Srpska vojska u ratovima za nezavisnost 1876 - 1878.: = The Serbian army in wars for independence 1876 - 1878
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Beograd
Medija Centar "Odbrana"
2011
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Biblioteka Vojna knjiga
1682 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 247 S. zahlr. Ill. 23 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788633503259 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Srpska vojska u ratovima za nezavisnost 1876 - 1878. |b = The Serbian army in wars for independence 1876 - 1878 |c Dušan M. Babac |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a The Serbian army in wars for independence 1876 - 1878 |
| 264 | 1 | |a Beograd |b Medija Centar "Odbrana" |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a 247 S. |b zahlr. Ill. |c 23 cm | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1812649054484561920 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
САДРЖАЈ
ПРЕДГОВОР
.9
ПРВИ СРПСКО-ТУРСКИ
PAT
1876.13
Узроци
и припреме за рат
.13
Обострана организација, формација,
ратни планови и
концентрација војске
.27
Почетак рата: борбе Моравске
и
Тимочке војске
до
повлачења
српских
трупа на
линију Бања (Сокобања)-Бољевац-Брестовац
.30
Битка код
Великог
извора
.31
Борбе
Дринске војске
.35
Борбе
Ибарске војске
на
Јавору.
.36
Моравска
војска
.45
Прегруписавање турске војске
и
њена
офанзива
.47
Битка код Шуматовца
.47
Битка на Адровцу
.62
Проглашење независног краљевства.
64
Битка на Кревету
.65
Битка на Великом
Шиљеговцу.
.67
Битка код
Ђуниса
.72
Борбе Крушевачког одреда на правцу
Јанкова
клисура
-
Куршумлија.
75
Примирје
.75
Закључење
мира
.77
ДОБРОВОЉЦИ
.81
ДРУГИ СРПСКО-ТУРСКИ
PAT
1877-1878.99
Снаге и ратни планови
.100
Почетак
војних операција
.106
Ослобођење Пирота
.107
Ослобођење
Ниша
.
Ill
Ослобођење
Косова
.116
Примирје
.119
Санстефански
(уговор) мир
.120
Берлински
конгрес
.121
НАОРУЖАЊЕ
И ОПРЕМА
.127
УНИФОРМЕ
.143
ОДЛИЧЈА
.205
ПРИЛОЗИ
.223
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
.235
SUMMARY
.239
ОАУТОРУ
.245
ИЗВОД ИЗ
РЕЦЕНЗИЈЕ
.247
The idea of total liberation and unification of the Serbian people, which originated during
the first Serbian uprising, had by the 1860s and 1870s developed into a practical goal of national
aspiration. A combination of international circumstances and the determination by neighbouring
Balkan nations to achieve independence combined to realize Serbia's ambition. As Ottoman
power in the Balkans continued its steady decline the eastern crisis of
1875-1878,
which began
with a popular uprising in Herzegovina and Bosnia in the summer of
1875,
opened a new chapter
in the story of Turkish oppression of the feudal-absolutist Christian nations in the Balkans.
In July
1875
the Christian peasants of Herzegovina rebelled against their Muslim
landlords and Ottoman Turkish rulers. The revolt quickly spread to Bosnia and aroused
enormous popular sympathy in Serbia, which was then an autonomous principality within
the Ottoman Empire. After attempts by the European great powers to mediate between the
belligerents had failed, Prince Milan
Obrenović
IV of Serbia, together with Prince Nicholas
of Montenegro, succumbed to domestic pressure and declared war on the Turks on 30th June
1876.
Russian foreign policy, influenced by the
Panslaviste,
did little to discourage Serbian
and Montenegrin support for the revolt. This was the age of romantic nationalism and
revolutionary fervour in the Balkans and by the summer of
1876
the Serbian and Montenegrin
governments were forced by public opinion to declare war on the Ottoman Empire. Serbia
did not prepare for this war politically, diplomatically, financially or militarily; furthermore
the European Great Powers did not support the conflict.
Serbia mobilized
158
1st and 2nd class and
18
3rd class infantry battalions,
18
cavalry
squadrons,
44
artillery batteries with about
210
pieces,
6
engineer battalions and
6
medical
companies, totalling more than
100,000
troops,
22.000
horses and
6.000
oxen. During the
war the number of people in receipt of military rations increased to
130,000,
a very big
burden for an undeveloped country with only
1,300,000
inhabitants. Serbia's 'Peoples Army'
was a militia, lacking discipline or cohesion. The standing army of less than
5,000,
with
four infantry battalions, many manning provincial garrisons, occupied the major border
crossings, whilst two cavalry squadrons acted as couriers between the various headquarters.
