theory, we have included indispensable field
research, as a unique base of each topic, since this enabled us to gain a number of first-hand data
15
on the existence of a certain phenomenon, and on a certain period when there were real reasons
for its existence. Still, today field research differ according to their quality from the ones that
were practiced almost do the end of the 20 11 centuiy, at least at the territory of Central, Western
and Eastern Balkans. During this period, besides ethnologists there were field researchers from
other professions, such as teachers, doctors, state employees and others, who by commission and
through previously prepared questionnaires, collected information from the field and delivered
them to the ones who ordered the research
-
certain institutions, academies etc. Ethnologists
and „collectors from this period conducted empirical field researches, according to previously
prepared topical questionnaires. The acquired data were written-down in forms of short drafts,
or according to the sense of what has been said by the informants. In due time institutions started
to distrust the „collectors , due to big differences in the quality of the delivered material. Thus,
ethnologists remained the only high quality field researchers, although there were differences
among them concerning the quality and the quantity of the field material. Soon bigger attention
was paid to the authenticity of field data. Thus, in the 70-ties researchers from the Institute of
Folklore started using magnetic tape recorders, which surely provided higher authenticity con¬
cerning the field material, but on the other side it absorbed researchers time, since most of it was
spent on re-playing and converting of the tapes from audio to textual, instead of spending time
for reading and theoretical education. This obstacle was sometimes avoided through employ¬
ment of the so called „decipherers who all day long listened to materials and converted them
in written form. Soon the downsides of this process were visible
-
most of these new employees
were from other professions, mostly from the fields of literature and Macedonian language, they
didn t have a „talent for ethnology, and sometimes made crucial mistakes in the written mate¬
rial. In this sense, the attitude that the one who collected the materials should be also the one to
process them prevailed. This attitude is valid even today.
Contemporary field research are conducted in coordination with contemporary theories
from the fields of ethnology and anthropology, and in this sense the researcher is not the main
person in
a „monodrama
or the „smartest of them all , but only one of the persons who cre¬
ate or participate in a possible „situation , whose attempt is to be a basis of future theoretical
postulates. In concordance with this hypothesis, researchers try to establish good relations with
the population from all age and gender categories. As per the age factor, an indispensable condi¬
tion is to include the third age group, whose representatives are called „memory keepers . At
the same time representatives of the middle age group
are
included, as the ones who „practice
the inherited, adopted or adapted cultural practices. When it comes to this age group, it is no¬
ticeable that during the years it slowly comes close to the previous generation of the third age
group, and that individuals become new „memory keepers of the way of life and customs.
Also, researchers take into account the way of life and habits of the young population, the one
up to
18
years of age, who tries to make a cut and completely separate itself from the genera¬
tion of its parents and their parents parents, and to act differently, through new cultural models.
However, the representatives of this generation in due time start to resemble the generation of
their parents. Field work with representatives of different gender structure is based upon similar
principles, and its goal is to analyze the place and role of sex and gender in the life of individuals
from all age categories. In this dynamics of generational cultural „taking and „giving nothing
remains „completely old or „completely new , neither completely „female or „male , but the
changes take place according to their own dynamics that cannot be precisely perceived during
an average human life. During this change, some cultural models completely disappear, but it
would be too bold to state that this is a final situation, and that in time there will not be new
events that will act as their „alarm clocks , that will renew them, surely not in an identical form,
16
but due to similar human motives and spiritual needs. This is the reason why the researchers
included in this project worked upon their topics but without rigid limitation, and devoid of fear
of sometimes indispensable connections with other topics, interests or areas. Field research were
conducted correctly, and always accompanied with daily reports, so that one can timely react in
a certain direction if new facts emerge that could change the research direction, even the previ¬
ously defined topic. Daily field reports show that the communication at the field was normal, not
burdened by strict questionnaires, almost completely free and not related with the given topic,
intending to obtain more information on the persons, their attitudes, habits, work and quality of
life. This is why besides essential data on the main topic, the reader obtains a number of side data
that enrich and make the topic more vivid, through the direct participation of local population,
through quotes written down in the local dialect/speech, that reflect the spirit of this area with
characteristic expressions, proverbs, lucid jokes or local attitudes towards life.
When it comes to the theoretical basis of the research, the aim of this project was to follow
the latest trends of compiling ethnological, anthropological, sociological and other social and hu¬
manistic theories, according to the need of analysis of these phenomena. However, if we return
to the theoretical basis of ethnology during the 20th century, offered by the attached bibliography
of Bone Velichkovski PhD, we can see that during a relatively long period of
70-80
years the
processing of material was „classical , meaning that the anthropo-geographic method was used.
Starting from the 80-ties of the 20th century, under the influence of the theoretical stances of the
Western ethnographic-ethnological-anthropological schools of thought, there is a great influence
by sociology, political sciences, aesthetics, philosophy, economy, history, law, ethno-linguistics
and other related disciplines, that on the other hand also started using the achievements of eth¬
nology, and have widened the limits of ethnological research, even though there was a lingering
danger of losing the profile and the authenticity of the ethnological science itself. This is why oc¬
casionally there are „cross-roads which in a confusing way have undermined ethnology and led
it into conflict with other social and humanistic sciences. At the same time spatial and time limits
of Balkan ethnology were disrupted, since for a long time it was believed that it should deal with
tradition and folk rural culture, going deep into history and mainly in the frames of one s own
state or nation. During these complex processes ethnology proved to be quite strong and able
to keep itself on the surface of the waved waters of the contemporary world, full of new ideas,
techniques and technologies. Cultural phenomena seen in the light of the total social structural
changes remained a main provocation and driving force, and the researches themselves became
more serious, more responsible and deeper, while time and space were defined according to the
needs of the topic, and not according to daily politics, as it was often the case previously.
