The Crimea in the Early Iron Age: an ethnic history
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Simferopol [u.a.]
"Dolya" Publ. House
2012
|
| Schriftenreihe: | The Black Sea archaeology in translation
1 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | 286 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789663665337 |
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| 240 | 1 | 0 | |a Ėtničeskaja istorija Kryma v rannem železnom veke |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The Crimea in the Early Iron Age |b an ethnic history |c Igor' Khrapunov |
| 264 | 1 | |a Simferopol [u.a.] |b "Dolya" Publ. House |c 2012 | |
| 300 | |a 286 S. |b zahlr. Ill., Kt. | ||
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025225269&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804149418662821888 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Foreword (Igor
Khrapunov
and Frans-Arne
Stylegar)........
З
Translation and Transliteration............... 4
Abbreviations
.................... 5
Introduction
..................... 7
Chapter One. Historiography
................14
1.1. The Taurians
..................15
1.2.
The Scythians
.................24
1.3.
The Late Scythians
................34
1.4.
The Sarmatians
.................48
1.5.
Crimean Population in the Second Half of the Third
and Fourth Century AD
..............51
Chapter Two. The Taurians
................63
Chapter Three. The Scythians
...............89
Chapter Four. The Late Scythians
.............117
Chapter Five. The Sarmatians
..............183
Chapter Six. Crimean Population in the Second Half of the Third
and Fourth Century AD
............213
The Conclusion
...................232
Bibliography
....................237
Index
......................272
I. Geographical names
...............272
II. Archaeological cultures and sites
...........274
III. Ethnic names
................278
IV. Personal names
................280
The Conclusion
The tribes of the Crimea differenti¬
ated in the late Bronze Age or early Iron
Age. A part of them populated the steppe
and turned to nomadic way of life,
thought the others concentrated in the
foothill area. According to many mod¬
ern researchers, Crimean steppe was a
periphery of the area populated by his¬
torical Cimmerians. In the foothills, the
Kizil-Koba culture shaped in the eighth
century
ВС.
It was by the people called
the Taurians by ancient Greeks. Foothill
population kept contacts with the peo¬
ples of the steppe, not so numerous in
that period. These contacts could be re¬
constructed by a few finds of weapons
and horse trappings discovered by the
excavations of the Kiizl-Koba sites.
In the second half of the seventh cen¬
tury
ВС,
Crimean steppe became the
place where the Scythians roamed. In
the sixth century
ВС,
their small groups
penetrated into Crimean foothills via
river valleys. There they constantly con¬
tacted with neighbouring Taurian tribes.
The result was the shaping of population
groups with the culture combining the
Scythian and the Kizil-Koba elements.
They created burials excavated in the
Salgir river valley.
In the sixth and fifth centuries
ВС,
Crimean foothills were densely
populat-
ed
by the Taurians. The core of their eth-
nos concentrated in this area; thence the
Taurians migrated in different directions.
The biggest migration flow was directed
southwards, to unpopulated main ridge
of the Crimean mountains and the south
coast of the Crimea. Archaeological cul¬
ture of the Taurians in the south coast
and mountains consists of numerous cist
cemeteries. There were two sub-ethnic
groups corresponding to two econom¬
ical-cultural types: in the mountains
and south coast, they practiced
transhu¬
mance,
though in the foothills farming
and settled cattle-breeding.
In the late sixth or early fifth century
ВС,
a group of the Taurians migrated
from the foothills to the Azov Sea coast
in the Kerch peninsula. This Taurian
enclave existed to the first century
ВС.
According to the features of their cul¬
ture, the Azov Taurians did not have
possibility of keeping contacts with
their tribesmen in the mountains and
foothills. At the same time, they per¬
manently interacted with the Scythian
population of the Kerch peninsula and
the Greeks in Bosporan cities and vil¬
lages. In result, an ethnographic group
of the Taurians developed, with spe¬
cific features of spiritual and material
culture.
The Taurians became residents of
ancient poleis in the west side of the
straights of Cimmerian Bosporos since
they were founded in the sixth century
ВС.
The same was the case of Greek
Kerkinitis, established in the fifth cen¬
tury
ВС
in the west coast of the Crimea.
