Climate change: biological and human aspects
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge University Press
2013
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Ausgabe: | Second edition |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XXII, 558 Seiten Karten, Diagramme |
ISBN: | 9781107603561 |
Internformat
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245 | 1 | 0 | |a Climate change |b biological and human aspects |c Jonathan Cowie |
250 | |a Second edition | ||
264 | 1 | |a Cambridge [u.a.] |b Cambridge University Press |c 2013 | |
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650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
650 | 4 | |a Klimaänderung | |
650 | 4 | |a Umwelt | |
650 | 4 | |a Climatic changes |x History | |
650 | 4 | |a Bioclimatology | |
650 | 4 | |a Paleoclimatology | |
650 | 4 | |a Climatic changes |x Environmental aspects | |
650 | 4 | |a Human beings |x Effect of environment on | |
650 | 4 | |a Human ecology | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | Titel: Climate change
Autor: Cowie, Jonathan
Jahr: 2013
Contents
Figures page xiii
Acknowledgements for the first edition xix
Acknowledgements for the second edition xxi
Introduction 1
1. An introduction to climate change 4
1.1 Weather or climate 5
1.2 The greenhouse effect 5
1.3 The carbon cycle 14
1.4 Natural changes in the carbon cycle 23
1.5 Pacemaker of the glacial-interglacial cycles 24
1.6 Non-greenhouse influences on climate 31
1.7 The water cycle, climate change and biology 33
1.8 From theory to reality 35
1.9 References 37
2. Principal indicators of past climates 40
2.1 Terrestrial biotic climatic proxies 42
2.1.1 Tree-ring analysis (dendrochronology) 42
2.1.2 Isotopic dendrochronology 45
2.1.3 Leaf shape (morphology) 47
2.1.4 Leaf physiology 48
2.1.5 Pollen and spore analysis 49
2.1.6 Species as climate proxies 52
2.2 Marine biotic climatic proxies 54
2.2.1 180 Isotope analysis of forams and corals 54
2.2.2 Alkenone analysis 58
2.3 Non-biotic indicators 59
2.3.1 Isotopic analysis of water 59
2.3.2 Boreholes 61
2.3.3 Carbon dioxide and methane records as palaeoclimatic forcing
agents 61
2.3.4 Dust as an indicator of dry-wet hemispheric climates 62
2.4 Other indicators 62
2.5 Interpreting indicators 63
2.6 Conclusions 63
2.7 References 64
3. Past climate change 66
3.1 Early biology and climate of the Hadean and Archeaen eons
(4.6-2.5 bya) 66
3.1.1 The pre-biotic Earth (4.6-3.8 bya) 66
3.1.2 The early biotic Earth (3.8-2.3 bya) 67
3.2 Major bio-climatic events of the Proterozoic eon (2.5-0.542 bya) 71
3.2.1 Earth in the anaerobic-aerobic transition (2.6-1.7 bya) 71
3.2.2 The aerobic Earth (from 1.7 bya) 74
3.3 Major bio-climatic events of the pre-Quaternary Phanerozoic
(542-2 mya)
3.3.1 Late-Ordovician extinction (455-435 mya)
3.3.2 Late-Devonian extinction (365-363.5 mya) 81
3.3.3 Vascular plants and the atmospheric depletion of carbon
dioxide (350-275 mya)
80
80
81
3.3.4 Permo-Carboniferous glaciation (330-250 mya) 84
85
87
89
3.3.5 End-Permian extinction (251 mya)
3.3.6 End-Triassic extinction (205 mya)
3.3.7 Toarcian extinction (183 mya)
3.3.8 Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction (65.5 mya)
3.3.9 The Eocene (55-34 mya) and the Initial Eocene Thermal
Maximum (~55 mya)
3.3.10 Eocene-Oligocene extinction (approximately 35 mya; or
33.9 mya?) 106
3.3.11 Late-Miocene expansion of C4 grasses (14-9 mya) 107
3.4 Summary l12
3.5 References 113
4. The Oligocene to the Quaternary, climate and biology 119
4.1 The Oligocene (33.9-23.03 mya) 119
4.2 The end Miocene (9-5.3 mya) 121
4.3 The Pliocene (5.3-2.6 mya) 122
4.4 The current ice age 126
4.5 The last glacial 132
4.5.1 Overview of temperature, carbon dioxide and timing 132
4.5.2 Ice and sea level 135
4.5.3 Temperature changes within the glacial 135
4.5.4 Biological and environmental impacts of the last glacial 147
4.6 Interglacials and the present climate } 56
4.6.1 Previous interglacials I56
