Košická citadela:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Slovak English Hungarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Bratislava
A21
2011
|
| Ausgabe: | Vyd. 1. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zusfassg. in engl. u. ungar. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 190 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788097083144 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804149484933873664 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | KAPITOLA
DRUHÁ
7
UVOD
PRVÁ
io
ODKRYTÉ LETOKRUHY VEKOV
26
JUŽNÉ PREDMESTIE
-
PROTI PRÚDU ČASU
kap™™ 74 NACESTEKŽOLDNIERSTVU
ka™
90 BASTIÓNOVÉ PEVNOSTI A ICH STAVITELIA
kapitol 116 KOŠICKÁ CITADELA
156
ZÁVER
157
NÁKUPNO-ZÁBAVNÉ CENTRUM AUPARK KOŠICE
160
SUMMARY
166
REZÜMÉ
172
POZNÁMKY
184
PRAMENE A LITERATÚRA
Ш
POĎAKOVANIE
SUMMARY
Citadels, the best defended fortresses with the
strongest, almost impregnable walls, have a long
history. We find them in almost all cultures with a
developed architecture. A citadel could be part of a
city and connected with its fortifications, or it could be
an independent complex situated some distance away
from a city. Its star-like shape was designed for all-
round defence. A military garrison was concentrated
in a citadel, and barracks, hospitals, churches, craft
workshops and buildings for storing weapons,
explosives and food were erected to serve its needs.
The citadel was the place for final resistance if a city
was captured by an enemy.
The
Košice
Citadel belongs to the group of early
modern Renaissance or Baroque bastioned fortresses.
After the uncovering of the so-called
Wesselényi
Conspiracy involving some of the highest Hungarian
magnates in
1669,
the
Habsburg
King of Hungary and
Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I
(1657 - 1705)
decided
to deal with the conspirators decisively. Citadels could
serve not only for defence against foreign enemies, but
also against the people of the local city. They had a policing
function, defending the ruler of the country against
rebellious townspeople. Imperial troops were garrisoned
in
Košice
from the establishment of the Chief Captaincy
of Upper Hungary in
1559,
and since there were no
barracks, their presence caused discontent among the
people of the city. However, the imperial garrison was not
large enough to represent a real concentration of military
power. The monarch did not succeed in providing such
a force, and this had its effect every time there was an
uprising of the Hungarian Estates. The first place to be
conquered by each group of rebels led by the Princes
of Transylvania was
Košice,
capital of Upper Hungary
(Cassovia
Superioris
Hungáriáé
Capite).
For this reason,
the city was an unreliable strategic point for the Emperor,
and it could not be ignored.
lt>0
The Court Military Council, which controlled the
construction of all fortresses in Hungary and directly
employed the builders, considered all the possible
ways to secure the defence of
Košice
and strengthen
the line of defence against the Turks. In the first half of
1671,
Lucas
Georg Sicha
evaluated the fortifications
of the city on orders from the Court Military Council,
and worked out proposals for their modernization
according to the latest methods. We know about L.G.
Sicha s project for the city s fortifications from the
reports sent to Vienna by another of the Emperor s
specialists on bastion fortifications Colonel
Jakub
von Holst,
who knew
Košice
from the time he served
there as assistant architect at the Upper Hungarian
Regional Military Construction Office in
1660.
In
the
Habsburg
Monarchy, as in Western Europe, high
ranking army officers could also be architects and
supervisors of the construction of fortresses. The
Court Military Council sent them according to need,
to specific places, where they had further experts
available. Colonel
von Holst
came to
Košice
in June
1671
and reported his arrival to the Captain General
of
Košice
Paris
de Spankau.
The two officers went
around the city and examined the fortifications in
detail. Hoist assessed the plan of engineer L.G. Sicha
for the modernization of the fortifications and decided
that it would be financially very demanding, so he
reported to the Court Military Council that it would
be better to built a citadel. It would be a military base
with a strong garrison, equipped with munitions,
provisions and everything necessary for independent
operations. The soldiers would be housed separately
from the people of the city, which would eliminate
the danger of rebellion
-
a constant threat in a city
where soldiers were quartered not only in special
accommodation, but also directly in the houses of the
citizens.
400 - 500
soldiers would be accommodated
in the citadel, and the Emperor would have a secure
161
Si. M
MARY
and firm base in
Košice
and Upper Hungary. It would
also strengthen the line of defence against the Turks.