Only one company of pontoon engineers and the medical personnel were deployed to form
an appropriate unit of the National Army.
Serbian weaponry was generally obsolete. 1st and 2nd Class battalions were partly
equipped with old breech-loading rifles converted from muzzle-loading weapons. Only one
artillery battery had breech-loading guns. In contrast to the poorly armed Serbian militia,
Turkish regular troops were issued modern rifles and artillery pieces and substantial numbers
of Redif reserve troops were called up for this war mostly armed with former British Snider
rifles. Meanwhile the superior Peabody-Martini rifle was becoming more widely available and
was certainly used by the Egyptian troops.
Krupp
breechloader artillery is most frequently
mentioned although there must have been significant numbers of bronze guns. Turkish troops
performed well during the war but were badly commanded and inadequately supplied.
No agreement on joint operations was achieved with Montenegro.
3,000
Russian
volunteers poured into the area and General Cherniaev, who had been responsible for
Russian military success in Central Asia, took command of the Army of the
Morava.
Serbia
believed it would be successful but Serbian troops generally did not perform well, as they
were mostly totally inexperienced militia whose early enthusiasm for the war was blunted by
the reality of warfare with breach-loading weapons. Furthermore Serbia's military capacity
СРПСКА
ВОЇСКА У
РАТОВИМА ЗА
НЕЗАВИСНОСТ
239
THE SERBIAN
ARMY IN
WARS FOR
INDEPENDENCE
СРПСКА
ВОЈСКАУ
РАТОВИМА
ЗА
НЕЗАВИСНОСТ
240
THE SERBIAN
ARMY IN
WARS
f
OR
INDEPENDENCE
was extremely limited, and in spite of the services of a Russian general and Russian volunteers
the Russian government did not initially provide the expected military assistance. The
Serbian attempt to invade Bosnia was a failure, and while Montenegro, Serbia's only ally, won
success in Herzegovina, the Serbs, after losing the Battle of Aleksinac on 1st September
1876,
were confronted with a Turkish advance toward Belgrade. Only then did Russia present an
ultimatum to the Turks and force them to conclude an armistice on 31st October
1876.
The main Serbian army under General Cherniaev was concentrated on the Southern
fortress of Aleksinac. It consisted of three Serbian divisions and a variety of volunteer
formations totaling about
45,000
men. In the North-East, Colonel
Milojko Lešjanin
based
at
Zaječar
commanded an infantry division of
6,000
men with cavalry support and the
Bulgarian Legion with
2,000
men. In the West there were two weak divisions, each with
5,000
men, one in the South-West at
Uzice
commanded by General
Franjo Zah
and one in
the North-West at
Šabac
under General
Ranko Alimpić.
The main Turkish army was based at Sofia under General Abdul Kerim with
50,000
men reinforced by irregular Bashi-Bazouk and Circassian forces. There was a garrison at
the border fortress of
Niš
commanded by General Mehemet with
8,000
men. In the North-
West at
Vidin,
General
Osman Nuri
had
23,000
men. In the west there were small garrisons
at Bjeljina and Zvornik with a larger force of
12,000,
mostly Arabs and Egyptians under
Dervish command and General Mehemet
Ali in
the
Sandžak.
The war can be divided into three phases:
1.
Serbian Offensive: July-August
1876.
The ambitious Serbian plan was to defend
Niš
and attack Sofia with the main army under General Cherniaev, whilst other armies would
launch diversionary attacks. These attacks were repulsed in the west, and in the north-east
Lešjanin
was defeated at Kior.
Lešjanin
failed to hold the Turkish counterattack on the Timok
river and fell back to the fortress at
Zaječar
which itself fell on 7th August.
The main advance in the south began well, thrusting down the
Nišava
valley and
capturing the important heights at
Babina Glava
north of Pirot. The Turks responded with
two columns under General Suleiman and General
Hafiz,
outflanking the Serbs and forcing
them back up the valley. In a series of fierce actions Cherniaev retreated back to the heights
covering the frontier town of
Knjaževac.
Wrongly believing the main attack would be at
Zaječar
to the north, he left Colonel Djuro
Horvatović
at
Knjaževac
with insufficient forces
to repel the combined Turkish columns. Chernaiev then withdrew into the mountains west
of the Timok to defend the
Morava
valley.
2.
The
Morava
Battles
-
August
1876.
