Critical thinking:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Socorro
Advanced Reasoning Forum
2012
|
| Ausgabe: | 3. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 441 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9781938421006 |
Internformat
MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804149376796327936 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | IMAGE 1
CRITICAL THINKING
THIRD EDITION
CAST OF CHARACTERS
PREFACE TO THE STUDENT PREFACE TO THE INSTRUCTOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
THE FUNDAMENTALS
1 CRITICAL THINKING? A. ARE YOU CONVINCED? . B. CLAIMS ..
C. ARGUMENTS . . . .
SUMMARY .
* EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 1
WRITING LESSON 1 .
2 WHAT ARE WE ARGUING ABOUT? A. VAGUE SENTENCES I. TOO VAGUE? . . . . .
2. AMBIGUOUS SENTENCES .
* EXERCISES FOR SECTION A .
B. SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE CLAIMS * EXERCISES FOR SECTION B . . . .
C. PRESCRIPTIVE CLAIMS AND VALUE JUDGMENTS .
* EXERCISES FOR SECTION C D. DEFINITIONS . . . . . .
* EXERCISES FOR SEETION D SUMMARY .
* EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 2
WRITING LESSON 2 .
3 WHAT IS A GOOD ARGUMENT? A. GOOD REASON TO BELIEVE . . . . . . . . .
B. THE CONCLUSION FOLLOWS FROM THE PREMISES .
C. THE TESTS FOR AN ARGUMENT TO BE GOOD .
* EXERCISES FOR SECTIONS A-C D. STRONG VS. VALID ARGUMENTS.
SUMMARY .
* EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 3 . . . .
1 2 4 7
7
12
13 16 17 19 23 24 25
26 30 31
32
35
37 38 42 46 48 48 49
IMAGE 2
WRITING LESSON 3
53
CARTOON WRITING LESSON A 55
4 REPAIRING ARGUMENTS A. WE NEED TO REPAIR ARGUMENTS 59
B. THE PRINCIPLE OF RATIONAL DISCUSSION 60
C. THE GUIDE TO REPAIRING ARGUMENTS 61
D. RELEVANCE 68
* EXERCISES FOR SECTIONS A-D 69
E. INFERRING AND IMPLYING . 74
* EXERCISES FOR SECTION E 75
SUMMARY 76
WRITING LESSON 4 78
CARTOON WRITING LESSON B 80
5 IS THAT TRUE? A. EVALUATING PREMISES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 83
B. CRITERIA FOR ACCEPTING OR REJECTING CLAIMS 1. PERSONAL EXPERIENCE. .
. . . 84
* EXERCISES FOR SECTIONS A AND B.L . . . . 86
2. OTHER SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . 87
SUMMARY: WHEN TO ACCEPT AND WHEN TO REJECT 90
* EXERCISES FOR SECTION B . . . . . . . . . 91
C. ADVERTISING AND THE INTERNET ADVERTISING . . . . . . 94
THE INTERNET. . . . . . . . 94
* EXERCISES FOR SEETION C . . 95
D. COMMON MISTAKES IN EVALUATING PREMISES 1. ARGUING BACKWARDS . . . . .
. . . . 96
2. CONFUSING POSSIBILITY WITH PLAUSIBILITY 97
3. BAD APPEALS TO AUTHORITY. . . . . . . 97
4. MISTAKING THE PERSON FOR THE CLAIM . . 97
5. MISTAKING THE PERSON FOR THE ARGUMENT 98
* EXERCISES FOR SECTION D 99
SUMMARY ..... 101
WRITING LESSON 5
REVIEW CHAPTERS 1-5 * REVIEW EXERCISES . .
103
107
108
IMAGE 3
TUE STRUCTURE OF ARGUMENTS
6 COMPOUNDCLAIMS A. CONSIDER THE ALTERNATIVES I. COMPOUND CLAIMS AND
OR CLAIMS 2. THE CONTRADICTORY OF A CLAIM . .
* EXERCISES FOR SECTIONS AL AND A2 3. REASONING WITH OR CLAIMS 4.
FALSE DILEMMAS * EXERCISES FOR SECTION A . . .
B. CONDITIONALS 1. CONDITIONALS AND THEIR CONTRADICTORIES * EXERCISES
FOR SECTION B.I . . . . . .
2. NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS .
* EXERCISES FOR SEETION B.2 . . . . . .
3. VALID AND WEAK FORMS OF ARGUMENTS USING CONDITIONALS * EXERCISES FOR
SECTION B.3 . . . . . . . . .
4. REASONING IN A CHAIN AND THE SLIPPERY SLOPE 5. REASONING FROM
HYPOTHESES SUMMARY .
* EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 6
WRITING LESSON 6 .
CARTOON WRITING LESSON C
113 114 115
116 118 119
120 122 124 125
127 131 132 133
134 135
139
145
7 COUNTERARGUMENTS A RAISING OBJECTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .. 147
B. REFUTING AN ARGUMENT 1. REFUTING DIRECTLY . . . . . . . . . . . 149
2. REFUTING INDIRECTLY . . . . . . . . . . 149
3. ATTEMPTS TO REFUTE THAT ARE BAD ARGUMENTS 151
SUMMARY 152
* EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 7 153
WRITING LESSON 7
8 GENERAL CLAIMS A GENERAL CLAIMS AND THEIR CONTRADICTORIES . *
EXERCISES FOR SECTION A . . .
B. SOME VALID AND INVALID FORMS * EXERCISES FOR SEETION B C. BETWEEN ONE
AND ALL * EXERCISES FOR SEETION C
SUMMARY .
155
159 162 163 167
170 172 173
IMAGE 4
WRITING LESSON 8 .
REVIEW CHAPTERS 6-8 * REVIEW EXERCISES . .
AVOIDING BAD ARGUMENTS
9 CONCEALED CLAIMS A. WHERE S THE ARGUMENT? B. LOADED QUESTIONS . . .
C. WHAT DID YOU SAY?
1. MAKING IT SOUND NASTY OR NICE 2. DOWNPLAYERS AND UP-PLAYERS .
3. WHERE S THE PROOF? ....
4. INNUENDOS . . . . . . . .
D. SLANTERS AND GOOD ARGUMENTS .
SUMMARY .
* EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 9 .
10 TOO MUCH EMOTION APPEALS TO EMOTION . . .
* EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 10
11 FALLACIES A SUMMARY OFBAD ARGUMENTS A. WHAT IS A FALLACY? . B.
STRUCTURAL FALLACIES .
C. CONTENT FALLACIES . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D. VIOLATING THE PRINCIPLE OF RATIONAL DISCUSSION .
E. IS THIS REALLY AMISTAKE? .
F. SO IT S BAD, SO WHAT?
* EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 11
WRITING LESSON 9 ..
CARTOON WRITING LESSON D
ARGUMENTS FOR ANALYSIS
SHORT ARGUMENTS FOR ANALYSIS .
COMPLEX ARGUMENTS FOR ANALYSIS THE STRUCTURE OF ARGUMENTS ..... *
EXERCISES ON THE STRUCTURE OF ARGUMENTS EXAMPLES OF ANALYSIS . . . . . .
* COMPLEX ARGUMENTS FOR ANALYSIS . . . . .
174
175
176
181 182
182 183 184
185 185 186 186
191 195
199 199 201 202 202 203 204
206
207
211
221 225 226 233
IMAGE 5
REASONING ABOUT OUR EXPERIENCE
12 REASONING BY ANALOGY A. WHAT IS REASONING BY ANALOGY? B. AN EXAMPLE
C. JUDGING ANALOGIES .
D. ANALOGIES IN THE LAW SUMMARY . . . . . .
* EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 12
WRITING LESSON 10
13 NUMBERS? A. MISLEADING CLAIMS WITH NUMBERS B. GRAPHS .
C. AVERAGES . . . . . .
SUMMARY .
* EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 13
14 GENERALIZING
A. GENERALIZING . . . . .
* EXERCISES FOR SECTION A B. WHAT IS A GOOD SAMPIE?
1. HOW YOU CAN GO WRONG 2. REPRESENTATIVE SAMPIES * EXERCISES FOR
SECTION B .
C. WHEN IS A GENERALIZATION GOOD?
1. SAMPIE SIZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. IS THE SAMPIE STUDIED WEIL? .
3. THREE PREMISES NEEDED FOR A GOOD GENERALIZATION 4. THE MARGIN OF
ERROR AND CONFIDENCE LEVEL 5. VARIATION IN THE POPULATION 6. RISK .
