Ţara Almăjului: studiu de geografie regională
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cluj-Napoca
Presa Univ. Clujeană
2011
|
| Schriftenreihe: | "Ţările" României
10 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung und Inh.-Verz. in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 440 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789735953461 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804149395747241984 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CUPRINS
Prefaţă
............................................................................................................................ 9
Introducere
...................................................................................................................... 13
I.
ASPECTE TEORETICE ŞI METODOLOGICE
................................................. 15
1.1.
Principii şi mijloace utilizate în studiul de geografie regională a Ţării
Almăjului
........................................................................................................... 15
1.2.
Consideraţii asupra conceptului de regiune
...................................................... 19
1.3.
Ţările, regiuni tipice ale României. Semnificaţii şi însemnătate geografică
..... 23
1.4.
Ţara Almăjului ca sistem teritorial şi regiune
deprogram
................................ 29
II.
ISTORICUL CERCETĂRILOR SISTEMULUI TERITORIAL ŢARA
ALMĂJULUI
................................................................................................ ......... 39
III. DELIMITAREA ŢĂRII ALMĂJULUI. CONCEPTUL DE LIMITĂ ŞI
TIPOLOGIA CRITERIILOR CARE AU STAT LA BAZA PROCESULUI
DE INDIVIDUALIZARE A REGIUNII ALMĂJENE
...................................... 47
3.1.
Conceptul de limită. Semnificaţii şi tipologie, cu aplicare directă în
conturarea Ţării Almăjului
................................................................................ 48
3.1.1.
Conceptul de limită. Aspecte teoretice
.................................................... 48
3.1.2.
Limitele Ţării Almăjului. Tipologie şi identificare
................................. 52
3.2.
Criterii utilizate în delimitarea Ţarii Almăjului
................................................ 58
3.2.1.
Criteriul mental. Intre prioritate şi realitate
............................................. 58
3.2.1.1.
Identitatea şi mentalitatea almăjenilor. Percepţii proprii în
intervalul
2007-2009................................................................... 59
3.2.1.2.
„Celălalt etnic, între acceptare şi respingere. Cazul
Ravensca
..................................................................................... 82
3.2.1.3.
„Celălalt regional
...................................................................... 86
3.2.1.4.
Cultura populară reflectată prin valori materiale
........................ 87
3.2.1.4.1.
Casa (locuinţa) şi gospodăria ţărănească
....................... 89
3.2.1.4.2.
Monumente de arhitectură şi tehnică populară
.............. 96
3.2.1.4.3.
Activităţi economice tradiţionale
................................... 98
3.2.1.4.3.1.
Ocupaţiile tradiţionale
.................................... 98
3.2.1.4.3.2.
Meşteşugurile ţărăneşti
.................................. 101
3.2.1.5.
Cultura populară reflectată prin valori spirituale
........................ 103
3.2.1.5.1.
Tradiţii şi obiceiuri în Ţara Almăjului
........................... 103
3.2.1.5.2.
Portul popular, cântecul şi dansul ca elemente de
identitate regională
........................................................ 113
3.2.1.6.
Unicitatea spaţiului almăjan în viziunea propriilor locuitori
...... 124
3.2.2.
Evoluţia istorică şi rolul criteriului politico-administrativ în definirea
Ţării Almăjului
........................................................................................ 125
3.2.2.1.
Perioada daco-romană în Almăj (sec.
I
î.Hr.
-
sec.
VI
d.Hr.)
........................................................................................... 126
3.2.2.2.
Evul Mediu almăjan
.................................................................... 128
3.2.2.3.
Ţara Almăjului sub stăpânirea Imperiului Habsburgic
............... 132
3.2.2.4.
Perioada militarizării satelor almăjene
....................................... 137
3.2.2.5.
Almăjul sub stăpânirea Austro-Ungară
...................................... 144
3.2.2.6.
Perioada interbelică
.................................................................... 146
3.2.2.7.
Situaţia politico-administrativă a Almăjului în timpul celui de¬
al doilea Război Mondial
(1939-1945)....................................... 147
3.2.2.8.
Ţara Almăjului în perioada dominaţiei regimului socialist
........ 148
3.2.2.9.
Actualele limite
politico-administrative ale
sistemului regional
Ţara Almăjului
............................................................................ 149
3.2.3.
