Kontyngenty Wojska Polskiego w międzynarodowych operacjach pokojowych w latach 1973 - 1999: konflikty - interwencje - bezpieczeństwo
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Toruń
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
2012
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. u. russ. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 348 s. il. - Kt. 23 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788377803110 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV040440963 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20221012 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 120925s2012 b||| |||| 00||| pol d | ||
| 020 | |a 9788377803110 |9 978-83-7780-311-0 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)812261019 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV040440963 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a pol | |
| 049 | |a DE-12 | ||
| 084 | |a 7,41 |2 ssgn | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Kozerawski, Dariusz |d ca. 20./21. Jh. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1159241481 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Kontyngenty Wojska Polskiego w międzynarodowych operacjach pokojowych w latach 1973 - 1999 |b konflikty - interwencje - bezpieczeństwo |c Dariusz S. Kozerawski |
| 264 | 1 | |a Toruń |b Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek |c 2012 | |
| 300 | |a 348 s. |b il. - Kt. |c 23 cm. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. u. russ. Sprache | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1973-1999 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Friedensmission |0 (DE-588)4323863-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Militär |0 (DE-588)4039305-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Polen |0 (DE-588)4046496-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Polen |0 (DE-588)4046496-9 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Militär |0 (DE-588)4039305-7 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Friedensmission |0 (DE-588)4323863-4 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Geschichte 1973-1999 |A z |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025288794&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025288794&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025288794 | ||
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 355.009 |e 22/bsb |f 0904 |g 438 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804149497146638336 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
Wykaz skrótów
................................................... 9
Wstęp
.......................................................... 13
część
1
KONTYNGENTY WOJSKA POLSKIEGO W MIĘDZYNARODOWYCH OPERA¬
CJACH POKOJOWYCH W OKRESIE ZIMNEJ WOJNY
(1973-1989)
1.
Geneza i rozwój międzynarodowych operacji pokojowych
.......... 25
1.1.
Podstawowa terminologia i typologia operacji pokojowych
...... 25
1.2.
Międzynarodowe operacje pokojowe jako przedmiot badań histo-
ryczno-wojskowych
........................................ 42
1.3.
Polityczno-prawne uwarunkowania prowadzenia międzynarodo¬
wych działań pokojowych w okresie zimnowojennym
.......... 48
1.4.
Operacje pokojowe jako środek stabilizacji sytuacji międzynarodo¬
wej i rozwiązywania konfliktów
.............................. 60
2.
Początki zaangażowania żołnierzy Wojska Polskiego w międzynarodowe
operacje pokojowe
............................................. 68
2.1.
Uwarunkowania polityczno-militarne udziału kontyngentów WP
w działaniach pokojowych
.................................. 69
2.2.
Polski personel wojskowy w komisjach kontroli i nadzoru oraz
misjach obserwacyjnych
.................................... 79
2.3.
Zadania pokojowe wykonywane przez polskich żołnierzy i sposoby
ich realizacji
.............................................. 93
3.
Kontyngenty Wojska Polskiego w operacjach pokojowych do
1989
roku
......................................................... 113
3.1.
Polska Wojskowa Jednostka Specjalna w siłach pokojowych UNEF
II
w Egipcie
................................................. 113
3.2.
Kontyngent WP w siłach pokojowych UNDOF w Syrii
.......... 128
3.3.
Polacy w siłach pokojowych UNTAG w Namibii
............... 139
część
2
„MIĘDZY SOJUSZAMI
-
POLSKIE KONTYNGENTY WOJSKOWE W MIĘDZYNA¬
RODOWYCH OPERACJACH POKOJOWYCH LAT DZIEWIĘĆDZIESIĄTYCH
(1990-1999)
4.
Zaangażowanie kontyngentów Wojska Polskiego w operacjach pokojo¬
wych ONZ w latach
1990-1999 .................................. 157
4.1.
Uwarunkowania i ewolucja zadań pokojowych wykonywanych przez
polskie kontyngenty wojskowe
............................... 158
4
j Spis
treści
4.2.
Jednostki wojskowe WP w operacjach pokojowych na Bliskim
Wschodzie
................................................ 168
4.3.
