Tri sadržaja Ivanićeva ustanka: položaj Dalmacije i odnos njezinih staleža prema Veneciji
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Croatian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Split
Književni Krug [u.a.]
2012
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Hvarski književni krug
9 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Three characters of the rebellion of Hvar Commoners |
| Beschreibung: | 185 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789531633673 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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SADRŽAJ
UVOD
. 5
I. DIO: USTANAK PO SANUDU
. 9
IL DIO:
DEGRADIRANI USTANAK
. 61
III. DIO: USTANAK PO NOVIM OTKRIĆIMA
. 93
IV.
DIO: ODNOSI PUČANI
-
VENECIJA
. 149
Three Characters of the Rebellion of
Hvar
Commoners (Summary)
159
Popis citirane
literature
. 167
Popis citiranih izvora i arhiva
. 174
KAZALA
. 177
Kazalo imena
. 179
Kazalo geografskih pojmova
. 183
THREE CHARACTERS OF THE REBELLION OF
HVAR
COMMONERS
Summary
A great many texts have been written about the rebellion of the com¬
moners of the
Hvar
Commune
(1510- 1514)
from the time of its beginning
until the present time that their total
-
including sources and
historiographie
literature, resulting in a rather rich private library. If we carefully read all of
the texts, we come to the conclusion that they don't offer a unique picture
of the rebellion, but indeed a totally different picture, where three different
versions stand out, three versions like three different characters.
THE REBELLION ACCORDING TO
SAÑUDO
The first impression regarding the rebellion was formed based on pi¬
eces of information from the Diary of a Venetian chronicler
Marin
Sañudo
-
which was almost the only known source regarding this matter until the
mid seventies of the past century, and on information from rare
historio¬
graphie
works based on
Sañudo
's
diary, which were being published until
1945.
The diary presents a rather objective picture of what was happening
(not completely covering all the spheres of the commoners' rebellion), yet
with lots of details left unsaid in all the spheres covering the rebellion of
common rebels, which would become obvious due to numerous newly found
documents that
Sañudo
did not mention in his diary. These new discoveries
offer a significantly fuller and richer picture of the fight and its physio¬
gnomy. The fact that is of a special interest is that they give the rebellion
a completely new context, which is on the scale of social progress high
above the conclusions based on
S
anudo
's
writings. The point is that
Sañudo
mentioned only the demand from
1510
which did not state the basic goal
of the rebellion, while there were altogether four program demands made
by the commoners, which were expressed in May
1510,
August
1511,
July
1512,
and by the end of August or beginning of September
1514.
Namely,
the demand mentioned by
Sañudo
requested a certain reform of the existing
statutory order, however, it did not mention its abolishment and replacement
with a new government.
159
THE CAUSE OF PROGRAM DIFFERENCES
The question of why the commoners were pushing for more program
demands and why those demands had different contents is a separate issue.
The answer to that question lies in the circumstances connected to the
rebellion. Those circumstances were characterized by the fact that during
the rebellion, the Republic of Venice fought for its bare existence against
several, most powerful European forces. Under those circumstances, the
commoners' leadership graded its demands depending on the assessment
of the possibility of the Venetian military intervention. The first demand,
one from May
1510,
the one that only
Sañudo
writes about, was actually
reduced to an initial analysis of possibilities and options. Only after two
unsuccessful interventions by Venetian proveditors, Jacopo Contarini and
Zuano Navaiero, which convinced the commoners that Venice could not
send any significant military troops, they came forward with their maximum
program demands in August
1511,
and vice versa, when after the Venetian
victory over the forces of the German Empire at
Gradiška
near
Gorica,
in
June
1514,
when the Adriatic Armada became free, and later in August,
when it was sent to
Hvar,
the commoners came forward with minimal
program demands which asked for some more lenient reforms. However,
the fact that the commoners, under the conditions which did not depend
on them sometimes gave up their basic goal, did not mean that they also
betrayed that same goal. Each fully developed social movement points out
only those goals from its arsenal for which the realization of seems most
likely in a given situation.