Criteriul peisagistic
.................................................................................. 150
3.2.4.
Criteriul funcţional
.................................................................................. 151
IV.
COMPONENTA NATURALĂ A SISTEMULUI REGIONAL ŢARA
ALMĂJULUI
......................................................................................................... 153
4.1.
Componenta morfologică a Ţării Almăjului
..................................................... 153
4.1.1.
Evoluţia
paleogeografica
şi structura geologică, factori semnificativi
în individualizarea sistemului regional almăjan
...................................... 153
4.1.1.1.
Evoluţia
paleogeografica
............................................................ 153
4.1.1.2.
Structura geologică. Elemente de specificitate şi potenţial
economic
..................................................................................... 158
4.1.2.
Rolul reliefului în conturarea Ţării Almăjului
......................................... 163
4.1.2.1.
Regionarea
morfogeografică a sistemului teritorial almăjan
...... 163
4.1.3.
Specificul elementelor morfometrice ale reliefului şi rolul lor în
geneza şi evoluţia Ţării Almăjului
........................................................... 170
4.1.4.
Tipuri genetice de relief cu impact asupra diversificării economice şi
peisagistice a sistemului regional
............................................................ 179
4.1.5.
Relieful
-
factor de favorabilitate şi/sau restrictivitate în conturarea
Ţării Almăjului
........................................................................................ 181
4.1.5.1.
Corelaţia dintre relief şi celelalte elemente ale componentei
naturale a sistemului regional
..................................................... 182
4.1.5.2.
Corelaţia relief- componenta
geodemografica
şi de habitat
...... 183
4.1.6.
Regionarea
reliefului după criteriul funcţionalităţii economice
.............. 186
4.2.
Componenta climatică a Ţării Almăjului
.......................................................... 189
4.2.1.
Caracteristici generale ale climatului
...................................................... 189
4.2.2.
Particularităţile elementelor climatice
..................................................... 190
4.2.2.1.
Temperatura aerului
.................................................................... 190
4.2.2.2.
Durata de strălucire a Soarelui
.................................................... 193
4.2.2.3.
Nebulozitatea
.............................................................................. 194
4.2.2.4.
Precipitaţiile atmosferice
............................................................ 194
4.2.2.5.
Vântul...
..................................................................................... 196
4.2.3.
Diferenţieri climatice regionale
............................................................... 197
4.2.4.
Elemente climatice cu rol restrictiv în sistem
.......................................... 199
4.3.
Componenta hidrică a Ţării Almăjului
............................................................. 201
4.3.1.
Caractere generale ale reţelei hidrografice din sistemul regional
almăjan
..................................................................................................... 201
4.3.2.
Scurgerea apei
.......................................................................................... 206
4.3.3.
Rolul componentei hidrice în geneza şi evoluţia Ţării Almăjului
........... 213
4.3.4.
Aspecte problematice ale componentei hidrice
....................................... 215
4.4.
Componenta biopedogeografică
........................................................................ 217
4.4.1.
Consideraţii geografice privind vegetaţia Ţării Almăjului
...................... 217
4.4.1.1.
Regionarea
geografică
................................................................ 217
4.4.1.2.
Rolul componentei vegetale în sistem
........................................ 218
4.4.2.
Fauna
....................................................................................................... 221
4.4.3.
Solurile şi influenţa lor în sistemul regional Ţara Almăjului
.................. 222
4.4.3.1.
Tipologia şi
regionarea
solurilor din sistemul regional
almăjan
........................................................................................ 222
4.4.3.2.
Factori limitativi şi restrictivi în fertilitatea solurilor din Ţara
Almăjului
.............................................................................. ...... 226
V.
COMPONENTA GEODEMOGRAFICĂ ŞI DE HABITAT
.............................. 229
5.1.
Componenta geodemografică a Ţării Almăjului
............................................... 229
5.1.1.
Vechimea locuirii sistemului regional almăjan
....................................... 229
5.1.2.
Evoluţia numerică a populaţiei Ţării Almăjului
...................................... 234
5.1.2.1.
Evoluţia geodemografică pe comune
.......................................... 236
5.1.3.
Densitatea şi repartiţia spaţială a populaţiei
............................................ 242
5.1.4.
Dinamica populaţiei
................................................................................. 246
5.1.4.1.
