Izvănstoličnite kamenni kreposti na Părvoto bălgarsko carstvo: (IX - načaloto na XI v.)
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Bulgarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sofija
Nacionalen Archeologičeski Inst. s Muzej - BAN
2011
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Disertacii / Nacionalen Archeologičeski Institut s Muzej na Bălgarskata Akademija na Naukite
5 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | PST:The provincial stone fortresses of the first Bulgarian empire. - In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 308 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789549472127 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Izvănstoličnite kamenni kreposti na Părvoto bălgarsko carstvo |b (IX - načaloto na XI v.) |c Dejan Rabovjanov |
| 264 | 1 | |a Sofija |b Nacionalen Archeologičeski Inst. s Muzej - BAN |c 2011 | |
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| 500 | |a PST:The provincial stone fortresses of the first Bulgarian empire. - In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1806960853978710016 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
УВОД
.7
БЛАГОДАРНОСТИ
.11
ПРЕГЛЕД НА ПРОУЧВАНИЯТА
.12
ГЛАВА ПЪРВА
.19
Регионални
групи
крепости
—
планови и конструктивни особености
.19
1.1
.Крепости на изток от р. Янтра, между Дунав и Стара планина
.22
1.2.
Крепости на запад от р. Янтра
.39
1.3.
Крепости на север от р. Дунав
.43
ІАКреиости на
юг от Стара планина
.45
1.5.
Крепости от югозападните български земи
.51
ГЛАВА ВТОРА
.63
Извънстоличните каменни крепости като съоръжения за отбрана и живеене
.63
11.1.
Типология на крепостите
.63
11.2.
Организация на отбраната и атаката на крепостите по изворови и археологически
данни
.66
И.
3.
Крепостите в отбранителната система и пътната мрежа на Първото българско
царство
.72
П.4.Извънстоличните каменни крепости в съпоставителен план и тяхната строително-архи-
тектурна традиция
.81
II.
5.
Извънстоличните каменни крепости в селищната система па Първото българско
царство
.97
ГЛАВА ТРЕТА
.111
Поява, функциониране и изоставяне на извънстоличните каменни крепости
.111
111.1.
Фортификацията на ранния период на Първото българско царство: землените
укрепления
.111
III.
2.
Хронологически
рамки на каменните крепости по регионални и архитектурно-функци-
онални грухти: археологическите доказателства
.115
III.
3.
Причини за изоставянето на землените укрепления и за появата на извънстоличните
каменни крепости
.122
III.
4.
Фактори за изоставянето на извънстоличните каменни крепости и тяхната съдба в пери¬
ода на Византийската власт и Второто българско царство
.129
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
.135
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
.139
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЯ
.161
Каталог на обектите
.163
Таблица
1.
Функциониращи извънстолични каменнни крепости в периода на Първото българ¬
ско царство
.209
Таблица
2.
Представяне на извънстоличните каменни крепости според приетата
типология
.214
Списък на приложените карти
.217
Карти
.217
Образи
. 227
SUMMARY
.287
THE PROVINCIAL STONE FORTRESSES OF THE FIRST
BULGARIAN EMPIRE
(9th
-
THE BEGINNING OF THE 11th
С
AD)
(Summary)
INTRODUCTION
The provincial ¿lone fortresses play a crucial role in the defensive system and road networks of
the First Bulgarian Kingdom, while comprising a distinct category of settlement sites. Numerous
questions important for the reconstruction of life in Early Medieval Bulgarian state arise from this.
The considerable number of provincial fortresses suggests they were the product of a complex system
of diverse relationships and interactions set within the frame of the First Bulgarian Kingdom. The
recorded architectural diversity invites questions on planning, construction, function, and origin.
Archaeological examination of those fortresses increased immensely data available on them. Thus,
a want for a new comprehensive study, dealing with information accumulated since the last such
attempt published by Rasho Rashev some
30
years ago, emerged.
