Bioanalytical tools in water quality assessment:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London [u.a.]
IWA-Publ.
2012
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverz. S. [213] - 244 |
| Beschreibung: | XVI, 253 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781843393689 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Bioanalytical tools in water quality assessment |c Beate Escher and Frederic Leusch. With contrib. by Heather Chapman ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a London [u.a.] |b IWA-Publ. |c 2012 | |
| 300 | |a XVI, 253 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025299895 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804149513717284864 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Bioanalytical tools in water quality assessment
Autor: Escher, Beate
Jahr: 2012
Contents
Preface ......................................... xiü
Acknowledgements ................................ xv
Chapter 1
Introduction to bioanalytical tools in water
quality assessment.................................. 1
1.1 Background........................................... 1
1.2 Organic micropollutants................................. 2
1.2.1 Defining the issue................................ 2
1.2.2 Transformation products........................... 4
1.2.3 Low concentrations and mixtures.................... 6
1.3 Environmental toxicology................................ 6
1.4 Environmental risk assessment........................... 7
1.5 Bioanalytical tools...................................... 7
1.5.1 In vivo and in vitro bioassays........................ 8
1.5.2 Cell-based bioassays............................. 11
1.5.2.1 Native cells............................. 11
1.5.2.2 Genetically-modified cells.................. 11
1.5.3 Modes of toxic action............................. 12
1.6 Bioassay selection and design of a test battery.............. 13
1.6.1 Protection-goal motivated test battery design.......... 13
1.6.2 Chemical-group motivated test battery design......... 14
1.7 Applications of bioanalytical tools for
water quality assessment............................... 15
1.8 Chemical analysis and bioanalytical tools are
complementary monitoring tools.......................... 17
vi Bioanalytical Tools in Water Quality Assessment
Chapter 2
Risk assessment of chemicals....................... 21
2.1 Introduction.......................................... 21
2.2 Current risk assessment of chemicals..................... 22
2.2.1 Hazard identification............................. 23
2.2.2 Effect assessment............................... 24
2.2.2.1 Dose-response assessment................ 24
2.2.2.2 PBT assessment......................... 25
2.2.3 Exposure assessment............................ 26
2.2.4 Risk characterisation............................. 26
2.2.5 Risk management............................... 27
2.3 Application of bioanalytical tools in chemical
risk assessment...................................... 27
2.3.1 Closing data gaps............................... 27
2.3.2 Integrated testing strategy......................... 28
2.3.3 Alternatives to animal testing methods............... 29
2.3.4 In vitro assays.................................. 30
2.3.5 Future directions for application of bioanalytical
tools in quantitative risk assessment................. 30
2.4 Conclusions......................................... 32
Chapter 3
Water quality assessment and whole effluent
toxicity testing..................................... 33
3.1 Background.......................................... 33
3.2 Human use of water................................... 34
3.2.1 Drinking water.................................. 34
3.2.2 Recycled water, stormwater and managed
aquifer recharge................................. 36
3.3 Aquatic ecosystems................................... 37
3.4 Whole effluent toxicity (WET)............................ 38
3.4.1 Test systems in aquatic ecotoxicology
commonly applied to WET testing................... 39
3.4.2 In situ WET testing............................... 41
3.4.3 Ecological endpoints............................. 42
3.4.4 Biomarkers in WET testing........................ 42
3.4.5 WET testing using bioanalytical tools.............. 43
3.4.6 Case study 1 - WET testing of Sydney
municipal effluents............................... 43
3.4.7 Case study 2 - screening of wastewater quality
using the fish embryo test......................... 44
3.5 Conclusions......................................... 45
Contents vii
Chapter 4
Modes of toxic action and toxicity pathways............ 47