Sporul natural
.............................................................................. 246
5.1.4.2.
Natalitatea
................................................................................... 248
5.1.4.3.
Mortalitatea
................................................................................. 248
5.1.5.
Sporul migratoriu
..................................................................................... 249
5.1.6.
Structura geodemografică
........................................................................ 251
5.1.6.1.
Structura pe sexe
......................................................................... 251
5.1.6.2.
Structura pe grupe de vârstă
....................................................... 253
5.1.6.3.
Structura matrimonială a populaţiei
............................................ 261
5.1.6.4.
Structura etnică
........................................................................... 262
5.1.6.5.
Structura lingvistică
.................................................................... 264
5.1.6.6.
Structura confesională
................................................................ 265
5.1.6.7.
Structura populaţiei pe medii
...................................................... 266
5.1.6.8.
Structura socio-economică a populaţiei
...................................... 266
5.2.
Componenta de habitat a Ţării Almăjului
......................................................... 273
5.2.1.
Factorii determinanţi în conturarea componentei de habitat a
sistemului regional almăjan
..................................................................... 273
5.2.2.
Ţara Almăjului
-
sistem regional pur rural
............................................. 274
5.2.3.
Vechimea şi evoluţia aşezărilor
............................................................... 278
5.2.4.
Specificitatea şi tipologia satelor almăjene
............................................. 284
5.2.4.1.
Clasificarea aşezărilor după formele de relief pe care se
inserează
..................................................................................... 286
5.2.4.2.
Clasificarea aşezărilor după mărime
........................................... 289
5.2.4.3.
Clasificarea morfologică a aşezărilor (după formă, structură şi
textură)
........................................................................................ 292
5.2.4.4.
Clasificarea funcţională a aşezărilor
........................................... 300
5.2.5.
Indicatori cantitativi cu rol în evidenţierea particularităţilor
componentei de habitat
............................................................................ 301
5.2.6.
Tipuri de peisaje rurale în Ţara Almăjului
.............................................. 304
VI.
COMPONENTA ECONOMICĂ A ŢĂRII ALMĂJULUI
307
6.1.
Agricultura. Tipuri şi forme de exploatare agricolă
.......................................... 307
6.1.1.
Premisele naturale ale activităţilor agricole
............................................. 307
6.1.2.
Caracteristicile social-economice
şi organizatorice ale agriculturii
almăjene înainte de instaurarea regimului socialist
................................. 309
6.1.2.1.
Particularităţi ale culturii plantelor
............................................. 309
6.1.2.2.
Particularităţi ale creşterii animalelor
......................................... 316
6.1.3.
Perioada sistemului socialist şi influenţa sa asupra agriculturii din
sistemul regional almăjan
........................................................................ 319
6.1.4.
Modificări produse la nivelul aspectelor social-economice şi
organizatorice ale agriculturii almăj
ene
după anul
1989......................... 326
6.1.4.1.
Specificităţi regionale privind modul de utilizare a
terenurilor
................................................................................... 327
6.1.4.2.
Specificul culturii plantelor după
1990....................................... 337
6.1.4.3.
Specificul creşterii animalelor după
1990.................................. 339
6.1.4.4.
Structura economică a populaţiei
-
mijloc de reflectare a
importanţei agriculturii în sistemul regional almăjan
................. 343
6.2.
Activităţile industriale şi rolul lor în conturarea sistemului regional almăjan.
Tipuri şi forme de valorificare industrială
......................................................... 344
6.2.1.
înainte de
1990........................................................................................ 344
6.2.2.
După trecerea la economia de piaţă
......................................................... 348
6.3.
Schimburi şi relaţii economice
.......................................................................... 352
6.4.
Căile de comunicaţie şi transporturile
............................................................... 353
6.5.
Turismul
-
o alternativă de dezvoltare a sistemului regional Ţara
Almăjului
..................................................................................................... ...... 356
6.5.1.
Resursele cadrului natural şi rolul lor în conturarea ofertei turistice a
Ţării Almăjului
........................................................................................ 357
6.5.2.
Resursele turistice antropice
.................................................................... 360
6.5.3.
Infrastructura turistică
.............................................................................. 370
6.5.4.
Analiza
SWOT
a fenomenului turistic din Ţara Almăjului
..................... 373
6.6.