The commoners' leadership was doing exactly the same thing for the
duration of the rebellion. Therefore, no matter how many changes can be
found in program demands, the demand from August
1511
represents the
essence of the commoners' rebellion, its basic goal and its basic historical
message.
DIMINISHING THE REBELLION
Historiographie
texts published in the period from
1945
to sometime
in the mid seventies of the twentieth century, gave a completely different
picture of the rebellion; that picture differed from the one derived from
Sanudo's diary entries, as well as from the one based on certain new disco¬
veries. There is a large number of these texts and they specifically made the
160
commoners' rebellion a part of the standard school curriculum, historical
works, and encyclopedia, etc. Their main characteristic is that they were
not based on any sources.
Those are mainly arbitrary improvisations interspersed with »revoluti¬
onary« phraseology. In that way, the rebellion
-
which fought for the civil
equality of all men
-
was turned into a revolution of the poor, which was
supposedly betrayed by a higher or richer layer of society that allegedly was
the main cause of the rebels' defeat. In those texts, various labels that had
nothing to do with the original material were attributed to the rebellion. One
of them was a thesis about the battle for the old rights as the meaningful goal
of the rebellion. The other one is about the battle for the prestige between
the capital of the province,
Stari Grad,
and communal metropolis, the city
of
Hvar.
There are more unfounded theses the peak of which is represented
by the so-called new views on the causes of Matija
Ivanić
's
rebellion. Un¬
like other works published during this phase, i.e. those that ignored source
materials, the afore mentioned new views start with
Sañudo
but betray the
true content of his information, even going so far as to forge them. Their
basic thesis is that
Ivanić
did not at all think of
Hvar
noblemen as his ene¬
mies. They also thought that his goal was to serve under Venetians and to
fight against Turks as a Venetian mercenary. Moreover, since the Republic
of Venice did not take him in its service, he supposedly engaged his »com¬
pany« to operate on the island of
Hvar
stealing from his fellow citizens.
Taken as a whole,
historiographie
texts from the Second part of this
book, the content of which is completely degraded, give a blurry and con¬
tradictory picture of the rebellion. The consequences
ofthat
can be felt even
today. They are manifested, for example, in the fact that there is no school
on the islands of
Hvar
and Vis
-
which together made the
Hvar
commune
-
that is named after Matija
Ivanić;
also, in the place where, according to the
folk legend, Matija
Ivanić
was born,
Kraljevi dvori
in Vrbanj on the island
of
Hvar,
instead of a monument in the base of which history classes should
be attended, we today find an abandoned junkyard. The way in which the
island of Vis distances itself from the battle of their commoners' ancestors is
also very interesting. Not a single publication of the otherwise famous past
of the island of Vis, mentions the commoners' rebellion, and as things are
in the wider sense, in Croatia, this situation is sufficiently illustrated by the
fact that the 5OOth anniversary of the rebellion, on May
23,2010,
that half-
millennium jubilee, was not even mentioned in any Croatian newspapers.
161
THE REBELLION ACCORDING TO NEW DISCOVERIES
The third, and also true, picture of the rebellion is given in documents
discovered in the second half of the seventies and the first half of the ei¬
ghties of the twentieth century. Forty seven documents that
Sañudo
did not
mention at all, have been discovered in the archives of the island of
Hvar
and later in the archives of the cities that represented centers of medieval
Dalmatian communes, as well as in the Venetian State Archives in Venice,
and the one in the Institute of St. Jerome in Rome. Unlike Sanudo's four
original documents and fifty five summaries of the originals, twenty four
newly discovered documents are complete originals, while twenty three are
complete transcripts of the originals. Nineteen of them refer to the course of
the struggle and physiognomy of the rebellion, eleven refer to Matija
Ivanić
and his family, seven refer to program demands, while the remaining ten
refer to various secondary issues.
These new discoveries explained several things regarding the dynamics
of the battle.