The Turkish commander General Abdul Kerim
decided against storming the difficult mountain position between the Timok and
Morava.
Instead he concentrated
40,000
troops at
Niš
and advanced up the easier terrain of the
Morava
valley towards Aleksinac. Cherniaev had less than
30,000
men stretched across both
sides of the
Morava
and into the mountains. Turkish firepower, followed by a frontal bayonet
attack, drove the Serbians back in disorder to Aleksinac. Only Abdul Kerims indecision and
the arrival of
Horvatović
s
fresh division steadied the line at Djunis.
3.
The Battles of Djunis
-
October
1876.
Following a brief armistice and the failure of
negotiations the new Serbian commander
Horvatović
attacked the Turkish positions from
Djunis to Aleksinac on 28th September but was repulsed along the entire front. The Turks
regrouped and on 19th October General Adyl Pashas division launched a surprise attack
on the Serbian right, eventually forcing the Serbians back to Deligrad. On 29th October this
heavily fortified position was also stormed and the road to Belgrade lay open to the Turks.
fe.-.
і.»
, .
<<
Captain
of the
infantry in service
dress.
(Dušan Babac
collection)
<2nd Lieutenant of
artillery in full dress
uniform.
(Aleksandar
Colic collection)
<<2nd Lieutenant of
infantry in service
dress.
(Aleksandar
Colic collection)
і
Infantry Sergeant
in full dress uniform.
(Aleksandar
Colic
collection)
СРПСКА
BOJCKA
У
РАТОВИМА ЗА
НЕЗАВИСНОСТ
242
THE SERBIAN
ARMY IN
WARS FOR
INDEPENDENCE
Serbia was saved by a Russian ultimatum backed up by
200,000
Russian troops in
Bessarabia. The armistice and subsequent agreement in February
1877
served only as a
respite before hostilities recommenced in the later stages of the Russo-Turkish War.
When subsequent international negotiations produced no settlement, the Serbs and
Turks concluded a peace treaty on 1st March
1877
based on the status quo. In the meantime,
Russia's efforts to secure from the Ottoman sultan Abdulhamit II a guarantee of reforms that
would improve the position of the Christian populations in his empire failed after two years
of futile negotiation. So on 24th April
1877
Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire and
in December was joined by Serbia and Montenegro.
By the end of
1878
Serbia entered into another war against Turkey, but this time
as a very successful Russian ally. The Serbian army was reorganized into five active corps
comprising
124
infantry battalions,
24
cavalry squadrons and
226
artillery pieces, with total
of
90,000
men. Turkish regular forces were deployed against the Russian army leaving about
85,000
mainly auxiliary troops on the Serbian front. After only six weeks the Serbian army
was able to liberate Pirot,
Niš
and Kosovo.
The Russo-Turkish War was ended by the Treaty of
San Stefano
of 3rd March
1878,
revised by the Treaty of Berlin of
13*
July
1878.
Under the Treaty of
San Stefano
Russia
assigned to a Greater Bulgaria even those areas which had been liberated by Serbs, although
some territorial compensation in the direction of
Novi Pazar
and
Kosovska Mitrovica
was
offered to Serbia. Greater Bulgaria proved to be a fantastic creation extending from the
Black Sea to the
Drim
river and from the Danube to Salonika. With the help of the Austro-
Hungarian Empire, Serbia managed to defend its wartime achievements in the Congress of
Berlin, but Serbia's expansion to include the historical territories of
Sandžak
and Kosovo
was thwarted, and the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was duly
approved by the major powers. Blocked in the west and south west Serbia decided to expand
southwards to Macedonia. At the Berlin Congress of Great Powers (13th June
-
13th July
1878),
Serbia and Montenegro were granted formal independence from the Ottoman Empire
and also made substantial territorial gains, with Serbia acquiring almost
4,000
square miles
(10,360
sq. km) on its southeastern frontier.
The main Serbian rifle was the M1870 Serbian Peabody which had a performance similar
to the Russian Krnk. Whilst it was the best weapon available to Serbian troops many Serbs had
to make do with the erratic M1867 Serbian Greene conversion or even muzzle-loaders. Artillery
batteries contained a variety of mostly bronze guns almost all inferior to the Turkish
Krupps.
There were very few cavalry squadrons reflecting the nature of the terrain but these were poorly
equipped, indeed one volunteer squadron in the
Morava
army had to share a few revolvers.
