Modern-day piracy:
Gespeichert in:
Format: | Buch |
---|---|
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Detroit
Greenhaven Press
2012
|
Schriftenreihe: | Current controversies
|
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references (p. 202-206) and index |
Beschreibung: | 219 p. 24 cm |
ISBN: | 9780737760286 9780737760293 |
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264 | 1 | |a Detroit |b Greenhaven Press |c 2012 | |
300 | |a 219 p. |c 24 cm | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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490 | 0 | |a Current controversies | |
500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. 202-206) and index | ||
650 | 4 | |a Politik | |
650 | 4 | |a Pirates |z Somalia |y 21st century | |
650 | 4 | |a Hijacking of ships |z Somalia |y 21st century | |
650 | 4 | |a Maritime terrorism |z Somalia |y 21st century | |
650 | 4 | |a Piracy |x Prevention | |
650 | 4 | |a Piracy |x Prevention |x Government policy | |
650 | 4 | |a Shipping |x Security measures | |
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adam_text |
Contents
Foreword
13
Introduction
16
Chapter
1:
What Is the Scope of Today's
Maritime Piracy?
Chapter Preface
21
Piracy Is Flourishing in Many
24
Key Shipping Lanes
James G. Stavridis and Richard E. LeBron
Piracy at sea has been a problem throughout history and
it continues to flourish today, particularly in the waters
off the Horn of Africa. Pirates from the weak, poor, and
unstable nation of Somalia hijack vessels at sea
—
a highly
lucrative crime. Only by joining together can the world's
governments exert influence at sea and on land to end
this scourge.
Attacks by Somali Pirates Have Increased
32
in Recent Years
Raymond Gilpin
Decades of political unrest, poverty, and crime in Soma¬
lia have led to a phenomenon of brazen maritime piracy
in the Indian Ocean off the Somalian coast. This piracy
retards economic development and political stability in
Somalia, raises the costs of global shipping, and has
caused loss of life.
Somali Pirates Are Becoming More
38
Sophisticated and Daring in Their Attacks
Lauren
Ploch,
Christopher
M. Blanchard,
Ronald
O'Rourke, R. Chuck Mason, and Rawle O. King
Piracy re-emerged in various areas of the world in the
1990s,
but in the last few years more than half the pirate
attacks have occurred in the waters off the Horn of Af¬
rica. The number of pirate attacks in this region nearly
doubled between
2008
and
2009—
from 111 to
217—
and
attacks have continued since. At first Somali pirates at¬
tacked ships sailing close to Somalia's coast, but as ships
have moved further out to sea, the pirates have followed,
taking hostages for ransom and becoming ever more so¬
phisticated in their operations.
Somali Pirates Raise Ransom Stakes
49
Colin Freeman
Although pirates from Somalia in the past have treated
hostages well, pirate gangs have now become much more
ruthless and violent in their quest for ever higher ran¬
soms. Another development is the pirates' use of mother
ships to hold hostages. Some experts now believe that pi¬
rate ships should be sunk on sight.
Somali Piracy Is Threatening Global
54
Shipping and Manufacturing
Stephanie Nail
Piracy is sharply increasing the cost of cargo insurance
for goods shipped to East
African
ports or through the
Gulf of Aden, where Somali pirates often attack. Some
insurance companies are also offering separate kidnap
and ransom policies. These extra costs and the danger
for ship personnel are also causing some carriers to con¬
sider changing their routes, and all these factors are in¬
creasing manufacturing costs.
Somalia's Piracy Problem Affects
58
All Nations
Claude
Beruhe
Piracy off Somalia's coast may not directly affect US na¬
tional security
—
because few US ships have been tar¬
geted
—
but its consequences affect all countries. Increased
shipping insurance rates, rising ransom demands, im¬
pacts on trade and local economies, and the potential
that terrorists may begin to employ pirate tactics are
causing concern for everyone in the international com¬
munity.
Chapter
2:
Is Piracy Connected
to Terrorism?
Chapter Preface
63
Yes: Piracy Is Connected to Terrorism
The Somali Pirates Are Islamic Jihadists
66
Robert Spencer
Al-Shabaab, a group of Islamic jihadists in Somalia that
has links with
al
Qaeda
and wants to control Somalia, is
using piracy to fund its terrorist activities. This not only
poses a continued threat to shipping but also creates a
terrorist threat for the region and for the United States.
Somali Pirates Are Financing
69
Islamic Terrorists
Mohamed
Ahmed and Abdi Sheikh
Somali pirates from the coastal town of Haradheere have
agreed to give the militant Islamic group al-Shabaab
20
percent of their ransoms. Al-Shabaab also has demanded
the right to board hijacked ships to monitor the pirates'
activities. These developments significantly raise the
threat of piracy and the risks for hostages.