The present study does not engage with the ¿tone fortresses of ashlar masonry, identified in
the epigraphic monuments and some written sources as
"aulsľ
There are several reasons for this.
Information from both documents, and archaeological investigations, points undoubtedly to the
conclusion that the "auls" had permanent or at least short term residential functions and were directly
linked to the sovereigns court. This is also reflected in their specific architectural design, including
monumental masonry for the buildings, presence of palace and temple buildings, baths and other
water management structures. All those specifics ground the attribution of Pliska,
Presláv,
Drastar,
the fortress on the island of
Păcuiul lui Soare,
and the
aul
by Khan Krum to a distinct group of
monuments, one that has been already the subject of inquiries of a number of authors. The presence
of the above listed features has also been the major argument for the exclusion of these monuments
from the group of what is here designated as "provincial," i.e. non-residential, not-capital sites.
However, the two groups are brought together in the discussion of the total road and defense systems
of the First Bulgarian Kingdom (Map
1,2,4-6).
Ohrid,
too, is excluded from this study since, after
the transfer of the government seat to the southwestern Bulgarian territories, it has been mentioned
and regarded as Bulgarian capital by contemporaries such as Emperor Vassilius II. Although the
existence of a fortification prior to Ohrid's transformation into a capital city is quite possible, the
absence of any verifiable information on it renders its study impossible. Other fortresses of the
southwestern Bulgarian territories, such as
Ргефа,
Skopje,
Voden, Koprinishta
(Pronishta),
Magien
and
Setina
(cat.
nos
135, 145, 151, 157, 163, 169)
(map
6)
have been mentioned by Byzantine
chronicists as linked to the Bulgarian ruling family. The information at hand does not permit to
distinguish them from the rest of the fortresses of the southwestern Bulgarian territories of the
First Bulgarian Kingdom, by neither architecture, function, nor any other features. Furthermore,
they were not attributed special significance
-
as co-capitals, etc.
-
by contemporaries, and because
287
of this are here regarded together with the rest of the stone outlying fortresses. It is possible that
the association of those monuments with the ruling dynasty should be seen in connection with
the mobility of the court and with the need for strongholds sheltering it under the conditions of a
perpetual war with the Byzantine Empire.
Outside the scope of this study fall also the earthen fortifications. They are the elements of an
earlier defense system, replaced by the ¿tone forts regarded here
(Рашев
1982, 173-174;
Rashev
2005, 52-54).
Their different construction material and function
-
as barriers and as military
camps
-
are yet another argument not to engage with those in the present
¿tudy.
The nearly
complete abandonment of archaeological excavations on such monuments since the early
1980s
prevents renewed involvement with the problems already identified in the literature.
The present study deals with:
/
Establishing the reasons for the abandonment of the earthen fortifications and the appearance of
the pro vincial none fortresses;
/
Outliningthe chronological and territorial frames of the phenomenon
oftheereăion
of those none
fortresses;
У
Defining the place those fortresses had in the defense, road, and settlement
syñem
of the
Firn
Bulgarian Kingdom;
/
Clarifying the
queñion
of who build, maintained, and defended the fortresses in the different
regions of the
Firn
Bulgarian Kingdom;
/
Establishing the conltruaional and
architeãural
traditions which produced those fortresses, and
identifying the presence and
direãion
of foreign influences;
/
Outlining the reasons behind the abandonment of some, and for the
ñruaural
rearrangement
andjunãional
change in other jortresses.