4.1 Introduction.......................................... 47
4.2 Toxicokinetics........................................ 48
4.2.1 Uptake, distribution and elimination.................. 48
4.2.2 Xenobiotic metabolism............................ 48
4.2.3 Toxicokinetic indicators of chemical exposure.......... 49
4.2.4 Reflecting toxicokinetics in cell-based bioassays....... 50
4.3 Toxicodynamic processes: toxicity pathways................ 52
4.4 Mode of action classification............................. 55
4.4.1 Non-specific toxicity.............................. 56
4.4.2 Specific modes of toxic action...................... 59
4.4.2.1 Enzyme inhibition........................ 59
4.4.2.2 Disturbance of energy production............ 60
4.4.2.3 Neurotoxicity............................ 60
4.4.2.4 Modulation of endocrine functions........... 61
4.4.3 Reactive toxicity................................. 62
4.4.3.1 Direct genotoxicity....................... 62
4.4.3.2 Non-specific reactivity towards proteins....... 63
4.4.3.3 Oxidative stress......................... 64
4.4.3.4 Lipid peroxidation........................ 65
4.5 Keeping the right balance: general stress
response pathways.................................... 65
4.6 Conclusions......................................... 67
Chapter 5
Toxicity pathways of chemicals in humans............. 69
5.1 Introduction.......................................... 69
5.2 Route of exposure.................................... 71
5.3 Basal cytotoxicity..................................... 71
5.4 Target organ toxicity................................... 73
5.4.1 Hepatotoxicity.................................. 73
5.4.2 Nephrotoxicity.................................. 74
5.4.3 Cardiovascular toxicity............................ 75
5.4.3.1 Cardiotoxicity........................... 75
5.4.3.2 Vascular toxicity......................... 76
5.5 Non-organ-directed toxicity.............................. 76
5.5.1 Carcinogenicity................................. 77
5.5.2 Developmental toxicology......................... 78
5.6 System toxicity....................................... 78
5.6.1 Haematotoxicity................................. 79
5.6.2 Immunotoxicity.................................. 80
viii Bioanalytical Tools in Water Quality Assessment
5.6.3 Neurotoxicity................................... 81
5.6.4 Endocrine toxicity................................ 83
5.6.5 Reproductive toxicity............................. 85
5.7 Conclusions......................................... 86
Chapter 6
Toxicity pathways of chemicals in aquatic organisms .... 87
6.1 Introduction.......................................... 87
6.2 From the cellular level to the ecosystem................... 88
6.3 Adverse outcome pathways for aquatic organisms........... 89
6.3.1 Adverse outcome pathways for algae................ 89
6.3.1.1 Baseline toxicity......................... 89
6.3.1.2 Inhibition of photosynthesis by herbicides..... 90
6.3.2 Adverse outcome pathways for water flea............. 91
6.3.2.1 Baseline toxicity......................... 91
6.3.2.2 Activity of insecticides..................... 92
6.3.3 Adverse outcome pathways for fish.................. 92
6.3.3.1 Baseline toxicity......................... 92
6.3.3.2 Estrogenicity............................ 93
6.4 Using in vitro assays to understand toxicity
pathways in aquatic life................................. 94
6.5 Conclusions......................................... 94
Chapter 7
Dose response assessment.......................... 95
7.1 Introduction.......................................... 95
7.2 Dose response assessment............................. 95
7.2.1 Dose-response curves............................ 95
7.2.2 Toxicity continuum............................... 98
7.2.3 Benchmark values to describe effects................ 99
7.3 Toxic equivalency concept............................. 102
7.3.1 Relative effect potency (REP).................... 102
7.3.2 Relative enrichment factor (REF) and toxic
equivalent concentration (TEQ)................... 104
7.3.3 Limitations to the application of the TEQ concept
in water quality assessment...................... 106
7.4 Conclusions........................................ 107
Chapter 8
Mixtures and toxic equivalency concept............... 109
8.1 Introduction......................................... 109
8.2 Toxicity of defined mixtures............................. 110
Contents ix
8.2.1 Independent action............................. 110
8.2.2 Concentration or dose addition.................... 111
8.2.3 Synergistic and antagonistic effects................ 112