Firstly, they explain why the first Venetian military intervention of
the proveditor Jacopo Contarini was reduced to a three-day scouting of
the situation. Two discovered orders by Doge Leonardo Lauredano sent to
Jacopo Contarini talk about more urgent assignments of the Venetian fleet
on the main fronts, because of which the proveditor of the fleet with his
galleys was not allowed to stay near the island of
Hvar.
At the same time,
that confirmed the correctness of the decision of the commoners' leadership
about the choice of the most appropriate moment for the beginning of the
rebellion.
Secondly, three newly discovered documents clarify Navaier's eight
month period for the rebellion, which could neither be understood, nor
explained by the extremely scarce information from Sanudo's diary.
Thirdly, based on the two newly found documents, it was established
that the Venetian government stood behind all basic actions of S. Justinian
on the island of
Hvar.
This certainly challenges the opposite conclusions
presented in the historiography, which were established based on Sanudo's
diary's entries.
Fourthly, these new discoveries established that
Sañudo
omitted any
mention of the two capital documents without which the final operations of
the commoner's rebellion can't be understood. These discoveries include
the message from the Council of Ten with additional members sent to the
162
pro veditor
of the armada, V.
Capello,
ordering him to go into action. They
also include detailed instructions and orders given by the Doge Leonardo
Lauredano and the Council of Ten with additional members. The instruc¬
tions contained a fully elaborated operational plan, and they also presented
the exact and precisely described powers of the proveditor
Capello.
The plan
anticipated that
Capello,
by encouraging treachery in commoners' ranks,
should arrest six, or maybe ten, at the most, main leaders of the commo¬
ners, i.e. that he should sentence them to exile in case he did not manage to
catch them. The rest of the commoners had to be acquitted of all charges.
Capello,
however, did not follow that order, significantly exceeding his
powers; firstly, he convicted eight main leaders to exile (in absentia), and
then he did the following: he poked out an eye and cut off a hand from each
of ten commoners
.
He also hanged twenty commoners on the sail pole of
his galleon-capitana. The hanged commoners were also punished by being
denied a burial, while their bodies were cut into pieces and disposed along
various places of the
Hvar
commune as a warning to everyone there. »That
was not our intention, neither was it the intention of the Council«
,
the Doge
Lauredano expressed his disapproval of Capello's cruelty in his letter dated
November
8, 1514,
which
Sañudo
also did not mention. With his vengeful
cruelty,
Capello
proved that the plan of breaking the commoners' front by
bribing traitors in commoners' ranks fell through, and that instead of be¬
trayal he confronted a monolithic commoners' front which he had to break
with losses over time, in a long-lasting battle on barely passable cliffs of
the island of
Hvar,
all the way from
Stari Grad
to
Sućuraj.
THE MOST IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES
Sañudo
's
information on
Ivanić,
which exclusively talk about him as
the leader of the rebellion, are supplemented and completed by the newly
discovered documents about the family tree of the
Ivanić
family, family's
impressive assets, high level of education of Matija
Ivanić
and his brother
Nikola, the participation of the father and both sons in the rebellion, and
especially about economical and political conditions under which Matija
Ivanić
grew into a visionary character and a future leader of the Croatian
common people.
The most important discovery, by all means, is the discovery of the
newly found documents from the program sphere of the rebellion. There
163
are altogether three of them, the first one from August
1511,
the second one
from July
1512,
and the third from the end of August or the beginning of
September
1514.
Sañudo
mentioned none of the three program demands.
We know everything about the first one from
1511
because two complete
transcripts of the document have been discovered. However, we don't know
everything about the other two because neither the original documents, nor
their transcripts have been found, although some details are known from
the letters of the Doge Leonardo Lauredano and the Council of Ten with
additional members.
The document dated to August
5, 1511
talks about a completely un¬
known program demand. This document abolishes the Great Council as
the authority of the legislative and executive power of the
Hvar
commune,
the one into which only those who were born into noble families could
be elected, and it establishes the
Consiglio
general any man could join.