Disparităţi economice în cadrul sistemului regional almăjan
........................... 374
VII.
CHOROTÍPUL
REGIONAL AL ŢĂRII ALMĂJULUI. ASPECTE
REFERITOARE LA DEZVOLTAREA REGIONALĂ
.................................... 377
Concluzii
........................................................................................................................ 381
Bibliografie
..................................................................................................................... 383
Anexe
.............................................................................................................................. 399
Contents
.......................................................................................................................... 403
Summary........................................................................................................................
407
Lista
de figuri
................................................................................................................. 435
Ţara Almăjului. Studiu de geografie regională
THE DELIMITATION
OF ALMAJ LAND.
THE CONCEPT OF
LIMITANO
THE CRITERIA TYPOLOGY
REPRESENTING THE BASIS OF THE PROCESS OF
INDIVIDUALISATION
OF
ALMĂJ
REGION
The concept of limit. Meanings and typology,
with direct application in shaping
Almăj
Land
Any territorial unit becomes relevant only after setting its spatial limits. The
concept of limit is an object of interdisciplinary study, adopting the most diverse
connotations such as endpoint, edge, line delimiting a region
(...)
territory, border and
boundary, point marking the end of a surface and end point that can be achieved by the
opportunities, the resources or the abilities of a person
f...) 9
In the land type regions, the limit is imposed by the analysis of the region as a
mental space, which involves a viable identification of elements ensuring its indoor unity
and giving it an identity. The limit is caused by the presence of thresholds and/or
discontinuities. However, the concept of limit may also relate to factors that hinder the
sustainable development of the territorial system, such as resource depletion, regional
disparities, social disparities, etc.
To define
Almăj
regional identity, we have turned to several types of limits:
■
natural limits. Their identification has been a relatively simple process due to the
uniformity of the landscape elements, which has simplified the identification of major
discontinuities that could cause aesthetic and functional changes of the system. From this
point of view, the topography and the hydrograph are very relevant for
Almăj
Land. From
an
orographie
point of view, the region analyzed perfectly overlaps the intra-mountainous
Bozovici depression
(Almăj),
the surrounding mountain massifs
(Semenic
Mountains,
Almăj
Mountains,
Anina
Mountains and, partially, Locvei Mountains), functioning as true
natural limits, barriers, gaps, which are very stable over time. The geology of the area is
important through the limit required between the hearth of the depression (composed of
sedimentary rocks) and the mountain frame (with a crystalline basis). The
Nera
hydrographical basin flows between the limits imposed by relief and geology, containing
the oldest traces of population and the first elements of the community component, dating
from the 15th century. The vegetation (especially the forests) set as a limit between the built
and agriculturally valued space and the uninhabited one. The natural limits of the
Almăj
Land regional system allow the communication of the region with the exterior only
through three parts, which is why we have named the region a semi-closed territorial
system.
■
institutional boundaries
(political-administrativeJ.Almà)
Land has self-
organized very well (aspect favoured by its natural frame), this involving a very small
variation of its political-administrative boundaries, in terms of the spatial extension. The
only problem in this regard has existed in the eastern region, which is bordered by another
9 *** 1998,
DEX,
Ediţia
a
2-а,
Edit.
Univers Enciclopedic, Bucureşti, p77.
412
Ana-Neli
IANĂŞ
micro-region, known in history by the name of Craina. The political-administrative limit
was once questioned by the belonging to
Almăj
Land of some localities from Craina. This
was the case of
Lăpuşnicel
and
Pârvova
settlements, located in the close proximity of the
administrative border of the village of Prigor, the easternmost village of the system. The
field investigations have shown, however, with
100%
certainty that the political-
administrative limits stop nowadays at the saddle of
Pârvova
(Pirova),
without the locality
that bears its name belonging to the region studied. Thus,
Almăj
Land now belongs
entirely to
Caraş-Severin
county (occupying the south-eastern part of it) and unfolds on the
administrative territory of seven communes
(Bănia,
Bozovici,
Dalboşeţ, Eftimie
Murgu,
Lăpuşnicu
Mare, Prigor and
Şopotu Nou),
encompassing an area of about
1144
km2.