8.2.4 Grouping of chemicals........................... 114
8.2.5 Something from nothing?......................... 115
8.3 Assessment of concentration-additive effects
using the toxic equivalency concept...................... 117
8.4 Mixtures in risk assessment............................ 118
8.4.1 Concepts..................................... 118
8.4.2 Do we need to account for mixture effects in
risk assessment?.............................. 120
8.4.3 Existing regulations............................ 121
8.5 Mixtures and water quality............................. 122
8.5.1 What types of mixture effects occur in
water samples with thousands of chemicals
at very low concentrations?...................... 122
8.5.2 Bridging the gap between chemical and
bioassay analysis of mixtures: TEQchem
and TEQbio................................... 122
8.6 Conclusion......................................... 123
Chapter 9
Current bioanalytical tools for water
quality assessment................................ 125
9.1 Introduction......................................... 125
9.2 Principles of cell-based bioassays....................... 126
9.3 Planning a sound bioassay battery....................... 128
9.4 Bioassays indicative of non-specific toxicity................ 129
9.4.1 Bacterial assays............................... 130
9.4.2 Yeast assays................................. 131
9.4.3 Fish cell lines................................. 132
9.4.4 Mammalian and human cell lines................. 132
9.5 Bioassays indicative of reactive toxicity................... 133
9.5.1 Genotoxic carcinogens......................... 133
9.5.2 Non-genotoxic electrophilic mechanisms........... 137
9.5.3 Epigenetic carcinogens......................... 139
9.5.4 Oxidative stress............................... 139
9.6 Bioassays indicative of specific modes of action............ 139
9.6.1 Target organ toxicity............................ 140
9.6.1.1 Hepatotoxicity.......................... 140
9.6.1.2 Nephrotoxicity.......................... 142
9.6.1.3 Cardiovascular toxicity................... 142
x Bioanalytical Tools in Water Quality Assessment
9.6.2 Non-organ-directed toxicity...................... 142
9.6.2.1 Carcinogenicity......................... 142
9.6.2.2 Developmental toxicity................... 142
9.6.3 System toxicity................................ 144
9.6.3.1 Haematotoxicity........................ 144
9.6.3.2 Immunotoxicity......................... 144
9.6.3.3 Neurotoxicity........................... 144
9.6.3.4 Endocrine effects....................... 146
9.6.3.5 Reproductive toxicity..................... 150
9.6.4 Phytotoxicity.................................. 150
9.7 Conclusion......................................... 151
Chapter 10
Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC)......... 153
10.1 Introduction........................................ 153
10.2 Method validation................................... 154
10.2.1 Accuracy................................... 154
10.2.2 Precision................................... 154
10.2.3 Robustness................................. 154
10.2.4 Selectivity................................... 155
10.2.5 Sensitivity................................... 155
10.2.6 Specificity................................... 155
10.2.7 Sample stability.............................. 155
10.3 QA/QC in the laboratory.............................. 155
10.3.1 Replication.................................. 156
10.3.1.1 Within-plate replication................ 156
10.3.1.2 Between-plates replication............. 157
10.3.1.3 Between-runs replication.............. 157
10.3.1.4 True sample replicates................ 157
10.3.2 Quality control samples........................ 158
10.3.2.1 Standard curve...................... 158
10.3.2.2 Positive control sample................ 16°
10.3.2.3 Negative control sample............... 160
10.3.2.4 Field and laboratory blanks............. 160
10.3.2.5 Inter-assay sample................... 161
10.3.3 Control charts and fixed control criteria............ 161
10.3.3.1 Control charts....................... 161
10.3.3.2 Fixed control criteria.................. 162
10.3.4 Standardisation and documentation.............. 162
10.4 The importance of sample preparation................... 163
10.5 Conclusions....................................... 164
Contents xi
Chapter 11
Case studies on the application of bioanalytical
tools for water quality assessment................... 165
11.1 Introduction........................................ 165
11.1.1 Historical background......................... 165
11.1.2 Bioassay battery design considerations............ 166