Colonel
von Holst
sent a report with drawings and
plans for the construction of the citadel to Vienna on
14
June
1671.
He gave a detailed analysis of all the
circumstances and conditions that led to him working
out the project. When considering an appropriate site
for the citadel, he decided between the areas outside
the upper and lower gates. In the end, he chose the
area outside the Lower Gate because a citadel
constructed here on moderately raised ground, would
not have higher terrain within
600
paces. Hills to
the south were too low and too far away to present
a threat. He identified the further advantage that the
city fortifications were of earth on this side and could
easily be removed if necessary. There would be an
appropriate distance between the citadel and the city,
so that it would not be necessary to destroy the house
of even one citizen, only the southern suburb, which
was smaller than the others.
We have not found a statement from the Court
Military Council approving the construction of
the citadel according to
von
Hoist s project, but it
undoubtedly existed. A decree from the Emperor
Leopold
1
of
23
July
1671
ordering the demolition
of houses in the southern suburb came to
Košice
with it. According to the
Levoča
chronicler
Gaspar
Hain,
work on the citadel began in August
1671,
when
the southern suburb was already demolished. The
construction work was a matter not only for Colonel
Jakub
von Holst,
whose mission was temporary, but
mainly for the Captain of
Košice
Paris
von Spankau,
the royal architect Lucas
Georg Sicha
and his assistant
military architect Master Giovanni
Alessandro
Canevale. Spankau died in
1675
and was briefly
followed by Francis
Pethő,
then by Charles
de
Strasoldo in
1675 - 1676
and Wolfgang
Friedrich
Baron
von Cobb
in
1676 - 1681.
The plan signed by Colonel
Jakub
von Holst in
1671
shows a pentagonal citadel with five bastions
connected by relatively short curtain walls. Not enough
archive sources have survived to confirm whether the
plan by
Jakub
von Holst was
completed. However, it is
certain that the archaeologists have excavated a solid
stone structure that precisely follows the shape and
dimensions of the bastions and curtain walls. This
structure is
von
Hoist s proposed wall in the ditch
(Die
Mauer im graben),
called in military engineering
the
fausse braye
or lower wall
(unterwalľ),
which
formed a second line of defence protecting the ditch
and a covered path.
We know from the archaeological research that the
wall with only shallow foundations, was built of rough
stone above the foundations and had a thickness of
at least
150
cm. Its only more prominent architectural
feature was a stone base composed of horizontally laid
blocks measuring almost
90
cm long and
45
cm high.
The wall was roughly plastered on the side towards
the ditch. The form of its other side is still unknown.
Behind the wall, towards the interior of the citadel was
a rather narrow communication, reaching only
30-
50
cm of the widened wall. Quick movement by the
defenders was required to strengthen the foot of the
slopes of the bastions and curtain walls. Openings for
162
SUMMARY
guns are found at regular intervals in the wall. Rain
water from the slopes of the bastions and curtain walls
flowed along stone channels, traces of which were also
discovered during the archaeological research.
By the mid 1670s, an unfinished but already
defensible citadel stood to the south of the Lower
Gate of the city of
Košice.
It still did not serve as a true
military base. Construction of the internal buildings
was slow, but there was already a garrison of about
200
men, and there were also some women and
children. At the time of its initial construction, the city
innkeepers sold all types of wine here. However, they
were deprived of the right to do this by the Imperial
decree
oi2nd
December
1671
on the position of wine
sellers. The decree was connected with the Emperor s
reorganization of the army and state. The city had
problems with the presence of mercenaries, but the
soldiers were also constant customers for the city s
products, from food, textiles and clothing to weapons.
Selling of wine was one of the greatest sources of
income for the city, and the soldiers were certainly
among the best customers. The ban on sale of wine
to the soldiers in the citadel must have caused serious
losses for the citizens, as their complaint addressed
directly to the Emperor shows. Other documents
in the city archives also show that soldiers were
permanently resident in the citadel. Apart from the
people of
Košice,
the burghers of other royal boroughs
must have directly participated in providing services
for the German soldiers.