Reasons and mechanisms of the Taurian
presence in Greek poleis and their status
remain obscure. The only clear thing is
that they were gradually assimilated by
their Greek environment.
Taurian tribes in the mountains and
foothills in the sixth and fifth centuries
ВС
differed from other Black Sea bar¬
barians by their extreme isolation from
ancient Greek poleis. According to ar¬
chaeological data, contacts between the
residents of Crimean foothill area and
Greek cities in the north Black Sea area
were not traced to the fourth century
ВС.
The Taurians kept permanent contacts
with the Scythian population of Crimean
steppe. Most often, there were trade ex¬
changes, in result of which the Taurians
received Scythian weapons and horse
harness, though the Scythians got the
Kizil-Koba ceramic vessels with incised
decoration. The Scythians periodically
penetrated into the territory occupied
by the Taurians. Some of them became
residents of Taurian settlements, so their
cultural layers contained hand-made ce¬
ramics of Scythian shapes. Others, as it
has already been said, lived compactly
and under huge Taurian influence.
In the fifth century
ВС,
Crimean
steppe became an area of permanent
roams of the tribes that participated in
the alliance called the Royal Scythians
by Herodotus (Hist.
4. 20).
Burials of
their chiefs were discovered in the foot¬
hill and north-west Crimea as well as in
the Kerch peninsula. The Scythians en¬
tered into various relations with ancient
Greeks both in the west and east of the
peninsula. They had a possibility to move
unimpeded and to bury their tribesmen
in the territory of the Bosporan kingdom.
There was a large Scythian group living
in the city of Nymphaion or its close vi¬
cinity. By the fifth century
ВС,
the pro¬
cess of
sédentarisation
of the Scythiain
in the frontiers of the Bosporan kingdom
was recorded for the first time. Judging
by the history of Gylon, marriages be-
tween Greek men and Scythian women
were a usual thing. These processes re¬
sulted in the beginning of the shaping of
specific Greco-Scythian culture, inher¬
ent in Bosporos only.
In the period of climax of Scythia,
the fourth century
ВС,
its tribal differen¬
tiation became more evident than in the
previous period. Crimean Scythians dif¬
fered from the nomadic population of the
steppes north of Perekop isthmus because
of some important features of funeral
rite recorded by archaeological methods.
The extreme north of the Crimean pen¬
insula was a zone of
instable
population
that episodically penetrated there from
the steppe north of Perekop. The tribes
roaming on the border between steppe
and foothills created their local variant
of the Scythian culture. They probably
understood their difference from their
northern neighbours. Specific ethno¬
graphic group of the Scythians lived
in Bosporos. They lived compactly in
the north-west of the Kerch peninsula
and amidst the Greeks in many poleis
and villages. Settled way of life with
farming and cattle-breeding, as well as
various degrees of Hellenesation distin¬
guished the Bosporan Scythians from
their tribesmen who roamed in the north
Black Sea steppe. The most outstand¬
ing monuments of the original Bosporan
Greco-Scythian culture date back to the
fourth century
ВС.
Besides the Greeks,
the Scythians importantly influenced the
descendants of the Taurians who popu¬
lated small areas in the Azov Sea coast
in the Kerch peninsula.
In the fourth century
ВС,
the Taurians
left the main ridge of the Crimean
mountains and concentrated in the foot¬
hills. Thence a part of them migrated
to the north-west, to the upper reaches
of Donuzlav lake and, possibly, to the
Tarkhankut peninsula. In contrast to pre¬
vious period, the residents of the foothill
area established contacts with ancient
poleis.
The third century
ВС
north Black
Sea crisis reflected particularly in almost
entire stop of the practice to bury below
barrows in Crimea steppe and in the dis¬
appearance of the Kizil-Koba culture in
the foothills. This period was almost not
described by written or archaeological
sources. Most probably, the population
considerably decreased and its mobility
raised in the third century
ВС.
This pe¬
riod could be called the transition, when
the Scythians began to settle in the cen¬
tral Crimea thus making a background
for the shaping of the Late Scythian
culture. If the reconstruction of the eth-
nonym mentioned in the decree hon¬
ouring the transportation of
Dionysos
(IOSPE I2: no.
343)
is correct, the end
of the first quarter of the third century
ВС
was likely the first time when the
Sarmatians appeared within the context
of events in the Crimea.