4.6.2 The Altered, Belling and Younger Dryas (14 600-11 600
years ago) 160
4.6.3 The Holocene (11 700 years ago-the Industrial Revolution) 166
4.6.4 Biological response to the last glacial, LGM and Holocene
transition 178
4.7 Summary 189
4.8 References 190
Present climate and biological change 198
5.1 Recent climate change 198
5.1.1 The latter half of the Little Ice Age 198
5.1.2 20th-century climate 202
5.1.3 21st-century climate 203
5.1.4 The Holocene interglacial beyond the 21 st century 203
5.1.5 Holocene summary 207
5.2 Human change arising from the Holocene climate 208
5.2.1 Climatic impacts on early human civilisations 208
5.2.2 The Little Ice Age s human impact 216
5.2.3 Increasing 20th-century human climatic insulation 224
5.3 Climate and business as usual in the 21 st century 225
5.3.1 The IPCC Business-as-Usual scenario 225
5.3.2 Uncertainties and the IPCC s conclusions 240
5.4 Current human influences on the carbon cycle 249
5.4.1 Carbon dioxide 250
5.4.2 Methane 253
5.4.3 Halocarbons 256
5.4.4 Nitrous oxide 256
5.5 References 257
Current warming and likely future impacts 262
6.1 Current biological symptoms of warming 262
6.1.1 Current boreal dendrochronological response 262
6.1.2 Current tropical rainforest response 264
6.1.3 Some biological dimensions of the climatic change fingerprint 266
6.1.4 Phenology 273
6.1.5 Biological communities and species shift 278
6.2 Case study: climate and natural systems in the USA and Canada 297
6.3 Case study: climate and natural systems in the UK 312
6.4 Case study: climate and natural systems in Australasia 324
6.5 Biological responses to greenhouse trends beyond the 21st century 328
6.6 Possible surprise responses to greenhouse trends in the 21 st century
and beyond 329
6.6.1 Extreme weather events 330
6.6.2 Greenhouse gases 333
6.6.3 Sea-level rise 334
6.6.4 Methane hydrates (methane clathrates) 342
6.6.5 Volcanoes 346
6.6.6 Oceanic and atmospheric circulation 349
6.6.7 Ocean acidity 353
6.6.8 Climate thresholds 355
6.6.9 The probability of surprises 358
6.7 References 359
7. The human ecology of climate change 367
7.1 Population (past, present and future) and its environmental impact 367
7.1.1 Population and environmental impact 367
7.1.2 Past and present population 375
7.1.3 Future population
7.1.4 Food
7.1.5 Impact on other species
7.2 Energy supply
7.2.1 Energy supply: the historical context 385
7.2.2 Future energy supply 391
7.3 Human health and climate change
7.3.1 Health and weather extremes
7.3.2 Climate change and disease
7.3.3 Flooding and health
7.3.4 Droughts
7.4 Climate change and food security
7.4.1 Past food security
7.4.2 Present and future food security and climate change 425
7.5 The biology of reducing anthropogenic climate change 432
7.5.1 Terrestrial photosynthesis and soil carbon 433
7.5.2 Manipulating marine photosynthesis 438
7.5.3 Biofuels 439
7.6 Summary and conclusions 442
7.7 References
378
380
382
385
395
398
404
412
421
422
422
443
8. Sustainability and policy 449
8.1 Key developments of sustainability policy 450
8.1.1 UN Conference on the Human Environment (1972) 450
8.1.2 The Club of Rome s Limits to Growth (1972) 452
8.1.3 World Climate Conference (1979) 453
8.1.4 The World Conservation Strategy (1980) 453
8.1.5 The Brandt Report: Common Crisis North-South (1980) 454
8.1.6 The Brundtland, World Commission on Environment and
Development Report (1987) 455
8.1.7 United Nations Conference on the Environment and
Development: Rio de Janeiro (1992) 456
8.1.8 The Kyoto Protocol (1997) 457
8.1.9 Johannesburg Summit: UNCED+10(2002) 459
8.1.10 2002-2007 460
8.1.11 The run-up to Kyoto II (2008-2011) 461
8.2 Global energy sustainability and carbon 463
8.2.1 Prospects for savings from changes in land use 465
8.2.2 Prospects for savings from improvements in energy efficiency 466
8.2.3 Prospects for fossil carbon savings from renewable energy 470
8.2.4 Prospects for carbon-capture technology 472
