Access to medicines and vaccines in the south: coherence of rules and policies applied by the European Union Commission
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Brussels
VUB Press
2011
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Publication series / Institute for European Studies
20 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 282 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789054879763 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Table
of
contents
Acknowledgement
13
Preface
15
Chapter One
-
Introduction: using coherence to
understand the problem
17
1.1
Introduction: the problem
17
1.2
The nature of coherence
17
1.2.1
Definition of coherence
17
1.2.1.1
Coherence of policy
18
1.2.1.2
Coherence of law
. 19
1.2.2
Types of coherence of law
21
1.2.2.1
Substantive coherence
21
1.2.2.2
Institutional coherence
26
1.2.2.3
Adjudicative coherence
29
1.2.3
Coherence of law distinguished from neighbouring
concepts
30
1.2.4
The significance or relevance of coherence of law
33
1.2.5
Levels and manifestations of coherence
41
1.2.5.1
Levels of coherence
41
1.2.5.2
Manifestations of coherence
42
1.3
The impact of poverty on health needs in the South
45
1.4
The coherence goal, base and variables: the issue areas
revisited
46
1.5
Rationale for action: insights from international relations
and political theory
49
1.6
Indeterminacy of coherence
53
1.7
Conclusion: policy relevance of the chapter on broader access
questions
54
Chapter Two
-
The international law and political economy
of access to affordable medicines in the South
57
2.1
Introduction
57
2.2
Needs of developing countries and their responses
57
2.2.1
Developing countries (Brazil, India, South Africa and
Thailand)
57
2.2.2
The least developed countries
59
Access
to Medicines and Vaccines in the South
2.3
Access to medicines and trade: the international political
economy and relevant TRIPs provisions regarding
patent protection
59
2.3.1
The international political economy of TRIPS
60
2.3.2
Some general obligations of the TRIPs Agreement
62
2.3.3
Specific obligations relating to patent protection
64
2.3.4
Technical cooperation and transitional provisions
under the TRIPs Agreement
76
2.4
Positive aspects of European Commission (EC) actions at
the WTO level
78
2.4.1
EC support for the adoption of the Doha Declaration
78
2.4.2
EC s contributions in reaching the Decision of
30
August
2003 81
2.4.3
EC backing for the
2005
TRIPs amendment
87
2.4.4
EC s strong stance on counterfeit products
94
2.4.5
EC support for differential pricing
95
2.4.6
EC approach to the use of compulsory licensing in
countries of need
96
2.4.7
EC policies on technical cooperation in the area of IPRs
98
2.4.8
EC efforts in curbing the incidence of trade diversion
99
2.4.9
EC backing for regional integration in the IP field
99
2.5
Controversial trade-related positions of the EC on access
100
2.5.1
EC position on the controversy surrounding the
actions of pharmaceutical companies in
South Africa in
1997
and its position in Thailand
101
2.5.2
EC position on the full integration of the Chairman s
Statement into the amendment
102
2.5.3
EC stance on the protection of test data
103
2.5.4
The use of supplementary protection certificates
(SPCs)
103
2.5.5
TRIPs-plus obligations
104
2.6
Access actions of other international intergovernmental
organizations in which the EC is involved
105
2.6.1
Unaids
105
2.6.2
The WHO and the Intergovernmental Working
Group on Intellectual Property and Public Health
108
2.6.3
United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO)
Ш
2.6.4
The International Organization for Migration
(ЮМ) П2
2.6.5
The World Bank
112
Table of
contents
2.6.6
The UN Committee charged with implementing
the International Covenant on economic, social
and cultural rights
114
2.7
Access to affordable medicines and vaccines as human rights
114
2.7.1
Patent rationale
115
2.7.2
Patients rights to health care and patent holders rights:
whose human rights matter?