Polacy w działaniach pokojowych ONZ w Kambodży (UNTAC)
.. 192
5.
Polskie kontyngenty wojskowe na Bałkanach wiatach
1992-1999___ 205
5.1.
Polski Kontyngent Wojskowy w siłach UNPROFOR w byłej Jugo¬
sławii
.................................................... 205
5.2.
Zaangażowanie Polski w operację
IFOR
w Bośni i Hercegowinie
.. 221
5.3.
Kontyngent WP w Siłach Stabilizacyjnych SFOR
............... 235
6.
Kontyngenty WP w operacjach koalicyjnych sił wielonarodowych na
rzecz wspierania pokoju
........................................ 255
6.1.
Udział polskiej jednostki logistycznej w operacji koalicyjnej
w Zatoce Perskiej
.......................................... 255
6.2.
Jednostka GROM w działaniach humanitarnych na Haiti
........ 266
Zakończenie
..................................................... 277
Conclusion
...................................................... 287
Заключение .....................................................
295
Bibliografia
...................................................... 305
Załączniki
....................................................... 319
Spis treści załączników
............................................ 320
Wykaz tabel i rysunków
........................................... 347
CONTENTS
List of abbreviations
.............................................. 9
Introduction
..................................................... 13
part
1.
POLISH MILITARY CONTINGENTS IN INTERNATIONAL PEACE OPERATIONS
IN THE COLD WAR ERA
(1973-1989)
1.
The Origins and Development of International Peace Operations
..... 25
1.1.
Basic Terminology and Typology of Peace Operations
.......... 25
1.2.
International Peace Operations as a Subject of Historical-Military
Studies
................................................... 42
1.3.
Politico-Legal Determinants of Performing Peace Operations in the
Cold War Era
............................................. 48
1.4.
Peace Operations as a Means to Stabilize the International Situation
and Resolve Conflicts
...................................... 60
2.
The Beginnings of Polish Military Involvement in International Peace
Operations
.................................................... 68
2.1.
Politico-Military Determinants of Polish Military Contingents
Participation in International Peace Activities
................. 69
2.2.
Polish Military Personnel in Control Commissions and Observation
Missions
.................................................. 79
2.3.
Peace-Related Tasks Performed by Polish Soldiers and Ways of Their
Realization
............................................... 93
3.
Polish Military Contingents in Peace Operations until
1989 .......... 113
3.1.
Polish Military Special Unit in UNEFII in Egypt
............... 113
3.2.
Polish Military Contingent in UNDOF Peacekeeping Operation
in Syria
................................................... 128
3.3.
Poles in UNTAG Forces in Namibia
........................... 139
part
2.
BETWEEN ALLIANCES
-
POLISH MILITARY CONTINGENTS IN INTERNA¬
TIONAL PEACE OPERATIONS IN THE 1990s
(1990-1999)
4.
Involvement of Polish Military Contingents in UN Peace Operations
in
1990-1999 .................................................. 157
4.1.
Determinants and Evolution of Peace Tasks Perfomed by Polish
Military Contingents
....................................... 158
4.2.
Military Units in Peace Operations in the Middle East
.......... 168
4.3.
Poles in UNTAC Forces in Cambodia
......................... 192
Contents
5.
Polish
Military
Contingents in the
Balkans in 1992-1999 ............ 205
5.1.
UN Operations in the War in the
Former
Yugoslavia (UNPROFOR,
UNCRO) .................................................. 205
5.2.
Polish Involvement in IFOR
Operation in
Bosnia and Herzego¬
vina
...................................................... 221
5.3.
Polish
Military
Contingent
in
SFOR ..........................
235
6.
Polish
Military
Contingents in Coalition Operations of Multinational-
Forces for Peace Support
........................................ 255
6.1.
Participation of Polish Logistic Unit in
Anti-
Iraq Operation in the
Persian Gulf
.............................................. 255
6.2.
GROM
Unit in Activities of Multinational Forces in Haiti
........ 266
Conclusion
...................................................... 287
Bibliography
..................................................... 305
Annexes
......................................................... 319
List of annexes
................................................... 320
List of tables, pictures and graphs
................................... 347
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Список сокращений
............................................. 9
Ведение
......................................................... 13
часть
1.