The citadel had its own governor
-
the offidalis
-
and it must have contained facilities, at least provisional
barracks, where soldiers could be accommodated
and fed. In this context, it is relevant to mention
archaeological finds from
2008
discovered in the
material filling the ditch, especially a large number of
clay pipes. Smoking or snuffing tobacco imported from
America was a new life style feature in the 17th century.
This bad habit spread rapidly, and became especially
popular among mercenaries. According to the finds, in
which Turkish types of pipe predominate, the greatest
smokers here were not the German mercenaries, but
Transylvanian kuruci.
We also know about the appearance of the citadel
from the historic plans of the architect Lucas
Georg
Sicha, who took over the main responsibility for the
project after Colonel
von Holst. In
a letter dated
6
February
1676,
he explained the plan of the citadel
and gave two cross-sections of the curtain walls and
bastions. The citadel was star-shaped with five bastions
named the Leopold Bastion after the Emperor, the
Claudia Bastion after the Empress, the Cemetery
Bastion after a cemetery in the southern suburb, the
Montecuccoli Bastion after a famous Imperial general,
and the Mill Bastion after the mill on the River
Hornád.
The pentagonal shape of the interior was formed by a
wall supporting the earth rampart and the path along
it. Cavaliers with casemated spaces were supposed
to be built on the bastions, but up to
1676
only the
cavalier on the Montecuccoli Bastion had actually been
built. The bastions had wooden platforms for artillery
batteries. A ramp for moving heavy canons led from
the Montecuccoli Bastion to the interior of the citadel.
The citadel had two gates. The larger southern gate led
to the fields, and the smaller northern gate led through
163
SUMMARY
the middle of a curtain wall to the city. In the middle
of the other curtain walls were towers for gun powder
and a so-called laboratory. The bastion front was
strengthened by a three metre high and one and a half
metre thick
fausse braye
wall with holes for guns. The
points of the bastions were strengthened on the inside
by broken walls with a covered communication called
a bonnet. They allowed the defenders to move between
the interior of the citadel and the second line of defence
of the
fausse
braye. The citadel was surrounded by a
ditch filled with water from the
Čermeľský
brook and
River
Hornád
regulated by sluice-gates around the
Mill Bastion. The ditch was not reinforced. There was
a covered path protected by a palisade along its outer
edge, and beyond this, a moderately sloping glacis.
Archaeological excavations in
2010
have uncovered
part of the Leopold Bastion, including its point and
masonry bonnet, one side with a length of
96.5
metres
and another
24.5
metres long, which joins in a right
angle the curtain wall towards the Claudia Bastion.
Construction of the
Košice
Citadel progressed very
slowly. By the beginning of the 1680s the fortification
elements planned by Colonel
von Holst
were still
not complete. We think that the earth rampart was
complete, and the bastions already had their regular
shapes. The
fausse
braye wall and bonnets in the points
of the bastions had been built. The ditch had been
deepened, but we do not know how deep the water
was. The cavalier on the Montecuccoli Bastion was
completed in its final form and the internal wall to
strengthen the rampart within the citadel was raised
in all parts to
18
feet. We have no information about
the other cavaliers or about the internal buildings
of the citadel. However, in this form, the citadel
could already be called a fortress. It had a military
garrison and artillery batteries aimed outwards from
the bastions. Gunners or musketeers could defend
the covered path from the embrasures in the
fausse
braye above the water-filled ditch, which would be an
unpleasant obstacle for attackers. The defenders could
attack enemy positions starting from assembly areas
on the covered path of the outer line of defence, and
safely return to the fortress over draw-bridges. There
were enough supplies and armaments in the towers
and casemates within the citadel to enable the garrison
to resist a siege and attack the besieging enemy. Apart
from this, the city still contained an Imperial garrison
and its fortifications were also prepared for war. They
did not have to wait long.
Emerich
Thököly,
leader of the fourth Estates
uprising of
1682 - 1685,
had a friend from his studies,
Captain Andrew Szirmay among his supporters.
Szirmay prepared a cunning plan to capture the
Košice
Citadel on the basis of its deficiencies. He
had noticed that on the west side there was no
covered path, palisade or properly deepened ditch.
With the help of ladders,
Thököly s
infantry climbed
the low wall and the not very steep earth rampart.