11.1.3 Assessing treatment efficacy using bioassays....... 170
11.1.4 Introduction to the case studies.................. 170
11.2 Application of bioanalytical tools to assess the removal
of micropollutants across the urban water cycle............ 171
11.2.1 The urban water cycle: from sewage to
drinking water................................ 171
11.2.2 Some practical considerations................... 173
11.2.3 Benchmarking of water quality across the
water cycle.................................. 174
11.2.4 Benchmarking treatment technologies............. 176
11.2.5 Comparison of chemical analysis and
bioanalytical tools............................. 177
11.3 Benchmarking human health risk of diffferent
types of waters..................................... 179
11.4 Ecotoxicological assessment of a wastewater
treatment plant with ozonation......................... 183
Chapter 12
A promising future for bioanalytical tools............. 187
12.1 Introduction........................................ 187
12.2 Achievements so far................................. 187
12.2.1 A sound guidance for selection of bioassays
based on the conceptual framework
of toxicity pathways........................... 187
12.2.2 A more comprehensive measure of the
realm of chemical pollutants.................... 188
12.3 Future research needs and opportunities................. 188
12.3.1 Matrix effects and extraction methods............. 189
12.3.2 Linking bioanalysis with chemical analysis......... 190
12.3.3 Linking bioanalysis with whole-animal testing....... 190
12.3.4 Bioassays that require further development........ 191
12.3.5 The omics ................................ 192
12.3.6 Three dimensional cell systems to better
model whole organism response................. 192
12.3.7 Bioanalytical tools as the canaries in
the coalmine?............................... 192
xii Bioanalytical Tools in Water Quality Assessment
12.4 The road to regulatory acceptance...................... 193
12.4.1 Option 1: no observed effect of the undiluted
water sample................................ 194
12.4.2 Option 2: definition of effect-based
trigger values................................ 194
12.4.3 Option 3: redefinition of effect-based
guideline values.............................. 195
12.5 Conclusions....................................... 195
Glossary......................................... 197
References....................................... 213
Index............................................ 245
|
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| isbn | 9781843393689 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XVI, 253 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
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| spelling | Escher, Beate Verfasser aut Bioanalytical tools in water quality assessment Beate Escher and Frederic Leusch. With contrib. by Heather Chapman ... London [u.a.] IWA-Publ. 2012 XVI, 253 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverz. S. [213] - 244 Gewässerüberwachung (DE-588)4121358-0 gnd rswk-swf Biochemische Analyse (DE-588)4255721-5 gnd rswk-swf Gewässerüberwachung (DE-588)4121358-0 s Biochemische Analyse (DE-588)4255721-5 s DE-604 Leusch, Frederic Verfasser aut Chapman, Heather Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025299895&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Escher, Beate Leusch, Frederic Bioanalytical tools in water quality assessment Gewässerüberwachung (DE-588)4121358-0 gnd Biochemische Analyse (DE-588)4255721-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4121358-0 (DE-588)4255721-5 |
| title | Bioanalytical tools in water quality assessment |
| title_auth | Bioanalytical tools in water quality assessment |
| title_exact_search | Bioanalytical tools in water quality assessment |
| title_full | Bioanalytical tools in water quality assessment Beate Escher and Frederic Leusch. With contrib. by Heather Chapman ... |
| title_fullStr | Bioanalytical tools in water quality assessment Beate Escher and Frederic Leusch. With contrib. by Heather Chapman ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bioanalytical tools in water quality assessment Beate Escher and Frederic Leusch. With contrib. by Heather Chapman ... |
| title_short | Bioanalytical tools in water quality assessment |
| title_sort | bioanalytical tools in water quality assessment |
| topic | Gewässerüberwachung (DE-588)4121358-0 gnd Biochemische Analyse (DE-588)4255721-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Gewässerüberwachung Biochemische Analyse |
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