контингента па в международных миротворческих операциях
В ПЕРИОД „ХОЛОДНОЙ ВОЙНЫ
(1973-1989)
1.
Генезис и развитие международных миротворческих операций
.. 25
1.1.
Основная терминология и типология миротворческих опера¬
ций
...................................................... 25
1.2.
Международные миротворческие операции как предмет
военно-исторических исследований
....................... 42
1.3.
Политико-правовые условия ведения миротворческих опера¬
ций в период холодной войны
............................. 48
1.4.
Миротворческие операции как средство стабилизации между¬
народной обстановки и решения конфликтов
............... 60
2.
Истоки участия солдат польской армии в международных миро¬
творческих операциях
........................................ 68
2.1.
Военно-политические условия участия контингента ПА в меж¬
дународных миротворческих операциях
.................... 69
2.2.
Польские военнослужащие в комиссиях по контролю и надзору,
а также наблюдательных миссиях
.......................... 79
2.3.
Миротворческие задачи, выполняемые польскими солдатами,
и способы их решения
.................................... 93
3.
Контингенты ПА в миротворческих операциях до
1989
года
...... 113
3.1.
Польское военное специальное подразделение в ЧВС ООН И
(UNEF
И) в Египте
........................................ 113
3.2.
Контингент ПА в миротворческой операции СООНИР
(UNDOF)
в Сирии
.................................................. 128
3.3.
Поляки в силах ЮНТАГ
(UNTAG)
в Намибии
................ 139
часть
2.
„МЕЖДУ СОЮЗАМИ
-
ПОЛЬСКИЕ ВОЕННЫЕ КОНТИНГЕНТЫ В МЕЖДУ¬
НАРОДНЫХ МИРОТВОРЧЕСКИХ ОПЕРАЦИЯХ 90-Х Г.
( 1990-1999)
4.
Участие контингентов ПА в миротворческих операциях ООН
в
1990-1999
гг.
................................................ 157
4.1.
Условия и эволюция миротворческих задач, выполняемых
польскими военными
контингентами
...................... 158
8
Содержание
4.2.
Военные подразделения в миротворческих операциях на Ближ¬
нем Востоке
4.2.1.
Контингент ПА в силах СООНИР
(UNDOF)
на
Голанских высотах
........................................ 168
4.3.
Поляки в силах УНТАК
(UNTAC)
в Камбодже
............... 192
5.
Польские военные контингент на Балканах в
1992-1999
гг.
..... 205
5.1.
Операции ООН во время войны в бывшей Югославии
(UNPROFOR,
UNCRO)
...................................................... 205
5.2.
Участие Польши в операции ИФОР
(IFOR)
в Боснии и Герцего¬
вине
..................................................... 221
5.3.
Контингент ПА в Силах по стабилизации СФОР
(SFOR)
...... 235
6.
Контингента ПА в коалиционных операциях многонациональных
сил по поддержанию мира
..................................... 255
6.1.
Участие польского логистического подразделения в антиирак¬
ской операции в Персидском заливе
....................... 255
6.2.
Подразделение ГРОМ
(GROM)
в деятельности многонациональ¬
ных сил в Гаити
.......................................... 266
Заключение
..................................................... 277
Библиография
.................................................. 305
Приложения
.................................................... 319
Список приложений
............................................. 320
Список таблиц, рисунков и диаграмм
............................. 347
CONCLUSION
International peace operations originated in the late
1940s
(UNTSO operation
-
after the end of the First Arab-Israeli War in
1948).
Soldiers of the Polish
Armed Forces began to perform peace tasks as early as in
1953
within the
Polish Military Mission in the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission
established after the Korea War. Until the first military contingent was
dispatched in
1973
the involvement of Polish military-civilian personnel had
been limited to participation in all international commissions in the
Indochinese peninsula (from
1954)
and in Nigeria
(1968-1970).