The Serbian army introduced a new uniform in
1870,
which was in use with some
small modifications until the end of the war. The Serbian headdress was its most distinctive
feature; a dark blue French-style kepi for the full dress and service uniform, and the traditional
"sajkaca" forage cap for the field uniform "cut in the same way at each end made of coarse
greyish-blue cloth". The regulation service and full dress uniform was a double-breasted dark
blue tunic with red piping and cuffs, yellow or white metal buttons and rank insignia on
the dark blue collar. Serbia was among the first armies in the world to introduce a subdued
field uniform, which remained very similar in style until the Second World War. Only the 1st
class infantry battalions were fully uniformed, whilst the 2nd class were only issued a cap and
greatcoat and the 3rd class was dressed in their own civilian clothes.
In
1876
the Order of the Cross of
Takovo
was introduced in three classes and later
during the war it expanded from three classes to five. A complete system of medals was also
introduced during the war, including the gold or silver Medal for Bravery, the Red Cross,
Princess Natalias Medal and several commemorative medals.
ІА
cavalryman of
the Standing Army
m
field uniform,
1876.
(Reconstruction by
Pavle
Vasic)
СРПСКЛ
ВОЈСКАУ
>АТОВИМАЗА
НЕЗАВИСНОСТ
243
THE SERBIAN
ARMY IN
WARS FOR
INDEPENDENCE
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INDF.PENPrNΠ; |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Babac, Dušan 1969- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1072789337 |
| author_facet | Babac, Dušan 1969- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Babac, Dušan 1969- |
| author_variant | d b db |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040369829 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)812238946 (DE-599)BVBBV040369829 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Serbien |
| id | DE-604.BV040369829 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-11T20:00:46Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788633503259 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025223460 |
| oclc_num | 812238946 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 247 S. zahlr. Ill. 23 cm |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Medija Centar "Odbrana" |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Biblioteka Vojna knjiga |
| series2 | Biblioteka Vojna knjiga |
| spelling | Babac, Dušan 1969- Verfasser (DE-588)1072789337 aut Srpska vojska u ratovima za nezavisnost 1876 - 1878. = The Serbian army in wars for independence 1876 - 1878 Dušan M. Babac The Serbian army in wars for independence 1876 - 1878 Beograd Medija Centar "Odbrana" 2011 247 S. zahlr. Ill. 23 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biblioteka Vojna knjiga 1682 In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Serbisch-Türkischer Krieg (DE-588)4487933-7 gnd rswk-swf Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd rswk-swf Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 gnd rswk-swf Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 g Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 s Serbisch-Türkischer Krieg (DE-588)4487933-7 s DE-604 Biblioteka Vojna knjiga 1682 (DE-604)BV042527829 1682 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025223460&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025223460&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Babac, Dušan 1969- Srpska vojska u ratovima za nezavisnost 1876 - 1878. = The Serbian army in wars for independence 1876 - 1878 Biblioteka Vojna knjiga Serbisch-Türkischer Krieg (DE-588)4487933-7 gnd Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4487933-7 (DE-588)4039305-7 (DE-588)4054598-2 |
| title | Srpska vojska u ratovima za nezavisnost 1876 - 1878. = The Serbian army in wars for independence 1876 - 1878 |
| title_alt | The Serbian army in wars for independence 1876 - 1878 |
| title_auth | Srpska vojska u ratovima za nezavisnost 1876 - 1878. = The Serbian army in wars for independence 1876 - 1878 |
| title_exact_search | Srpska vojska u ratovima za nezavisnost 1876 - 1878. = The Serbian army in wars for independence 1876 - 1878 |
| title_full | Srpska vojska u ratovima za nezavisnost 1876 - 1878. = The Serbian army in wars for independence 1876 - 1878 Dušan M. Babac |
| title_fullStr | Srpska vojska u ratovima za nezavisnost 1876 - 1878. = The Serbian army in wars for independence 1876 - 1878 Dušan M. Babac |
| title_full_unstemmed | Srpska vojska u ratovima za nezavisnost 1876 - 1878. = The Serbian army in wars for independence 1876 - 1878 Dušan M. Babac |
| title_short | Srpska vojska u ratovima za nezavisnost 1876 - 1878. |
| title_sort | srpska vojska u ratovima za nezavisnost 1876 1878 the serbian army in wars for independence 1876 1878 |
| title_sub | = The Serbian army in wars for independence 1876 - 1878 |
| topic | Serbisch-Türkischer Krieg (DE-588)4487933-7 gnd Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Serbisch-Türkischer Krieg Militär Serbien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025223460&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025223460&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV042527829 |
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