■
social limits. Limits are relative and determined following the application of
several criteria: ethnic, ethnographic, economic, cultural, and spiritual. Regardless of the
criterion used for a correct delineation of the regional system analysed, it is important to
note that Bozovici Depression
(Almăj),
having the role of natural frame, has to support all
these elements. This aspect has been supported in this case by various practical means (the
questionnaire and the interview), designed to highlight the ethnographic and cultural
aspects (customs, traditions, etc.), unfolding in this depression support of the natural
frame, increasing its role and spiritual value. This limit category can be overlapped or
included very well within the mental limits category, helping the shaping of the identity
and the mentality of
Almăj
community. However, the social limits impose intra-regional
limits, not only inter-regional limits. They are in the form of thresholds in the system,
whether it is about the ethnographic aspects which differ from one locality and the other
(especially folk costumes), and from one ethnic group to another (the Czechs are compared
with the
Almăj
inhabitants, them being the largest minority in the region), whether it is
about the economic aspects, that can generate regional disparities in the system, especially
in terms of economic functionality.
■
functional limits. The natural limits can easily overcome the interregional level
by developing trade relations between
Almăj
Land and the neighbouring regions. At an
intra-regional level, functional limits are essential for each relief stage as follows:
mountain stage
-
we can assign a predominantly industrial functionality, provided by the
intensive exploitation of wood resources; the agro-pastoral functionality is specific to the
piedmont due to the extensive areas of pastures and meadows, as well as horticulture which
has a prominent place among the region s agricultural activities; while the depression stage
and
Nera
valley have a predominantly agricultural function, based on the cultures of
cereals and fodder.
■
complex limits. These have resulted from the application of several criteria in the
regionalisation
process that had the largest role in harmonizing the relations between all
the parts of the region, finally ensuring the optimal function of the entire system from
Almăj
Land.
413
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Ianăş, Ana-Neli |
| author_facet | Ianăş, Ana-Neli |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Ianăş, Ana-Neli |
| author_variant | a n i ani |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040356526 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)812216046 (DE-599)BVBBV040356526 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Valea Almăjului (DE-588)4819736-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Valea Almăjului |
| id | DE-604.BV040356526 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:22:21Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789735953461 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025210469 |
| oclc_num | 812216046 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 440 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Presa Univ. Clujeană |
| record_format | marc |
| series | "Ţările" României |
| series2 | "Ţările" României |
| spelling | Ianăş, Ana-Neli Verfasser aut Ţara Almăjului studiu de geografie regională Ana-Neli Ianăş Cluj-Napoca Presa Univ. Clujeană 2011 440 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "Ţările" României 10 Zsfassung und Inh.-Verz. in engl. Sprache Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Bevölkerung (DE-588)4006287-9 gnd rswk-swf Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 gnd rswk-swf Region (DE-588)4049029-4 gnd rswk-swf Valea Almăjului (DE-588)4819736-1 gnd rswk-swf Valea Almăjului (DE-588)4819736-1 g Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 s Region (DE-588)4049029-4 s Bevölkerung (DE-588)4006287-9 s Geschichte z DE-604 "Ţările" României 10 (DE-604)BV035155521 10 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025210469&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025210469&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Ianăş, Ana-Neli Ţara Almăjului studiu de geografie regională "Ţările" României Bevölkerung (DE-588)4006287-9 gnd Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 gnd Region (DE-588)4049029-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006287-9 (DE-588)4020216-1 (DE-588)4049029-4 (DE-588)4819736-1 |
| title | Ţara Almăjului studiu de geografie regională |
| title_auth | Ţara Almăjului studiu de geografie regională |
| title_exact_search | Ţara Almăjului studiu de geografie regională |
| title_full | Ţara Almăjului studiu de geografie regională Ana-Neli Ianăş |
| title_fullStr | Ţara Almăjului studiu de geografie regională Ana-Neli Ianăş |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ţara Almăjului studiu de geografie regională Ana-Neli Ianăş |
| title_short | Ţara Almăjului |
| title_sort | tara almajului studiu de geografie regionala |
| title_sub | studiu de geografie regională |
| topic | Bevölkerung (DE-588)4006287-9 gnd Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 gnd Region (DE-588)4049029-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bevölkerung Geografie Region Valea Almăjului |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025210469&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025210469&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV035155521 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ianasananeli taraalmajuluistudiudegeografieregionala |