To achieve these goals, the following tasks have been set:
-
presentation, through catalogue and illustrative material, of the basic information available on
the studied fortresses, witfj exhaustive bibliography;
-
review of the
architeãural
design and
conftruãive
specificities of the fortresses by region;
-
comprehensive presentation of the archaeological information relevant to the date, origin and
function of those monuments;
-
division of a typology for the fortresses, according to their basic
charaãeristic
-
their defensive
adequacy;
-
presentation of the evidence from
Ње
fortresses and their vicinity on the existence of settlements,
accountingforthe variations in the kinds of settlement
sitespresent,
as well as the existence of necropolises,
religious sites, crafts
produãion,
trade, andfor
contuãs
with the government seats;
-
comparison, in terms of
architeãural
outline,
conšhuäion
andfunãion,
of the Bulgarian fortresses
and those of the neighboring nates and people;
-
analysis of the known written sources and available data on the
architeãural
outline and the
conílruãion
of the forts, applied to the
nudy
ofsiegecraft.
The chronological frame for the study is predetermined by the title
-
the First Bulgarian
Kingdom (7th-
1
1th
c. AD).
Current data, however, allow the precision of the lower chronological
date to the beginning of the 9th
c. AD.
The upper chronological boundary is conventionally set at
1018
AD, when the Bulgarian state is overtaken by the Byzantine Empire and its territories were
incorporated into its administrative, military, economic, and religious systems.
This present study deals only with the fortresses lying within the territories permanently
governed by the Bulgarians, and within the territories recognized in peace treaties, for which
evidence confirms an extended Bulgarian presence. Those two conditions are assumed to warrant
their complete incorporation in the Bulgarian administrative, defensive and settlement systems.
288
For this reason, the extensive so called "war-time territories" in the southern part of the western
Black Sea, in Thrace, Northern Greece, the Adriatic and in Serbia are excluded from this study. It
muât
be stressed too that quite often tracing state boundaries, even tentatively, is problematic. Since
this study does not aim at defining the boundaries of the First Bulgarian Kingdom, it operates
on the presently dominant opinions, and has included only those territories for which evidence
withstands scrutiny.
The most important source
ofinformation
are archaeological excavations. The data secured in
them is in direct correlation with the methodology and the scale of the investigations. Comparatively
few fortresses have been subjected to large-scale archaeological excavations, for most data are
derived from test excavations or field surveys and from observations on looters trenches. This not
only presents an obstacle to the comprehensive review of the monuments, but also poses a specific
problem. At the beginning of the 10th
c. AD
many abandoned Late Antiquity fortresses across the
entire First Bulgarian Kingdoms territory are re-populated. Since the majority of those have been
studied by field surveys or through very limited in size
teát
trenches, they are
onen
postulated to be
functioning Bulgarian fortresses. This study operates under the presumption that the presence of
earlier fortifications in combination with archaeological materials indicating early medieval habitation
is not sufficient to attribute such a site to the group of early medieval forts. The application of such
strict criteria reduces the number of the functioning fortresses, compared to the number circulated
in the literature. Future archaeological investigations may introduce new data and thus redeem
some of those sites to the status of true functioning fortresses. Until such data is secured, however,
analyzing them on the basis of uncertain indications together with the other sites is
inacceptable. As
a result of the criteria employed here, only
107
of the
195
sites included in the Catalogue have been
pronounced possibly functioning during the First Bulgarian Kingdom. (Table
1).
The information within the Catalogue is presented in accordance with the principle applied in
Tabula Imperil Byzantini. This was done in order to avoid extraneous details, while simultaneously
provision comprehensive bibliography for each individual monument. The sites in the Catalogue
are arranged by regional groups
-
I through V, and within each regional group
-
by subgroups,
in accordance with the described in the Chapter I plan. The fortresses within each subgroup are
introduced alphabetically, to circumvent controversies which might
¿tem
from the application
of other criteria
-
such as the extent to which it has been studied through excavations
-
might
introduce. The identification number assigned to the sites presented on the maps is identical to the
number assigned to the fortresses in the Catalogue.
Written sources are considered here a secondary source
ofinformation.