120
2.8
Actions by international public/private partnerships
and access
127
2.8.1
The Global Fund
127
2.8.2
Accelerating Access Initiative
(AAI
or the Initiative)
131
2.8.3
Unitaid
132
2.8.4
The Global Alliance for Vaccines and
Immunization (GAVI) and IAVI
134
2.9
Conclusion: policy relevance of the chapter on
broader access questions
135
Chapter Three
-
The coherence of
EU
primary and secondary
rules and the goal of access to medicines in the South:
substantive coherence
137
3.1
Introduction
137
3.2
Trade and development coherence as promoted by the
EU
Commission
138
3.3
The situation on the ground: highlighting the need
139
3.4
EU
Commission s trade and IPR-related innovative
mechanisms to deal with the access problem
140
3.4.1
The use of tiered pricing
(TP)
140
3.4.2
The use of compulsory licensing
146
3.5
Issues of coherence between the European Patent
Convention and the Community Patent Convention
151
3.6
Development Cooperation under the TEC and
the Lisbon Treaty: the case of the EU-ACP Cotonou
Partnership Agreement
153
3.6.1
Access-relevant provisions of the Lisbon
(Reform) Treaty
154
3.6.2
Selected relevant provisions of the
Cotonou Partnership Agreement
155
Articles
45
and
46 155
Articles
23, 13, 25
and
9
(coherence variables)
159
3.7
EU
backing for special research programmes: European and
developing countries clinical trials partnership
162
Access
to Medicines and Vaccines in the South
3.8
EU
migration related rules and policies and access to
medicines in the South
165
3.9
The provision of funding to combat pandemics like Aids
167
3.10
Support for human rights related activities in
developing countries
171
3.11
Conclusion: policy relevance of the chapter on
broader access questions
174
Chapter Four
-
Institutional coherence for access to medicines and
vaccines in the South: the case of the European Commission, the
Parliament and the Council
175
4.1
Introduction
175
4.2
Coherence at the recipient level:
EU
delegations and access to
affordable medicines in the South
176
4.3
Coherence of the actions of the
EU
Delegations and
Headquarters
178
4.4
Coherence efforts and challenges at headquarters level
180
4.4.1
Examples of the Commission s coherence efforts
in the various policy fields l8^
4.4.2
Tools or instruments used by the Commission
to enhance coherence
■*■
4.5
Coherence for access: actions of the European Parliament
and the Council
186
4.5.1
Contributions of the European Parliament
186
4.5.1.1
EP support for actions at the WTO level
186
4.5.1.2
EP backing for EC global public/private
initiatives 1°
4.5.1.3
EP support for the bolstering of
local capacities
1^
4.5.2
Actions of the European Council I88
4.5.2.1
Council actions on the broader impact
of poverty related diseases on development
188
4.5.2.2
The Council s backing for access to affordable
medicines LO°
4.5.2.3
The Council s actions in backing more trade/
development coherence
1
4.5.3
The actions of certain
EU
states on the question
of access
1^
4.5.4
The Commission s effort in working with the
Member States and the Council on access issues
191
4.6
Conclusion: policy relevance of the chapter on broader access
questions
192
io
Table oj
contents
Chapter Five
-
Adjudicative coherence for access to
affordable medicines and vaccines in the South: approaches
of the court of justice (CJ) and the European Committee on
social rights
195
5.1
Introduction
195
5.2
The ECJ and parallel importation
196
5.3
The ECJ free movement of goods in the
EU
198
5.4
The ECJ s measured approach to free movement of goods
201
5.5
The ECJ s position on supplementary protection certificates
204
5.6
The European Committee of social rights
208
5.7
Conclusion: policy relevance of the chapter to broader access
questions
210
Chapter Six
-
Conclusions: A checklist for
EU
coherence for
access and the way forward
213
6.1
Substantive coherence
213
6.1.1
Vertical substantive coherence
213
6.1.2
Horizontal substantive coherence
214
6.1.3
Internal substantive coherence for access
214
6.1.4
External substantive coherence
214
6.2
Institutional coherence
215
6.2.1
Vertical institutional coherence
215
6.2.2
Horizontal institutional coherence
216
6.2.3
Internal institutional coherence
216
6.2.4
External institutional coherence
216
6.3
Adjudicative coherence
217
6.3.1
Vertical
adj
udicative coherence
217
6.3.2
Horizontal adjudicative coherence
218
6.3.3
Internal adjudicative coherence
218
6.3.4
External adjudicative coherence
218
6.4
Policy implications: the way forward
219
6.4.1
The
EU
219
6.4.2
Recipient countries and regions of the South
220
6.4.3
The WTO
223
6.4.4
Industry
224
6.4.5
Non
state actors
224
6.4.6
Public/private alliances
224
Epilogue
227
Bibliography
229
II
Access
to Medicines and Vaccines in the South
Official EC documents
261
List of cases of the European court of justice
269
List of WTO cases
271
Other cases
273
Interviews
275
List of abbreviations
277
12
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| spellingShingle | Kingah, Stephen Access to medicines and vaccines in the south coherence of rules and policies applied by the European Union Commission Europäische Kommission (DE-588)1024466-9 gnd Impfstoff (DE-588)4026655-2 gnd Arzneimittelversorgung (DE-588)4140783-0 gnd |
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| title | Access to medicines and vaccines in the south coherence of rules and policies applied by the European Union Commission |
| title_auth | Access to medicines and vaccines in the south coherence of rules and policies applied by the European Union Commission |
| title_exact_search | Access to medicines and vaccines in the south coherence of rules and policies applied by the European Union Commission |
| title_full | Access to medicines and vaccines in the south coherence of rules and policies applied by the European Union Commission by Stephen Kingh |
| title_fullStr | Access to medicines and vaccines in the south coherence of rules and policies applied by the European Union Commission by Stephen Kingh |
| title_full_unstemmed | Access to medicines and vaccines in the south coherence of rules and policies applied by the European Union Commission by Stephen Kingh |
| title_short | Access to medicines and vaccines in the south |
| title_sort | access to medicines and vaccines in the south coherence of rules and policies applied by the european union commission |
| title_sub | coherence of rules and policies applied by the European Union Commission |
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| topic_facet | Europäische Kommission Impfstoff Arzneimittelversorgung Entwicklungsländer Aufsatzsammlung Hochschulschrift |
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