Marijuana legalization: what everyone needs to know
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2012
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Klappentext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 266 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780199913732 9780199913718 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804149532420734976 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Marijuana legalization
Autor: Caulkins, Jonathan P
Jahr: 2012
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvii
INTRODUCTION xix
PART I MARIJUANA AND PROHIBITION TODAY
1. What Is Marijuana and What Would It Mean
to Legalize It? 3
What is marijuana legalization? 3
What is marijuana? 4
How does it feel to get high? 5
What are the active ingredients in marijuana? 6
What are sinsemilla, commercial-grade marijuana, hashish,
and hash oil? 8
Whatis Wchweed ? 9
Has marijuana been getting more potent? 9
Is higher potency bad? 10
How long does intoxication last? 12
How long can marijuana use be detected? 13
Is medical marijuana the same as illegal marijuana? 14
What is synthetic marijuana (Spice or K2)? 14
2. Who Uses Marijuana? 16
How many people use marijuana? 16
How is marijuana consumed? 17
How has marijuana use changed over time? 18
How much marijuana do users consume? 22
Can marijuana use lead to dependence or addiction? 24
What are the typical patterns of marijuana use? 25
How common is heavy marijuana use? 26
How does marijuana use vary across the country? 28
What share of marijuana use is high-potency marijuana? 28
How much do users spend on marijuana? 29
3. How Is Marijuana Produced
and Distributed Today? 31
How and where is marijuana grown today? 31
How is marijuana currently distributed? 33
How much is marijuana marked up between farm gate, wholesale,
and retail? 34
Are prices lower in the Netherlands? California? Elsewhere? 36
Since marijuana is just a plant, why is it so expensive? 37
Is marijuana really the nation s leading cash crop? 39
Does marijuana production really use $5 billion worth of electricity
in the United States each year? 41
4. How Stringent Is Marijuana Enforcement
in the United States? 42
Who gets arrested for marijuana possession? 42
What happens after those arrests? 45
Who gets arrested for marijuana dealing, production, and importing? 47
Are federal marijuana sentences similar to sentences for heroin
and cocaine? 48
How many people are in prison for marijuana offenses? 50
How much does marijuana incarceration and enforcement cost? 51
How much marijuana is seized and eradicated? 52
5. What Are the Risks of Using Marijuana? 54
Why is it difficult to measure the consequences of marijuana use? 54
How do researchers study the risks of marijuana use? 56
What is the likelihood of becoming dependent on marijuana? 57
How bad is marijuana dependency compared to dependency
on other drugs? 59
How many users seek treatment for problems with marijuana? 60
Does marijuana treatment work? 61
Can users experience a fatal overdose from marijuana? 62
Can users experience a nonfatal overdose from using
too much marijuana? 64
Does marijuana use cause emphysema and other
respiratory problems? 65
Does marijuana use cause cancer? 65
How much harm does secondhand marijuana smoke cause? 67
Is marijuana a gateway drug ? 68
Does using marijuana cause schizophrenia and other mental
health problems? 70
Does using marijuana influence crime and delinquency? 74
Does marijuana use affect education and employment? 76
Does marijuana use cause automobile crashes? 77
Does parental marijuana use influence child welfare? 79
6. What Is Known about the Nonmedical
Benefits of Using Marijuana? 82
Why don t we know more about the benefits of marijuana use? 83
Would we know more about the benefits if it were legal? 84
Is there a stoned way of winking? 85
Is stoned thinking valuable? 87
Does marijuana use enhance creativity? 88
Can marijuana enhance athletic performance? 90
What role does cannabis play in worship? 90
So there s no real evidence of any benefits? 91
Why should mere pleasure count as a benefit? 91
7. What Are the Medicinal Benefits
of Using Marijuana? 94
Does marijuana have medical value? 94
Why isn t marijuana available as a regular prescription drug? 98
But isn t smoking unhealthy? 100
How about using one or more cannabinoids instead of the whole plant? 101
How much medical marijuana use is actually medical? 102
PART II LEGALIZATION AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
8. What Are the Pros and Cons
of Legalization Generally? 107
What does it mean to legalize a drug? 107
Are there shades of legalization? 108
Why have drug laws in the first place? 110
Why even consider legalizing a substance whose use creates harm? 111
Wouldn t the results of a policy that treated marijuana like alcohol
be an improvement over the current mess? 114
But wasn t alcohol prohibition in the United States a complete failure? 115
But doesn t everyone know that Prohibition led to a big increase
in homicides? 116
How much of the increase in consumption after legalization would
reflect increased heavy use rather than increased casual use? 116
Can t the effects of marketing be reined in by regulations and taxes? 118
What about legal availability without free trade? Couldn t that work? 119
Isn t it impossible to make someone better off by coercing
behavioral change? 119
If people choose to harm themselves with drugs, why is that anyone
else s business? 121
But isn t everyone with an addictive personality already addicted
to something? 124
If the results of legalization are uncertain, why not just try it out,
and go back to the current system if legalization doesn t work? 125