It should be
stressed that the nature of the performed tasks was similar and included:
movement control of military forces of the conflicts parties; control of foreign
intervention forces withdrawal; supervision of demarcation lines and
demilitarized zones; supervision of POWs and internees exchanges; supervision
and control of ports, airports and state borders; supervision of elections;
investigations and explanations of resolutions violations. It is worth mentioning
that the involvement of Polish diplomatic service and soldiers in the work of
the International Commissions for Supervision and Control in Korea,
Indochina and the Observation Mission in Nigeria, despite simultaneous
dependence on the Soviet Union block policy, positively created an image of
PRL
(the Peoples Republic of Poland) as a country which actively participates
in the process of restoring and maintaining world peace.
The main scientific purpose of this study, which was a reconstruction of
the history of the Polish military contingents involvement in international
peace operations in
1973-1999
as well as a presentation of the part they played
in the process of maintaining international security in the analysed period
-
in
the author s opinion
-
has been achieved. In individual chapters of this
monograph there were synthetically presented, mainly on a wide source
288
I Conclusion
materials basis, current scientific findings concerning the subject of the under¬
taken research.
The foreign policy of
PRL
in the discussed period was undergoing significant
transformations, which resulted from the changes taking place in the interna¬
tional environment and connected with the situation in the Eastern Block,
determined among other things by: the direction of Moscow policy towards its
satellite states, the relations between the competing politico-military blocks and
the evolution of the Polish internal system. The lack of full sovereignty in the
domestic and foreign policy-making also influenced PRL s involvement in
international peace activities, which was largely illustrated in the first part of
this monograph.
Active involvement of Polish representatives in the work of five international
commissions established to control and supervise the realization of resolutions
resulting from conferences, peace treaties and agreements in Korea and Indo¬
china, allowed Polish authorities, diplomatic service, military and civilian
personnel to gain first, highly valuable experience. Poland s candidacy for
individual commissions meant representing countries of the Eastern Block as
a counterbalance for Western countries (e.g. Canada). Differences and disputes
between main world powers, due to their influence, many times translated into
positions and opinions of individual national delegations participating in the
work of commissions. Therefore the above-mentioned commissions often found
it difficult to remain impartial and work out a common compromise position
on the most important matters. The invitation for the Polish delegation (the only
one for the Eastern Block countries) to participate in the international Observer
Team in Nigeria, issued by Nigerian authorities during the civil war, is an
example of recognition of PRL s involvement in military observation missions.
In
1973-1979
Poland as the first country in the history of the Eastern Block
took part in the United Nations Emergency Force II (UNEF II) in Egypt, dis¬
patching a military logistic contingent. This decision was significantly influ¬
enced, apart from PRL s previous involvement in international observation
missions, by the Soviet Union support for the Polish candidacy, which was
connected with financing the operation. From
1974
a subunit
for logistic tasks
in the UNDOF operation in the Golan Heights in Syria started to emerge from
the UNEF II. After the end of the operation in Egypt
(1979)
the
subunit
became
an independent contingent of the Polish Armed Forces.
Trade relations with Egypt and Syria were a significant and previously
disregarded problem connected with PRL s involvement in UN peace opera-
Conclusion
I
289
tions
in the Middle East. They concerned Polish military aid in the form of
armament and military equipment provided for the above-mentioned coun¬
tries. It should be mentioned that the scale of the aid was significant and other
countries of the Eastern Block
-
with the Soviet Union on top
-
continued to
deliver armament and equipment to Arab states (including Egypt and Syria)
also after the end of the Fourth Arab-Israeli War in
1973.
However for Poland,
being the only participant of two UN peace operations in the region and
representing the socialist block and The Warsaw Pact, such huge involvement
in the process of armament supply only for the selected conflict parties (espe¬
cially after its end) could have been treated as a violation of the rule of impar¬
tial and equal treatment of all states-participants in the Yom Kippur War. It
should be stressed though that also in this case
PRL
authorities could not make
fully autonomous decisions and their activities were consulted with and
approved by the USSR.
The UN s decision to again designate Poland and Canada for main logistic
tasks in UNTAG operation in Namibia
(1989-1990)
was a mark of appreciation
and trust for the previous cooperation of these two countries in peace missions
in the Middle East. The effects of the cooperation were recognized by the UN
Secretary General and the authorities of these countries whose contingents were
supported by Polish and Canadian logistic units.