7. ANALOGIES AND GENERALIZATIONS SUMMARY .
* EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 14 . . . . .
15 CAUSE AND ETTECT A. WHAT IS THE CAUSE? 1. CAUSES AND EFFECTS . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
2. THE NORMAL CONDITIONS .... . . . . . . . . .
3. PARTICULAR CAUSES, GENERALIZATIONS, AND GENERAL CAUSES * EXERCISES
FOR SECTIONS A.I-A.3 .
253 254 256 257
259 259
265
268 270 273 274 275
279 281
283 284 286
287 288 288 289
290 290 291 291
292
302 303 303 304
IMAGE 6
4. THE CAUSE PRECEDES THE EFFECT
5. THE CAUSE MAKES A DIFFERENCE 6. OVERLOOKING A COMMON CAUSE 7. TRACING
THE CAUSE BACKWARDS .
8. CRITERIA FOR CAUSE AND EFFECT .
9. TWO MI STAKES IN EVALUATING CAUSE AND EFFECT * EXERCISES FOR SECTION
A . . . .
B. EXAMPLES. . . . . . . . . . .
* EXERCISES FOR SECTIONS A AND B .
C. HOW TO LOOK FOR THE CAUSE . .
* EXERCISES FOR SECTION C . . . .
D. CAUSE AND EFFECT IN POPULATIONS .
I. CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT: CAUSE-TO-EFFECT 2. UNCONTROLLED EXPERIMENT:
CAUSE-TO-EFFECT 3. UNCONTROLLED EXPERIMENT: EFFECT-TO-CAUSE * EXERCISES
FOR SECTION D SUMMARY .
WRITING LESSON 11
CARTOON WRITING LESSON E
REVIEW CHAPTERS 12-15 * REVIEW EXERCISES . .
EVALUATING REASONING
COMPOSING GOOD ARGUMENTS.
CARTOON WRITING LESSON F
WRITING LESSON 12
MAKING DECISIONS
APPENDICES
USING EXAMPLES IN REASONING A. EXAMPLES FOR DEFINITIONS AND METHODS B.
SHOWING A GENERAL CLAIM IS FALSE .
C. SHOWING AN ARGUMENT IS NOT VALID SUMMARY .
* EXERCISES ON EXAMPLES . . . . . . .
305 305 305 306 307 308 310 310 315 317 318 320 320 321 321 323 329
331
337
339 340
341
345
347
349
351
355 356 356 357
357
IMAGE 7
TRUTH- TABLES
A. SYMBOLS AND TRUTH- TABLES . . . . . .
B. THE TRUTH- VALUE OF A COMPOUND CLAIM * EXERCISES FOR SEETIONS A AND B
.
C. REPRESENTING CLAIMS . .
* EXERCISES FOR SECTION C D. CHECKING FOR VALIDITY .
* EXERCISES FOR SECTION D SUMMARY .
ARISTOTELIAN LOGIC A. THE TRADITION . . .
B. CATEGORICAL CLAIMS * EXERCISES FOR SECTION B C. CONTRADICTORIES.
CONTRARIES, AND SUBCONTRARIES .
* EXERCISES FOR SECTION C D. SYLLOGISMS . . . . . .
* EXERCISES FOR SECTION D
DIAGRAMMING ARGUMENTS A. DIAGRAMS . . . . . . .
* EXERCISES FOR SECTION A B. COUNTERARGUMENTS . . .
* EXERCISES FOR SECTION B
GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . .
ANSWERS TO SELEETED EXERCISES
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
359 362 364 365 367
368 370 372
373 374 375 378
380 381 383
385 388 389 390
391
400
437
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040342648 |
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| edition | 3. ed. |
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| spellingShingle | Epstein, Richard L. Critical thinking Kritisches Denken (DE-588)4231288-7 gnd Unterricht (DE-588)4062005-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4231288-7 (DE-588)4062005-0 |
| title | Critical thinking |
| title_auth | Critical thinking |
| title_exact_search | Critical thinking |
| title_full | Critical thinking Richard L. Epstein |
| title_fullStr | Critical thinking Richard L. Epstein |
| title_full_unstemmed | Critical thinking Richard L. Epstein |
| title_short | Critical thinking |
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