9. How Is Legalization of Marijuana Different
from Legalization of Other Drugs? 127
How does legalizing marijuana compare to legalizing all drugs? 127
Isn t marijuana different from other drugs? It s natural, it s not
addictive, and it s not toxic 128
If marijuana accounts for half of all drug arrests, would legalizing
marijuana free up half of our prison cells? 129
How much drug-related crime, violence, and corruption would
marijuana legalization eliminate? 130
Would legalization increase marijuana use and dependence by
as much as legalization of crack and other drugs would increase
their markets? 131
Would more marijuana use lead to more alcohol abuse, or less? 133
If alcohol is more dangerous than marijuana, what s the logical
justification for one being legal and the other illegal? 135
Could it be reasonable to support legalizing marijuana but not other drugs? 137
Can two reasonable people sensibly disagree about
marijuana legalization? 137
10. What Is the Context of the Marijuana
Legalization Debate? 138
How does legalization differ from decriminalization or depenalization? 138
How many countries allow commercial marijuana production? 139
Has support for legalization in the United States been growing? 140
Who supports and opposes marijuana legalization in the United States? 141
Who supported Proposition 19 and why? 143
Why are voters sometimes bolder than the people they elect? 144
Would marijuana legalization violate international conventions? 145
Does Dutch policy violate these international conventions? 146
What are the consequences for violating international conventions? 147
Could these international treaties be changed? 148
11. What If Marijuana Were Treated Like Alcohol? 151
What special regulations could apply to legal marijuana? 152
Could advertising be restricted in the United States? 155
How could marijuana be taxed? 156
Would regulations and taxes in practice approach the public health ideal? 157
How much enforcement would regulation and taxation require? 158
Would there be any marijuana-related arrests after legalization? 159
Why aren t prices in Dutch coffee shops and California medical
dispensaries a good indicator of prices after legalization? 160
How much would legal marijuana cost to produce? 160
How many people would be employed in marijuana production? 163
What would the pretax retail price be for unbranded marijuana? 164
What would the after-tax retail price be for unbranded marijuana? 166
What would the retail price be for branded and other forms of marijuana? 169
Would businesses give legal marijuana away free? 171
How much would consumption increase? 172
Does the marijuana trade fund drug violence in Mexico? 175
Does legalization make sense from an overall social welfare
(benefit-cost) perspective? 177
12. Could One State Legalize Marijuana
If the Federal Government Didn t? 184
Could a state simply repeal its marijuana laws? 184
Could a state regulate and tax a substance that the federal government
still prohibited? 186
What about the reverse: If the federal government legalized marijuana,
could a state still prohibit it? 187
What could the federal government do if one state legalized marijuana
for nonmedical use? 187
What is the federal government doing in states that allow
medical marijuana? 190
How would production and production costs change if marijuana
were legal in one state but not the entire country? 192
How would legalization in one state affect markets and use
in other states? 194
Does it matter whether legalization is enacted by legislation
or by voter proposition? 195
Could states learn from one another s experience? 197
13. How Would Marijuana Legalization Affect
Me Personally? 198
How would legalization affect me if I m an adult regular marijuana user? 198
How would legalization affect me if I m dependent on marijuana? 200
How would legalization affect me if I m an occasional marijuana user? 200
How would legalization affect me if I m not currently a marijuana user? 201
How would legalization affect me if I m a medical marijuana patient? 202
How would legalization affect me if I m a marijuana grower? 203
How would legalization affect me if I lead a Mexican drug trafficking
organization (DTO)? 203
How would legalization affect me if I m a parent of a teenager? 204
How would legalization affect me if I m an employer? 205
14. Between Marijuana Prohibition and Commercial
Legalization: Is there Any Middle Ground? 207
Is there a middle ground between legalization and prohibition? 207
What has been learned from depenalization and decriminalization? 208
What about legalizing the way Portugal did (not do)? 210
What about imitating the Dutch approach? 213
What about just allowing home production, as Alaska does? 214
What about creating user co-ops, as in Spain? 216
What about a very liberal medical marijuana system? 218
What about limiting the quantity any user can buy? 219
Couldn t users go to physicians for nonmedical marijuana, making
it the doctor s business to prevent problem-use patterns? 221
What if distribution were controlled by a government monopoly? 221
15. Can Industrial Hemp Save the Planet?
(Written with Christina Farber) 225
What is industrial hemp? 225
Do other countries allow legalized hemp? 226
Could the United States allow industrial hemp without
legalizing marijuana? 227
Would allowing industrial hemp in the United States save the planet? 229
How big is the potential market if the United States legalized
industrial hemp? 231
16. What Do the Authors Think about
Marijuana Legalization? 233
Angela Hawken 233
Jon Caulkins 238
MarkKleiman 240
Beau Kilmer 244
BIBLIOGRAPHY 249
INDEX 255
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