No: Piracy Is Not Connected to Terrorism
The Maritime Dimension of International
72
Security: Terrorism, Piracy, and Challenges
for the United States: Summary
Peter Chalk
Experts in the West fear that Islamic terrorists may be
expanding into sea-based terrorism, but evidence of a
connection between terrorism and piracy has yet to
emerge. In addition, the motivation for piracy and ter¬
rorism is different; pirates seek financial gain while ter¬
rorists usually have political goals.
Somali Pirates Do Not Appear
78
to Be Connected to the Somali
Islamist Movement
Karine
Hamilton
Given the increase in piracy off the coast of Somalia in
recent years, combined with the rise of an Islamist move¬
ment in the country, security officials worry about the
risks of maritime terrorism affecting world trade. Al¬
though reliable information is hard to find, the weight of
current evidence strongly suggests that Somalia pirates
are motivated by economic rather than terrorist motives.
The Somali Islamist Group al-Shabaab
85
Actually Deters Somali Piracy
Somalia Report
Rumors have spread that Somali pirates pay commissions
to al-Shabaab, a Somalia-based Islamist group with ties
to terrorism, and that al-Shabaab helps to arm and train
the pirates. The truth is, however, that al-Shabaab disap¬
proves of pirate operations because they interfere with
the group's main source of income
—
port taxes and ship¬
ments of goods. There is no proof that piracy is linked to
terrorism.
Chapter
3:
Should Ransoms Be
Paid to Pirates?
Chapter Preface
92
Yes: Ransoms Should Be Paid to Pirates
Pirates Treat Hostages Well If Ransoms
95
Are Paid
Center for Strategic and International Studies
In
2011,
the United States changed its policy concerning
piracy and decided not to pay a ransom, instead having
navy snipers fatally shoot three pirates holding an Ameri¬
can ship's captain hostage. Although this effort freed the
captain, this more aggressive stance toward piracy will
likely remove the economic incentive for pirates to treat
hostages humanely, encourage pirates to become more
violent, and endanger the lives of future hostages.
Paying Ransoms Is the Only Available
98
Response to Piracy for Ship Owners
Charles Marts
There are very few options available to governments when
ships are hijacked because of the risk of endangering the
lives of the crew held hostage onboard. Given the lack of
a satisfactory public response, paying ransoms is the only
way a ship owner can retrieve its ship and cargo, obtain
release of hostages, and avoid the risk of environmental
disasters such as oil spills.
Penalizing Ship Owners for Paying 111
Ransoms Is Unfair
Ince
&
Company International LLP
It makes no sense to impose sanctions on ship owners
who pay ransoms to pirates, as the United States may
consider doing, because it would only punish the victims
and would not prevent future attacks. Ship owners pay
ransoms as a cost of doing business because the ransom
is a minor percentage of the value of the ships and the
cargo being held hostage. A better approach is to more
aggressively prosecute pirates.
No: Ransoms Should Not Be Paid to Pirates
Appeasement of Pirates Has Never Worked
119
Joseph
Varah
When Algerian terrorists
—
called the
Barbary
pirates
—
attacked US merchant ships in the
1
800s, US Secretary of
State Thomas Jefferson proposed the building of a navy
to rescue hostages and deter future attacks. As president,
Jefferson sent troops to North Africa, and piracy ended
with France's occupation of Algeria. As Jefferson under¬
stood, appeasement of pirates never works; it only en¬
courages more piracy.
Paying Ransoms to Pirates Only
123
Exacerbates Terrorism
liana Freedman
Western values see each life as valuable so the inclination
is to pay ransoms to ensure the safe return of hostages
held by pirates. Appeasement is the worst strategy, how¬
ever, because it only encourages even more terrorism in
the future. Pirates see the willingness to negotiate as a
weakness and learn that high prices will be paid to save
hostages' lives.
Pirates Should Be Confronted Not Paid
129
Abdon M.
Pallasch
According to Illinois Senator Mark Kirk, the United States
should ban the payment of ransoms to Somali pirates
and should encourage a policy that allows merchant ships
to carry arms in order to defend themselves against pi¬
rate attacks. This strategy could pose a risk to the hun¬
dreds of hostages currently being held by pirates, but it is
the best way to put an end to piracy.
Chapter
4:
How Should the US and
Other Nations Combat Pirate Attacks?
Chapter Preface
133
Multiple Approaches Must Be Taken
137
to Manage the Piracy Problem
Andrew J. Shapiro
The root cause of Somali piracy is state failure in Soma¬
lia, and this cannot be improved overnight, but the
United States can improve its antipiracy efforts in the
meantime. This involves taking a number of different
measures to manage the piracy problem, focusing on
four key areas: prosecuting pirates, targeting pirate lead¬
ers, expanding US military operations, and encouraging
the shipping industry to employ piracy deterrents.