In the second century
ВС,
the Scy¬
thians conquered the north-west Crimea
from the Greeks and populated it and the
foothill area. When different tribes be¬
came the single state, it contributed to
their consolidation. The authors of the
decree honouring Diophantos called this
realm Scythia. The descendants of no¬
madic Scythians formed an ethnos that
all the sources called the Scythians and
modern researchers the Late Scythians
in order to separate them from the no¬
mads who dominated over the north
Black Sea steppes from the seventh to
fourth century
ВС.
They created origi¬
nal Late Scythian culture known from
the excavations of many settlements and
cemeteries. Although this culture was
uniform and the Late Scythians under¬
stood their unity, the analysis of written
sources allowed me to suppose that they
divided into tribes.
Besides the Scythians, the popula¬
tion of the Late Scythian capital in¬
cluded the Greeks, as it was recorded in
epigraphic monuments and archaeologi¬
cal materials. The Taurians occupied a
compact territory close to Chersonesos.
They also lived among the Scythians in
the settlements in the central Crimea.
There also were weak traces of migrants
from the Dnieper area, the people of the
Zarubintsy culture.
In the second century
ВС,
the
Sarmatians, particularly Roxolans, in¬
vaded the Crimean peninsula several
times. After the end of the war, they re¬
turned back to the north, though in the
period of the wars of Diophantos few
of them became residents of the Late
Scythian settlements. The Satarches
populated the north of the Crimean pen¬
insula. Although this tribe is not identifi¬
able archaeologically, it is known from
written sources.
In the first century
ВС,
there was no
important change in the ethnic situa¬
tion in the Crimea. I can mention only
the migration of the descendants of the
Taurians, who lived in the Azov coast of
the Kerch peninsula from the fifth cen¬
tury
ВС,
to the area occupied by the Late
Scythians in vicinity of Theodosia.
In the early first century AD, archae¬
ology recorded the appearance of the
Sarmatians in the Late Scythian settle¬
ments. In the second half of the century,
they permanently lived amidst the Late
Scythians everywhere. Small Sarmatian
cemeteries appeared in the foothill
area thus demonstrating changes in
Sarmatian way of life when they turned
to roaming along a short, close route.
There was no permanent Sarmatian
population in the steppe. Small num¬
ber of barrow burials in the steppe
evidences that the Sarmatians visited
this region for a short time. They prob¬
ably came to the Crimea from the north
and, without staying in the steppe, pen¬
etrated to the foothills where the Late
Scythians lived.
In the late first or early second cen¬
tury AD, there probably was a large
migration of Sarmatian tribes that in¬
volved the entire north Black Sea
area and resulted in the shortening of
the Late Scythian territory. The Late
Scythians left the north-west Crimea
and concentrated in the foothills. This
was the period when the Late Scythians
finally assimilated the Taurians. In the
early second century AD, the Alans
were mentioned in the Crimean penin¬
sula for the first and last time before the
thirteenth century AD.
In the second century AD, because of
permanent inflow of the Sarmatians into
the foothill area, they integrated with the
Scythians within the Late Scythian settle¬
ments. Archaeologically, this process is
reflected in the end of using vaults, tra¬
ditional Scythian type of burial construc¬
tions, and the appearance of undercut
graves typical of the Sarmatians, as well
as in the change of many types of arte¬
facts used as grave goods. The Sarmatians
lived amidst the Late Scythians and sep¬
arately, so we can determine different
groups according to the degree of Late
Scythian influence on them.
Under specific geographical condi¬
tions of foothills and in relation to their
permanent contacts with the Scythians,
material and spiritual culture of the
Sarmatians transformed to a certain de¬
gree in comparison with the culture of
their tribesmen in steppe area who lead
nomadic way of life.
In the late second century AD, the
Late Scythians probably lost their po¬
litical independence but still kept their
unique culture and probably ethnic iden¬
tity. The Romans penetrated into the ter¬
ritory populated by the Scythians. Their
interrelation with the barbarians probably
was restricted to military conflicts and
did not influence the ethnic situation.
In the first half of the third century
AD, new participants of ethnic pro¬
cesses appeared in the Crimean foothill
area together with the Scythians and
Sarmatians. Excavations of upper lay¬
ers of some Late Scythian settlements
uncovered shards of hand-made ves¬
sels having analogies only among the
Wielbark and
Przeworsk
antiquities.