It should be underlined that the time of the cooperation was especially dif¬
ficult because of numerous tensions in the international situation (the Cold
War). It should also be mentioned that the joint cooperation of Poland and
Canada in the logistic field was continued after the time of the USSR domination
in Central and Eastern Europe, which was proved by another peace operation
involving a Polish military contingent
-
UNTAC in Cambodia
(1992-1993).
The range of logistic tasks performed by Polish military contingents until
1989
might suggest a creation of a certain Polish specialty which through
a few UN peace operations (in the Middle East, in Namibia) led to successful
cooperation mainly with Canadian units. It should be stressed that logistic tasks
performed by Polish subunits were perceived by cooperating countries as highly
professional and essential in the international response system for threats and
armed conflicts effects.
Effective cooperation between Polish military contingents
-
of the second
largest armed forces in the Warsaw Pact
-
with one of the best-trained and
equipped NATO army
-
the Canadian one, was, despite significant political and
ideological differences, a unique precedent in the Cold War era. Its results, after
290
I Conclusion
removing
PZPR
(Polish United Workers Party) activists from power in Poland
(1989),
allowed to continue cooperation with Canadian units, which in turn
formed a basis for further integration with political and military NATO struc¬
tures.
It should be stressed that
PRL
authorities perceived Polish involvement in
peace operations (until the end of the
1980s)
as an opportunity to gain signifi¬
cant sums of foreign currencies, apart from a chance to improve their image in
the international environment, which was damaged by the invasion of Czecho¬
slovakia in
1968,
suppressing workers riots by force
(1970, 1976)
or imposing
Martial Law. The participants in peace activities were poorly paid often with the
lowest salaries of all countries participants. This situation continued until the
beginning of the
1990s.
Only when the soldiers-participants of the above-
mentioned missions took decided action, which was obstructed by the head¬
quarters of individual national contingents and central institutions of
MON
(Ministry of National Defence), but supported by newly-formed democratic
bodies and state institutions (e.g. the human rights defender), the civil-military
personnel in peace operations gradually started to get higher pays.
At the turn of the
1980s
and
1990s
as a result of many years cooperation
with other countries armed forces in peace operations Poland was regarded one
of the most experienced and distinguished countries involved in international
efforts aimed at maintaining peace. Political changes which started to take place
in
1989
influenced the perception of Poland as a fully sovereign subject in the
international environment, independent of Kremlins decisions, with its own
foreign and security policies.
The first half of the
1990s
was for Poland a very dynamic period in terms of
its involvement in various activities for peace. Poland still continued its par¬
ticipation in UNDOF peace operation in Syria. In
1992
Polish military contin¬
gents started to perform tasks in UNPROFOR operation in the former Yugoslavia
(1992-1995),
UNTAC in Cambodia
(1992-1993)
and UNIFIL in Lebanon. It
should be stressed that in the peace operation in the Balkans a Polish Infantry
Battalion for the first time carried out operational tasks.
A worth mentioning example of acceptance and appreciation for Polish
soldiers achievements in activities for peace support was the fact that some
prestigious command positions in the UN peace forces were given to:
Maj. Gen.
Roman Misztal in Syria (UNDOF), Brig.
Gen. Stanisław Woźniak
in Lebanon
(UNIFIL) and Col.
Bolesław Izydorczyk
-
the head of the international team of
military inspectors and observers in Namibia (UNTAG).
Conclusion
I
291
The role of the UN peace forces in Syria, Lebanon, Cambodia (including
Polish Military Contingents) in the
1990s
was significant. The peace forces
personnel could not though fully perform mandatory tasks defined in the UN
Security Council resolutions because of political, military, economic, cultural
and social determinants in the regions of the conflicts. However, it should be
realized that only the presence of the peace forces soldiers in the regions of the
conflicts and the tasks they performed, which often put their health and life at
risk (tasks such as continuous monitoring and informing world public opinion
about activities of the conflict parties, providing humanitarian aid to local
people, organizing democratic elections), could have positively influenced the
temporary stability of the situation, the reduction of the number of incidents
and the negative effects of armed hostilities, which most often caused civilian
casualties.