This is to a great extent
due to their brevity; to the time lapse between the moment of the creation of the written document
and the date of the recorded events, which throws a shadow of doubt over their reliability; and to
their character. Straightforward record of erection of fortresses by the Bulgarians is almost non¬
existent. The single exceptions are the
Bitola
inscription by Tsar Ivan-Vladislav, and the too-brief
and not always reliable data in the "Bulgarian Apocryphal Chronicle" from the
1
1th
c. AD.
Useful
descriptions of exact locations, types and constructions of the fortresses are also lacking. The
only information of relevance provided in written sources is that certain fortresses existed during
particular military campaigns. This kind of information, however, must too be used with great
caution because of the ever present possibility of "transportation" of certain fortresses to earlier
periods. As a rule, whenever we deal with written sources, they must always be evaluated against
data from archaeological investigations.
289 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Rabovjanov, Dejan ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1096835185 |
| author_facet | Rabovjanov, Dejan ca. 20./21. Jh |
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| author_sort | Rabovjanov, Dejan ca. 20./21. Jh |
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| building | Verbundindex |
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| era | Geschichte 800-1018 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 800-1018 |
| format | Book |
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| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:09:16Z |
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| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 308 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Nacionalen Archeologičeski Inst. s Muzej - BAN |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Disertacii / Nacionalen Archeologičeski Institut s Muzej na Bălgarskata Akademija na Naukite |
| spelling | Rabovjanov, Dejan ca. 20./21. Jh. Verfasser (DE-588)1096835185 aut Izvănstoličnite kamenni kreposti na Părvoto bălgarsko carstvo (IX - načaloto na XI v.) Dejan Rabovjanov Sofija Nacionalen Archeologičeski Inst. s Muzej - BAN 2011 308 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Disertacii / Nacionalen Archeologičeski Institut s Muzej na Bălgarskata Akademija na Naukite 5 PST:The provincial stone fortresses of the first Bulgarian empire. - In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 800-1018 gnd rswk-swf Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd rswk-swf Festung (DE-588)4016934-0 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 g Festung (DE-588)4016934-0 s Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 s Geschichte 800-1018 z DE-604 Nacionalen Archeologičeski Institut s Muzej na Bălgarskata Akademija na Naukite Disertacii 5 (DE-604)BV022862779 5 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025222657&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025222657&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Rabovjanov, Dejan ca. 20./21. Jh Izvănstoličnite kamenni kreposti na Părvoto bălgarsko carstvo (IX - načaloto na XI v.) Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd Festung (DE-588)4016934-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4181216-5 (DE-588)4016934-0 (DE-588)4008866-2 |
| title | Izvănstoličnite kamenni kreposti na Părvoto bălgarsko carstvo (IX - načaloto na XI v.) |
| title_auth | Izvănstoličnite kamenni kreposti na Părvoto bălgarsko carstvo (IX - načaloto na XI v.) |
| title_exact_search | Izvănstoličnite kamenni kreposti na Părvoto bălgarsko carstvo (IX - načaloto na XI v.) |
| title_full | Izvănstoličnite kamenni kreposti na Părvoto bălgarsko carstvo (IX - načaloto na XI v.) Dejan Rabovjanov |
| title_fullStr | Izvănstoličnite kamenni kreposti na Părvoto bălgarsko carstvo (IX - načaloto na XI v.) Dejan Rabovjanov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Izvănstoličnite kamenni kreposti na Părvoto bălgarsko carstvo (IX - načaloto na XI v.) Dejan Rabovjanov |
| title_short | Izvănstoličnite kamenni kreposti na Părvoto bălgarsko carstvo |
| title_sort | izvanstolicnite kamenni kreposti na parvoto balgarsko carstvo ix nacaloto na xi v |
| title_sub | (IX - načaloto na XI v.) |
| topic | Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd Festung (DE-588)4016934-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Siedlungsarchäologie Festung Bulgarien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025222657&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025222657&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV022862779 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rabovjanovdejan izvanstolicnitekamennikrepostinaparvotobalgarskocarstvoixnacalotonaxiv |