In Sarmatian cemeteries, there were
a few burials with cremated remains
and Germanic goods. These facts prob¬
ably mean that the first members of
the Germanic tribes came to the terri¬
tories possessed by the Scythians and
Sarmatians.
Excavations of Sarmatian cemetery
of Neyzats and the cemetery of the larg¬
est Late Scythian settlement of Neapolis
uncovered burial vaults of the construc¬
tion not typical of the Crimea. Most like¬
ly, they were introduced by the Alans,
who migrated to the Crimea from the
North Caucasus.
Late Scythian migration eastwards is
recorded: it was directed to Bosporos,
both into its European and Asian side, as
far as one could judge by the distribution
of shapes of hand-made ceramics.
Considerable ethnic transformation
happened in the Crimea in the mid-
third century AD. The Goths and their
allies destroyed almost all the Late
Scythian settlements. Their residents
scattered. A few small Late Scythian
communities survived in some foothill
areas. Obviously, we can state that the
Scythians ceased to exist as an ethnos
from that moment. Many Sarmatian
communities were destroyed or pushed
out of the foothill Crimea simultane¬
ously. However, some Sarmatian collec¬
tives, and namely those who did not keep
close contacts with the Late Scythians,
survived and continued living in the val¬
leys of Crimean rivers.
About the mid-third century AD, the
Germanics settled in the south coast of
the Crimea and in the south-west of the
peninsula, where they made cremation
cemeteries. The foothill area was popu¬
lated by the Sarmatians: their number
was smaller than in the previous period.
From the late third century AD, an inflow
of the Alans from the North Caucasus
was recorded in Crimean foothills; they
probably came through Bosporos. Their
number considerably raised in the fourth
century AD. Although the consolidation
of the Alans and Sarmatians actively de¬
veloped throughout the fourth century
AD, it probably did not finish. In the
very end of the fourth or early fifth cen¬
tury AD, they moved to new areas prob¬
ably because the invasion of the Huns
into the Crimean peninsula.
In the fifth century AD, the Alans and
Goths participated in the formation of
mediaeval Crimean people. The Huns
roamed in the steppe. The new period of
the Great Migration started.
|
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| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | "Dolya" Publ. House |
| record_format | marc |
| series | The Black Sea archaeology in translation |
| series2 | The Black Sea archaeology in translation |
| spelling | Chrapunov, Igorʹ Nikolaevič Verfasser (DE-588)1018932232 aut Ėtničeskaja istorija Kryma v rannem železnom veke The Crimea in the Early Iron Age an ethnic history Igor' Khrapunov Simferopol [u.a.] "Dolya" Publ. House 2012 286 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The Black Sea archaeology in translation 1 Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 gnd rswk-swf Krim (DE-588)4033166-0 gnd rswk-swf Krim (DE-588)4033166-0 g Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 s DE-604 The Black Sea archaeology in translation 1 (DE-604)BV040371661 1 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025225269&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025225269&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Chrapunov, Igorʹ Nikolaevič The Crimea in the Early Iron Age an ethnic history The Black Sea archaeology in translation Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4014102-0 (DE-588)4033166-0 |
| title | The Crimea in the Early Iron Age an ethnic history |
| title_alt | Ėtničeskaja istorija Kryma v rannem železnom veke |
| title_auth | The Crimea in the Early Iron Age an ethnic history |
| title_exact_search | The Crimea in the Early Iron Age an ethnic history |
| title_full | The Crimea in the Early Iron Age an ethnic history Igor' Khrapunov |
| title_fullStr | The Crimea in the Early Iron Age an ethnic history Igor' Khrapunov |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Crimea in the Early Iron Age an ethnic history Igor' Khrapunov |
| title_short | The Crimea in the Early Iron Age |
| title_sort | the crimea in the early iron age an ethnic history |
| title_sub | an ethnic history |
| topic | Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Eisenzeit Krim |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025225269&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025225269&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV040371661 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT chrapunovigorʹnikolaevic etniceskajaistorijakrymavrannemzeleznomveke AT chrapunovigorʹnikolaevic thecrimeaintheearlyironageanethnichistory |