Another worth mentioning form of international activities was the partici¬
pation of Polish contingents in multi-national coalition operations for peace
support in the first half of the
1990s.
These activities marked an important stage
in cooperation between Poland and Western states, especially with the USA. The
Polish contingent s involvement in the anti-Iraq coalition operation in the
Persian Gulf
(1991)
was significant more for its political than military implica¬
tions. For the Western countries it meant that Polish independent authorities
supported the idea of active participation and cooperation in the process of
restoring and maintaining international security. Similarly positive was Polish
involvement again in cooperation with the USA in activities supporting peace
in Haiti within Uphold Democracy operation
(1994).
The participation of the
Polish contingent in the multi-national operation in Haiti (after Poland s previ¬
ous involvement in peace activities in the Persian Gulf, former Yugoslavia,
Cambodia, the Middle East) was yet another example of an active engagement
of the independent Polish state in the process of building and maintaining the
system of collective security in the international environment. Poland s partici¬
pation in the above-mentioned peace operations was a beneficial part of the
Polish security policy, which was connected with Warsaw s getting closer to
political and military structures of NATO. The military dimension of Polish
contingents participation in multi-national coalition operations in the Persian
Gulf
(1991)
and in Haiti
(1994)
because of its scale and the range of the per¬
formed tasks provided unique and valuable experience. Giving medical aid (in
hospitals on the territory of Saudi Arabia) and providing support by the crews
of Polish ships (rescue and hospital) in the anti-Iraq operation in the Persian
292
I Conclusion
gulf did not determine the outcome of the war but had a positive effect on the
image of Poland and Polish Armed Forces among the countries constituting
multi-national forces. The involvement of commandos from
GROM
unit in the
operation in Haiti confirmed their high qualifications and showed the possibil¬
ity of their effective cooperation with the OS army. It should be mentioned that
it was the first case of such close and fruitful cooperation between American
forces and special forces soldiers from a country, which only a few years before
was a key army of the Warsaw Pact. It is worth noting that Polish civil-military
personnel suffered no casualties while performing tasks in the Persian Gulf and
in the Caribbean. Soldiers and civilian workers of Polish military contingents
carried out their duties in a professional way, which was proved by congratula¬
tions and gratitude from representatives of the Saudi Arabia Armed Forces, the
headquarters and state-participants of every multi-national operation and, after
their return to Poland, from representatives of Polish authorities.
The participation of Polish military contingents in peace operations in the
Balkans deserve special attention as it took place in the period of the so-called
strategic independence of Poland, which from July
1991
to March
1999
did not
belong to any politico-military alliance. The involvement in UNPROFOR opera¬
tion in
1992
under the auspices and command of the UN was another expression
of fully independent foreign policy (after the change of the political system in
1989)
and showed Poland as an autonomous subject of international relations
taking part in shaping and maintaining security on the European continent.
From the military point of view the presence of the Polish military contingent
in UNPROFOR forces in the former Yugoslavia was a kind of a breakthrough
because for the first time Polish soldiers carried out operational tasks. The
necessity to realize operational tasks in a war zone was a novelty in the previous
mostly logistic activities of Polish contingents. Also the cooperation between
the Polish battalion and Western countries contingents, including NATO states,
was of great importance.
The involvement of the Polish military contingent in Implementation Forces
(IFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina
(1996)
was another crucial stage in Polish
participation in international peace activities. For the first time Polish Armed
Forces dispatched a compact
subunit
(16th Airborne Battalion from Cracow)
to participate in a peace support operation, politically and militarily controlled
by NATO. The Polish contingent was a part of the Nordic-Polish Brigade, which
was a unit of the Multinational Division
-
North under American command.
The experience gained from the cooperation with NATO-countries contingents
Conclusion
I
293
allowed to continue further peace support activities within
SFOR
(from
1996).
It should be stressed that Polish active involvement in subsequent peace opera¬
tions in the Balkans under the auspices of the UN but commanded by NATO was
a significant stage in realizing strategic objectives of Polish security policy in the
mid-1990s.