They successfully reached the interior of the citadel,
overcame the guards at the gate, raised the portcullis
and admitted their horsemen. On
22
July
1682,
the
nine year old Imperial fortress failed in its first military
test and was humiliated without a single shot from its
canons. From
12
to
15
August
1682
there was fighting
between the citadel and the city. Canon balls found in
the wall of the
fausse
braye during the archaeological
164
SUMMARY
research are results of this. More Transylvanian rebels
were approaching
Košice
and especially a strong
Turkish army, suggesting that the Turks were sending
help to their allies. The garrison and citizens finally
surrendered in fear that
Košice
would be sacked by
the Turks. The captain was imprisoned.
Košice
again
became the capital city of the uprising and seat of the
Kuruc
King , from which he ruled a large part of the
present territory of Slovakia.
As soon as
Thököly
entered the city and settled
within its walls, he decided that the citadel was really a
dangerous weapon. If it got into Imperial hands again,
it could serve the enemy just as well as him. Therefore,
Thököly
decided to make this huge Imperial work
useless. Gun powder was used to destroy half the
Leopold and Claudia bastions and the whole
northern curtain wall and gate. The citadel ceased to
be a threat to the city.
The successful advance of the Imperial army,
pushing the Turks out of the Kingdom of Hungary,
influenced further development. The frontier zone
was gradually pushed almost to the original southern
frontier of Hungary. The Turks were no longer a threat
to
Košice.
The incomplete and damaged citadel had lost
its original function of guarding the city and defending
it from the Turks. The bastions and curtain walls were
only unprotected earth ramparts. When they were
left unmaintained and exposed to the weather, they
gradually lost their shape. All the military facilities
began to be used for civilian purposes. The most
substantial masonry parts of the citadel: the
fausse
braye wall, powder towers, south gate and internal
supporting wall, were gradually dismantled from the
beginning of the 18th century and used as building
material in the suburbs and the city itself.
Systematic destruction of masonry structures,
removal of material and levelling of the terrain led
to the complete disappearance of the citadel. Its
remains consist of fragments of the walls and a few
architectural features and structural details: remains
of the original plastered facing of the wall, blocks from
the base of the wall, drainage channels, remains of gun
embrasures and movable archaeological finds. These
need to be protected. In spite of their fragmentary and
destroyed character, the authenticity of the surviving
construction with all its details permits at least
partial reconstruction of their original form and their
presentation to the general public. The fragments of
the citadel were declared an archaeological national
cultural monument in
2010.
165
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Orosová, Martina Žažová, Henrieta 1975- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1162282932 |
| author_facet | Orosová, Martina Žažová, Henrieta 1975- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Orosová, Martina |
| author_variant | m o mo h ž hž |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040424717 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)826537485 (DE-599)BVBBV040424717 |
| edition | Vyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1671-1701 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1671-1701 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Košice (DE-588)1028389-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Košice |
| id | DE-604.BV040424717 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:23:46Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788097083144 |
| language | Slovak English Hungarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025277344 |
| oclc_num | 826537485 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M496 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-M496 DE-12 |
| physical | 190 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | A21 |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Orosová, Martina Verfasser aut Košická citadela Martina Orosová ; Henrieta Žažová Vyd. 1. Bratislava A21 2011 190 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zusfassg. in engl. u. ungar. Sprache Geschichte 1671-1701 gnd rswk-swf Zitadelle (DE-588)4139778-2 gnd rswk-swf Košice (DE-588)1028389-4 gnd rswk-swf Košice (DE-588)1028389-4 g Zitadelle (DE-588)4139778-2 s Geschichte 1671-1701 z DE-604 Žažová, Henrieta 1975- Verfasser (DE-588)1162282932 aut Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025277344&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025277344&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Orosová, Martina Žažová, Henrieta 1975- Košická citadela Zitadelle (DE-588)4139778-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4139778-2 (DE-588)1028389-4 |
| title | Košická citadela |
| title_auth | Košická citadela |
| title_exact_search | Košická citadela |
| title_full | Košická citadela Martina Orosová ; Henrieta Žažová |
| title_fullStr | Košická citadela Martina Orosová ; Henrieta Žažová |
| title_full_unstemmed | Košická citadela Martina Orosová ; Henrieta Žažová |
| title_short | Košická citadela |
| title_sort | kosicka citadela |
| topic | Zitadelle (DE-588)4139778-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Zitadelle Košice |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025277344&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025277344&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT orosovamartina kosickacitadela AT zazovahenrieta kosickacitadela |