Since the documents from which we found out that the
Consìglio
general
was organized during the rebellion and that it acted as the authority of the
Hvar
commune were also discovered, it is obvious that the great idea of the
civil equality of all men was not only proclaimed, but it was also realized
in practice during the rebellion. It was, for the beginning of the sixteenth
century, according to words of the Estonian scientist M. M.
Friedenberg,
»a rare example« of significant importance »for a historian of medieval
Europe«, because with that act »the authority was taken from hands of
aristocratic powers, and democratization of governing in its widest sense
was introduced to
Hvar«.
RELATIONS BETWEEN COMMONERS AND VENICE
To the above stated descriptions of the three characters of
Ivanić
's
rebellion in the three parts of this discussion, the fourth part entitled »Rela¬
tions between the commoners and Venice« has also been added. It has been
done because of contradictory answers, offered by the historiography, to an
extremely important question of whether
Ivanić
fought exclusively against
the nobility of
Hvar,
or parallel to that, did he also fight against Venice in
the sense that he tried to contest its leadership of the
Hvar
commune. Hi¬
storians have various attitudes in regard to that question, but they can be
reduced to three basic attitudes. Firstly, they can be reduced to the thesis
that
Ivanić
fought both the
Hvar
nobility and Venice, i.e. that his fight had
164
both class and national contents. Secondly, it can be reduced to an opposite
thesis according to which the fight of
Hvar
commoners stayed within the
frames of loyalty towards Venice, and that there could be no question about
its national character. The third thesis disputes both of the aforementioned
theses with the conclusion that we don't know anything about
Ivanić's
goal
itself, or did he even had a goal, and if he did, with whose support and how
did he intend to accomplish it.
THE CAUSE OF HISTORIOGRAPHY CONTRADICTIONS
Each of the three above mentioned contradictory thesis has its foun¬
dation. For those authors that bring their conclusions based on the fact that
Ivanić
fought against Venetian military expeditions that is the proof that his
fight had
anti
-
Venetian and national character. In turn, for those authors
who formed their opinion on commoners' program demands sent to Venice,
on
Ivanić's
speeches in the highest state bodies of the Republic of Venice,
and on the continuous presence and ruling of the representatives of the
Venetian authorities (dukes) in the city of
Hvar
even during commoners'
revolts in the city. these are the proofs that
Ivanić
did not fight against
Venice and that his fight did not have a national character. Finally, for those
authors who formed their opinions on both theses, all
ofthat
is so complica¬
ted and incomprehensible that it is impossible to know whether
Ivanić
had
some goal and with whose support and help did he intend to accomplish it.
The above mentioned, contradictory attitudes of some historians, and
especially facts that caused and formed those attitudes, all point to the con¬
clusion that a satisfactory answer regarding the question of relations between
the commoners and Venetians can't be obtained only through the analysis
of those relations. On the contrary, a satisfactory answer can be obtained
only if the problem is explored from the viewpoint of the unwritten laws
of that time, and geo-strategic situation of
Dalmaţia
during the same time.
THE LAWS OF THE MIDDLE AGES
An important rule which had the strength of an unwritten law in the
Middle Ages said that weak relied on strong, regardless of language or nati¬
onality. According to the same law, a medieval city did not lead any kind of
national politics because the national emotions of our time were unknown
165
back then. Medieval communes were guided by the fact that their imperative
was to defer to a supreme authority that could offer the best conditions for
safety and progress. The
geo-
strategic position of
Dalmaţia
of that time
answers the question of which supreme authority was able to provide the
best conditions for living and progress not only to
Hvar,
but also to other
Dalmatian communes, at the beginning of the sixteenth century.
The fact that
Dalmaţia
was situated between Venice and Turkey offe¬
red an important geo-strategic situation, not only at the beginning of the
sixteenth century, but for a much longer period of time. Since at the time the
Hungarian-Croatian state, because of its inner weaknesses, and especially
because of the constant Turkish attacks, could not in any way influence the
destiny of
Dalmaţia,
the only alternative for Dalmatian communes, including
the
Hvar
commune, was either Venice or Turkey. If the only choice was the
évii
that could not be compared to anything else (Turkish barbarism), or
Venice, where the commoners had a better position than in any other Euro¬
pean state (which was only one of many other advantages of Venice), than
the dilemma with whom to align themselves, and whose state leadership
to accept, could not even exist. In short, from the beginning until the end
of the rebellion,
Ivanić's
leadership tried to solve the problems of its class
and its commune only within the boundaries of the Republic of Venice.