The realization of the most important objective, which was Polish
accession to NATO (achieved on
12
March
1999),
coincided with preparations
and the beginning of another peace enforcement operation in the Balkans,
which began with a NATO armed intervention in Kosovo and Serbia
(1999).
It should be remembered that soldiers of all contingents from various coun¬
tries participating in peace operations in the last few decades were not free from
human weaknesses typical of their own societies. In Polish literature, both from
the
PRL
and more modern times, most publications neglect to mention this
subject. In the previous period this may have been caused by ubiquitous censor¬
ship, which did not allow to combine the image of a model soldier
-
peace
defender with human weaknesses or, even worse, with addictive personalities.
After
1989
this situation did not change in a dramatic way but the widely-pro¬
moted picture of a fearless, unblemished soldier in a blue beret started to cause
doubts among new generations of researchers and in the society. Financial and
living issues in the operations in Cambodia, the former Yugoslavia or in the
Middle East at the beginning of the
1990s
were vivid examples of how peace
missions participants problems were completely misunderstood by representa¬
tives of the national defence departments, policy-makers and a huge part of the
society. A many-months long separation from families, the necessity of func¬
tioning in closed environments, constant threat of losing health and life made
Polish soldiers, like those from other countries, turn to drink and other stimu¬
lants. The problem of venereal diseases developed in peace operations affected
all nations including Polish subunits. It cannot be forgotten though that the
scales of individual negative occurrences were various and, what is more impor¬
tant, had no serious impact on the high level of performance of mandatory tasks
by Polish military contingents in the researched period.
In the analysis of the role of peace operations as a means to achieve stabiliza¬
tion of the international situation and resolve conflicts, their effectiveness seems
to be a key issue. It should be stressed though that the final outcome of the
operation is not tantamount to the final result of resolving a conflict. In the area
of main strategic objectives in the discussed period of peace operations creating
good conditions for resolving a conflict in a political way with simultaneous
humanitarian aid for its casualties was a key question. The effectiveness of peace
294
I Conclusion
operations strictly depended on: the nature of a conflict, the stage of its develop¬
ment, the attitude of the conflict parties towards peace initiatives presented by
the international socjety and many other, previously discussed, factors. Peace
forces personnel most often performed activities aimed at significant contain¬
ment and lasting elimination of adverse effects of individual conflicts. On the
other hand, eliminating reasons for a conflict depended mostly on the political
will of the conflict parties and the scale of involvement of the international
environment in the process of mediation and providing a real support to the
casualties. It needs to be stressed that the evaluation of the effectiveness of each
peace operation should be perceived through achieving assumed objectives of
the mission and the quality of the realized mandatory tasks included in appro¬
priate resolutions of the UN Security Council.
The involvement of Polish military contingents in peace operations in the
PRL
era
(1973-1989)
had a positive effect on the state image in the international
environment, was a source of valuable experiences and allowed the then
authorities to gain additional financial means in the form of foreign currencies.
It is worth mentioning that the above-mentioned Polish international activity
set an unprecedented example in the Eastern Block (the Warsaw Pact). It is also
significant that Polish cooperation with Canada (a NATO state) in realization of
logistic tasks in Egypt, Syria and Namibia was correct.
The period of HI RP is characterized by the participation of Polish military
contingents in operations politically and militarily led by former opponents
(activities in the Persian Gulf, Haiti, Bosnia and Herzegovina
-
led by the USA).
It is also important that the active involvement of Poland in subsequent peace
operations in the Balkans led by NATO under the auspices of the UN was an
important stage in realization of strategic objectives of the Polish security policy
in the
1990s.