Shipping Nations Should Coordinate
148
Efforts to Prosecute Pirates
James
Kraska
and Brian Wilson
Somalian piracy is out of control and will continue until
effective deterrents are created. Since Somalia itself is un¬
able to provide these deterrents, the international com¬
munity must work together to create a system for the
prosecution and punishment of pirates.
The International Community Must Work
159
with Africans to Combat Piracy
Michael L. Baker
Despite the deployment of an international naval flotilla
to police the waters off Somalia, Somali piracy is expand¬
ing. To end Somali piracy in the long term, the interna¬
tional community must build partnerships with African
nations, both to respond to piracy operations and to
protect Somali waters from illegal fishing and dumping.
Counterterrorism Measures Must Be
164
Applied to Piracy
fames Jay Carafano and
Jon Rodeback
Somali piracy is fast becoming a US security issue, but
this threat can only be ended if the United States and
other countries move from a defensive to an offensive
strategy. Instead of trying to protect ships, shipping coun¬
tries should apply a counterterrorism approach to piracy
by using intelligence gathering to track pirates' activities
and financial transactions, denying them safe haven by
attacking their bases of operation, and targeting their
leaders for prosecution.
Military Action and Foreign Aid Must Be
174
Used to Eliminate Pirate Sanctuaries
Bernd Debusmann
The efforts to end piracy using seaborne operations is
doomed to failure because naval patrols are ineffective
and prosecution of pirates is very difficult. The way to
solve piracy is to use military action and international
aid to eliminate the sanctuaries that the failed nation of
Somalia provides for pirates on land. This will never
happen, however, because no country is prepared to take
such actions.
A
Long-Term
Piracy Solution Requires
178
Addressing Somalia's Poverty and Politics
Rubriek Biegon
Despite deployment of the largest antipiracy naval flotilla
in history, Somali piracy continues and is becoming ever
more brazen. Somalia is one of the poorest countries in
the world, and its political instability allows piracy to
flourish. Ultimately, the solution to piracy must be found
on land, in Somalia's poverty-stricken communities that
are home to the pirates.
Supporting Somalia's Transitional
185
Government Can Help Combat Piracy
Ken Menkhaus, John Prendergast, and
Colin Thomas-Jensen
The Barack
Obama
administration must resist calling for
immediate actions against pirates and terrorists in Soma¬
lia and focus instead on helping
Somalis
establish a stable
nation. This means supporting the current efforts toward
democratic elections and creating a moderate Islamic
government in Somalia, so that it can fight piracy and
the threat of terrorism within its borders.
Organizations to Contact
197
Bibliography
202
Index
207 |
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spelling | Modern-day piracy Debra A. Miller, book editor Detroit Greenhaven Press 2012 219 p. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Current controversies Includes bibliographical references (p. 202-206) and index Politik Pirates Somalia 21st century Hijacking of ships Somalia 21st century Maritime terrorism Somalia 21st century Piracy Prevention Piracy Prevention Government policy Shipping Security measures Merchant marine Security measures Seeräuberei (DE-588)4128013-1 gnd rswk-swf Somalia (DE-588)4077509-4 gnd rswk-swf Somalia (DE-588)4077509-4 g Seeräuberei (DE-588)4128013-1 s DE-604 Miller, Debra A. 1953- Sonstige (DE-588)134194551 oth Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025171145&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Modern-day piracy Politik Pirates Somalia 21st century Hijacking of ships Somalia 21st century Maritime terrorism Somalia 21st century Piracy Prevention Piracy Prevention Government policy Shipping Security measures Merchant marine Security measures Seeräuberei (DE-588)4128013-1 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4128013-1 (DE-588)4077509-4 |
title | Modern-day piracy |
title_auth | Modern-day piracy |
title_exact_search | Modern-day piracy |
title_full | Modern-day piracy Debra A. Miller, book editor |
title_fullStr | Modern-day piracy Debra A. Miller, book editor |
title_full_unstemmed | Modern-day piracy Debra A. Miller, book editor |
title_short | Modern-day piracy |
title_sort | modern day piracy |
topic | Politik Pirates Somalia 21st century Hijacking of ships Somalia 21st century Maritime terrorism Somalia 21st century Piracy Prevention Piracy Prevention Government policy Shipping Security measures Merchant marine Security measures Seeräuberei (DE-588)4128013-1 gnd |
topic_facet | Politik Pirates Somalia 21st century Hijacking of ships Somalia 21st century Maritime terrorism Somalia 21st century Piracy Prevention Piracy Prevention Government policy Shipping Security measures Merchant marine Security measures Seeräuberei Somalia |
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