Ivanić's
battle against Venetian military expeditions does not prove the
opposite.
Ivanić
tried to avoid the right against the Venetian army as much
as he could, and when he was forced to accept it then it was not a fight with
which he wanted to dispute or to eliminate the Venetian leadership of the
Hvar
commune; and vice versa, that was the fight which tried to stop the
possibility of restoring the authority of the
Hvar
nobility overthrown in May
1510,
with the help of the Venetian military force.
166 |
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| geographic | Dalmatien (DE-588)4070200-5 gnd Venedig (DE-588)4062501-1 gnd Hvar Insel (DE-588)4026271-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Dalmatien Venedig Hvar Insel |
| id | DE-604.BV040389747 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T15:04:54Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789531633673 |
| language | Croatian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025243110 |
| oclc_num | 862792879 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| physical | 185 S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Književni Krug [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Hvarski književni krug |
| series2 | Hvarski književni krug |
| spelling | Gabelić, Andro Verfasser aut Tri sadržaja Ivanićeva ustanka položaj Dalmacije i odnos njezinih staleža prema Veneciji Andro Gabelić Split Književni Krug [u.a.] 2012 185 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Hvarski književni krug 9 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Three characters of the rebellion of Hvar Commoners Geschichte 1510-1514 gnd rswk-swf Aufstand (DE-588)4003554-2 gnd rswk-swf Dalmatien (DE-588)4070200-5 gnd rswk-swf Venedig (DE-588)4062501-1 gnd rswk-swf Hvar Insel (DE-588)4026271-6 gnd rswk-swf Hvar Insel (DE-588)4026271-6 g Aufstand (DE-588)4003554-2 s Geschichte 1510-1514 z DE-604 Dalmatien (DE-588)4070200-5 g Venedig (DE-588)4062501-1 g Hvarski književni krug 9 (DE-604)BV014336512 9 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025243110&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025243110&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Gabelić, Andro Tri sadržaja Ivanićeva ustanka položaj Dalmacije i odnos njezinih staleža prema Veneciji Hvarski književni krug Aufstand (DE-588)4003554-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003554-2 (DE-588)4070200-5 (DE-588)4062501-1 (DE-588)4026271-6 |
| title | Tri sadržaja Ivanićeva ustanka položaj Dalmacije i odnos njezinih staleža prema Veneciji |
| title_auth | Tri sadržaja Ivanićeva ustanka položaj Dalmacije i odnos njezinih staleža prema Veneciji |
| title_exact_search | Tri sadržaja Ivanićeva ustanka položaj Dalmacije i odnos njezinih staleža prema Veneciji |
| title_full | Tri sadržaja Ivanićeva ustanka položaj Dalmacije i odnos njezinih staleža prema Veneciji Andro Gabelić |
| title_fullStr | Tri sadržaja Ivanićeva ustanka položaj Dalmacije i odnos njezinih staleža prema Veneciji Andro Gabelić |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tri sadržaja Ivanićeva ustanka položaj Dalmacije i odnos njezinih staleža prema Veneciji Andro Gabelić |
| title_short | Tri sadržaja Ivanićeva ustanka |
| title_sort | tri sadrzaja ivaniceva ustanka polozaj dalmacije i odnos njezinih staleza prema veneciji |
| title_sub | položaj Dalmacije i odnos njezinih staleža prema Veneciji |
| topic | Aufstand (DE-588)4003554-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Aufstand Dalmatien Venedig Hvar Insel |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025243110&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025243110&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV014336512 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gabelicandro trisadrzajaivanicevaustankapolozajdalmacijeiodnosnjezinihstalezapremaveneciji |