The concept of this Collection and the selection of topics are based upon few classical
theoretical methods in ethnology, or their segments. This is the descriptive ethnographic method,
a description from at least two points of view: a) of the carriers of the cultural phenomenon
and b) of the researcher in the sense of an author-reflexive or allegedly objective reaction of
the experienced or the known. Further on, the cultural-historical method has been used, as an
attempt for analyzing and explaining the phenomena initiated by historical processes. Certain
researchers have used the functional method as well, or its segments, as a possible instrument
for „measuring the social aspect in certain segments of folk culture, arbitrarily separated into
social, spiritual and material culture. The structural and communication method was also used,
under the supposition that the structure of society communicates, or is „incorporated into the
finest social segments. The analysis of the meaning of a number of symbols or symbolic acts is
also included, through the semiological method. Depending on the topic, certain theories prevail
and some others are absent, aiming to gain a better perspective in examining the phenomena.
17
Thus, some authors prefer the functional-structural method, in order to focus upon the character¬
istics of a number of phenomena, then the semiological-structural approach, the symbolical and
functional, i.e. the socio-economical and mythological-religious approach etc.
The authors have carefully researched the phenomena related to the social, economic and
ritual aspects of folk culture in a number of Skopje villages and sub-urban settlements, the mix
of the closely related, but still different cultural habits of the immigrants, the interweaving of
cultures of the immigrants and the native, local population, but as well the issues of ritual sepa¬
ration, that is the practicing of domestic rituality in a closed circle, in cases when differences
become an obstacle, concerning the beliefs that certain acts carried out on certain days or occa¬
sions can bring good luck, or on the contrary, that their disrespect can cause unfortunate conse¬
quences for the life and the property of the hosts. Having in mind the achieved level of research
consistency regarding the empiric material and the methodology, the authors expect that this
Collection of articles will be a valuable initiative for further research of the cultural phenomena
of the Skopje area during the 20th century.
The editor
18
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genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
geographic | Skopje Region (DE-588)4699979-6 gnd |
geographic_facet | Skopje Region |
id | DE-604.BV040490965 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:24:52Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9786082330044 |
language | Macedonian |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025337960 |
oclc_num | 816264938 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
physical | 255 S. Ill., Kt. |
publishDate | 2011 |
publishDateSearch | 2011 |
publishDateSort | 2011 |
record_format | marc |
spelling | Svetieva, Aneta 1944- Verfasser (DE-588)12339547X aut Etnografija i antropološka topografija na Skopsko vo 20. vek Muzej na Grad Skopje. Urednik: Aneta Svetieva Skopje 2011 255 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., mazedon. - Einf. in engl. Sprache u. d.T.: Ethnographic and anthropological topography of Skopje area in the 20th century. - Zsfassung d. einz. Beiträge in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1900-2000 gnd rswk-swf Anthropogeografie (DE-588)4133695-1 gnd rswk-swf Kulturanthropologie (DE-588)4133903-4 gnd rswk-swf Skopje Region (DE-588)4699979-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Skopje Region (DE-588)4699979-6 g Kulturanthropologie (DE-588)4133903-4 s Anthropogeografie (DE-588)4133695-1 s Geschichte 1900-2000 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025337960&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025337960&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
spellingShingle | Svetieva, Aneta 1944- Etnografija i antropološka topografija na Skopsko vo 20. vek Anthropogeografie (DE-588)4133695-1 gnd Kulturanthropologie (DE-588)4133903-4 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4133695-1 (DE-588)4133903-4 (DE-588)4699979-6 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
title | Etnografija i antropološka topografija na Skopsko vo 20. vek |
title_auth | Etnografija i antropološka topografija na Skopsko vo 20. vek |
title_exact_search | Etnografija i antropološka topografija na Skopsko vo 20. vek |
title_full | Etnografija i antropološka topografija na Skopsko vo 20. vek Muzej na Grad Skopje. Urednik: Aneta Svetieva |
title_fullStr | Etnografija i antropološka topografija na Skopsko vo 20. vek Muzej na Grad Skopje. Urednik: Aneta Svetieva |
title_full_unstemmed | Etnografija i antropološka topografija na Skopsko vo 20. vek Muzej na Grad Skopje. Urednik: Aneta Svetieva |
title_short | Etnografija i antropološka topografija na Skopsko vo 20. vek |
title_sort | etnografija i antropoloska topografija na skopsko vo 20 vek |
topic | Anthropogeografie (DE-588)4133695-1 gnd Kulturanthropologie (DE-588)4133903-4 gnd |
topic_facet | Anthropogeografie Kulturanthropologie Skopje Region Aufsatzsammlung |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025337960&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025337960&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT svetievaaneta etnografijaiantropoloskatopografijanaskopskovo20vek |