8.2.5 Prospects for nuclear options 476
8.2.6 Overall prospects for fossil carbon savings to 2025 480
8.3 Energy policy and carbon 481
8.3.1 Case study: USA 482
8.3.2 Case study: Canada 486
8.3.3 Case study: UK 489
8.3.4 Case study: China and India 498
8.3.5 Case study: Australia and New Zealand 504
8.4 Possible future energy options 508
8.4.1 Managing fossil carbon emissions: the scale of the problem 508
8.4.2 Fossil futures 510
8.4.3 Nuclear futures 511
8.4.4 Renewable futures 512
8.4.5 Low-energy futures 513
8.4.6 Possible future energy options and greenhouse gases 514
8.5 Future human and biological change 515
8.5.1 The ease and difficulty of adapting to future impacts 518
8.5.2 Future climate change and human health 524
8.5.3 Future climate and human-ecology implications for wildlife 525
8.5.4 Reducing future anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions 526
8.5.5 A final conclusion 528
8.6 References 528
Appendix 1 Glossary and abbreviations 535
Glossary 535
Abbreviations 539
Appendix 2 Biogeologkal chronology 543
Appendix 3 Calculations of energy demand/supply and orders of magnitude 546
Calculations of energy demand/supply 546
Orders of magnitude 547
Sources 547
Appendix 4 Further considerations: climate science and policy beyond 2013 548
Index 551
|
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spelling | Cowie, Jonathan aut Climate change biological and human aspects Jonathan Cowie Second edition Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge University Press 2013 XXII, 558 Seiten Karten, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte Klimaänderung Umwelt Climatic changes History Bioclimatology Paleoclimatology Climatic changes Environmental aspects Human beings Effect of environment on Human ecology Anthropogene Klimaänderung (DE-588)4290733-0 gnd rswk-swf Erwärmung Meteorologie (DE-588)4344515-9 gnd rswk-swf Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd rswk-swf Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 s DE-604 Erwärmung Meteorologie (DE-588)4344515-9 s Anthropogene Klimaänderung (DE-588)4290733-0 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025328941&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Cowie, Jonathan Climate change biological and human aspects Geschichte Klimaänderung Umwelt Climatic changes History Bioclimatology Paleoclimatology Climatic changes Environmental aspects Human beings Effect of environment on Human ecology Anthropogene Klimaänderung (DE-588)4290733-0 gnd Erwärmung Meteorologie (DE-588)4344515-9 gnd Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4290733-0 (DE-588)4344515-9 (DE-588)4164199-1 |
title | Climate change biological and human aspects |
title_auth | Climate change biological and human aspects |
title_exact_search | Climate change biological and human aspects |
title_full | Climate change biological and human aspects Jonathan Cowie |
title_fullStr | Climate change biological and human aspects Jonathan Cowie |
title_full_unstemmed | Climate change biological and human aspects Jonathan Cowie |
title_short | Climate change |
title_sort | climate change biological and human aspects |
title_sub | biological and human aspects |
topic | Geschichte Klimaänderung Umwelt Climatic changes History Bioclimatology Paleoclimatology Climatic changes Environmental aspects Human beings Effect of environment on Human ecology Anthropogene Klimaänderung (DE-588)4290733-0 gnd Erwärmung Meteorologie (DE-588)4344515-9 gnd Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd |
topic_facet | Geschichte Klimaänderung Umwelt Climatic changes History Bioclimatology Paleoclimatology Climatic changes Environmental aspects Human beings Effect of environment on Human ecology Anthropogene Klimaänderung Erwärmung Meteorologie |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025328941&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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