The achievement of the most important objective
-
Polish acces¬
sion to NATO
-
marked the end of the period of strategic independence and
opened a new stage of participation in peace operations conducted by interna¬
tional organizations with Poland being a full member of the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kozerawski, Dariusz ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1159241481 |
| author_facet | Kozerawski, Dariusz ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kozerawski, Dariusz ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_variant | d k dk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040440963 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)812261019 (DE-599)BVBBV040440963 |
| era | Geschichte 1973-1999 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1973-1999 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>01956nam a2200433 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV040440963</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20221012 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">120925s2012 b||| |||| 00||| pol d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9788377803110</subfield><subfield code="9">978-83-7780-311-0</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)812261019</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV040440963</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">pol</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">7,41</subfield><subfield code="2">ssgn</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Kozerawski, Dariusz</subfield><subfield code="d">ca. 20./21. Jh.</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1159241481</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Kontyngenty Wojska Polskiego w międzynarodowych operacjach pokojowych w latach 1973 - 1999</subfield><subfield code="b">konflikty - interwencje - bezpieczeństwo</subfield><subfield code="c">Dariusz S. Kozerawski</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Toruń</subfield><subfield code="b">Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek</subfield><subfield code="c">2012</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">348 s.</subfield><subfield code="b">il. - Kt.</subfield><subfield code="c">23 cm.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Zsfassung in engl. u. russ. Sprache</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1973-1999</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Friedensmission</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4323863-4</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Militär</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4039305-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Polen</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4046496-9</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Polen</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4046496-9</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Militär</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4039305-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Friedensmission</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4323863-4</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1973-1999</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025288794&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025288794&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Abstract</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">oe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025288794</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">355.009</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">0904</subfield><subfield code="g">438</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| geographic | Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV040440963 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:23:58Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788377803110 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025288794 |
| oclc_num | 812261019 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 348 s. il. - Kt. 23 cm. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kozerawski, Dariusz ca. 20./21. Jh. Verfasser (DE-588)1159241481 aut Kontyngenty Wojska Polskiego w międzynarodowych operacjach pokojowych w latach 1973 - 1999 konflikty - interwencje - bezpieczeństwo Dariusz S. Kozerawski Toruń Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek 2012 348 s. il. - Kt. 23 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. u. russ. Sprache Geschichte 1973-1999 gnd rswk-swf Friedensmission (DE-588)4323863-4 gnd rswk-swf Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 s Friedensmission (DE-588)4323863-4 s Geschichte 1973-1999 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025288794&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025288794&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kozerawski, Dariusz ca. 20./21. Jh Kontyngenty Wojska Polskiego w międzynarodowych operacjach pokojowych w latach 1973 - 1999 konflikty - interwencje - bezpieczeństwo Friedensmission (DE-588)4323863-4 gnd Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4323863-4 (DE-588)4039305-7 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Kontyngenty Wojska Polskiego w międzynarodowych operacjach pokojowych w latach 1973 - 1999 konflikty - interwencje - bezpieczeństwo |
| title_auth | Kontyngenty Wojska Polskiego w międzynarodowych operacjach pokojowych w latach 1973 - 1999 konflikty - interwencje - bezpieczeństwo |
| title_exact_search | Kontyngenty Wojska Polskiego w międzynarodowych operacjach pokojowych w latach 1973 - 1999 konflikty - interwencje - bezpieczeństwo |
| title_full | Kontyngenty Wojska Polskiego w międzynarodowych operacjach pokojowych w latach 1973 - 1999 konflikty - interwencje - bezpieczeństwo Dariusz S. Kozerawski |
| title_fullStr | Kontyngenty Wojska Polskiego w międzynarodowych operacjach pokojowych w latach 1973 - 1999 konflikty - interwencje - bezpieczeństwo Dariusz S. Kozerawski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Kontyngenty Wojska Polskiego w międzynarodowych operacjach pokojowych w latach 1973 - 1999 konflikty - interwencje - bezpieczeństwo Dariusz S. Kozerawski |
| title_short | Kontyngenty Wojska Polskiego w międzynarodowych operacjach pokojowych w latach 1973 - 1999 |
| title_sort | kontyngenty wojska polskiego w miedzynarodowych operacjach pokojowych w latach 1973 1999 konflikty interwencje bezpieczenstwo |
| title_sub | konflikty - interwencje - bezpieczeństwo |
| topic | Friedensmission (DE-588)4323863-4 gnd Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Friedensmission Militär Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025288794&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025288794&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kozerawskidariusz kontyngentywojskapolskiegowmiedzynarodowychoperacjachpokojowychwlatach19731999konfliktyinterwencjebezpieczenstwo |