The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Regierungsdokument Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York [u.a.]
United Nations
2011
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. rev. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Environmental performance reviews
34 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXX, 245 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789211170542 9789210551823 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia |c Economic Commission for Europe, Committee on Environmental Policy |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Environmental performance reviews / The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia |
| 250 | |a 2. rev. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York [u.a.] |b United Nations |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a XXX, 245 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Environmental performance reviews |v 34 | |
| 490 | 0 | |a United Nations publication | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804149340010184704 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | xm
CONTENTS
Page
Foreword.
..............................................................................................................................................................
iii
Preface
.........................................:...........................................................................................................................
v
List of team members
............................................................................................................................................
vii
List of contributors
..............................................................................................................................................viii
List of abbreviations
............................................................................................................................................xxi
Signs and measures
...........................................................................................................................................xxiii
Currency conversion table
.................................................................................................................................xxiv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
........................................................·..;................................:.................................xxv
INTRODUCTON
1.1 Physical context
........................................................................................................................1
1.2
Human context
..............................................................................................;...........................2
1.3
Historical and economic context
...............................................................................................3
1.4
Political organization and institutions
....................................................................................„5
PARTI: POLICYMAKING, PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION
Chapter
1
Policymaking framework for sustainable development and environmental protection
1.1
Legislation
..........................................................................................,...................................13
1.2
National and Local Action Plans..
..........................................................................................16
1.3
National strategies and policies
..............................................................................................18
1.4
Institutional framework
..........................................................................................................23
1.5
Conclusions and recommendations
............;...........................................................................29
Chapter
2
Compliance and enforcement mechanisms
2.1
Developments since the first EPR
.............................................................·,............................31
2.2
Mechanisms for compliance arid enforcement of environmental policies, strategies,
plans, and legislation
..............................................................................................................31
2.3
Environmental enforcement authorities
................................................................................34
2.4
Assessment tools
....................................................................................................................37
2.5
Emission standards and their enforcement
.............................................................................42
2.6
Conclusions and recommendations
...................................;....„,............................................42
Chapters Monitoring, information, public participation and education
3.1
Introduction
............................................................................................................................45
3.2
Environmental monitoring
.....................................................................................................45
3.3
Information management and reporting
................................................................................51
3.4
PubHc participation..............
...................................................................................................53
3.5
Environmental education and education for sustainable development
...................................56
3.6
Legal and policy-making framework
.....................................................................................58
3.7
Conclusions and recommendations
.........................,.................·.........,...,...............................61
Chapter
4
Implementation of international agreements and commitments
4.1
Major developments since the first EPR in
2002
„.v.i·.,..^..^.......^.^...^..^......^..^^.^.«.^^
4.2
Framework for international cooperation
...........................................................................„..63
4.3
International cooperation and donor coordination
................................
і,........:......
.................66
4.4
Bilateral and trilateral cooperation...
..........................................,...:.
^.i.............:....
.............68
4.5
Cooperation in multilateral and regional environmental agreements..
.¿.«¿..¿.^.....^...„.....ЛО.
4.6
ЗщіаішМе
developme^
XIV
Page
PART II: ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES
Chapter
S
Economic instruments and expenditures for environmental protection
5.1
Macroeconomic
background
..................................................................................................83
5.2
Economic instruments for environmental protection
.............................................................83
5.3
Environmental financing and expenditures
............................................................................90
5.4
Conclusions and recommendations
........................................................................................93
PART III: INTEGRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS INTO ECONOMIC SECTORS
AND PROMOTION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Chapter
6
Prevention and control of environmental pollution
6.1
Introduction
............................................................................................................................97
6.2
Trends
.....................................................................................................................................97
6.3
Policy, legal and institutional framework
.............................................................................108
6.4
Conclusions and recommendations
......................................................................................112
Chapter
7
Sustainable management of water resources
7.1
Introduction
..........................................................................................................................115
7.2
Water resources
....................................................................................................................115
7.3
Water quality and monitoring (surface water, ground water)
...............................................118
7.4.
Water use and wastewater
....................................................................................................124
7.5
Water policies and legal framework
.....................................................................................129
7.6
Institutional framework and responsibilities
........................................................................131
7.7
Conclusions and recommendations
......................................................................................132
Chapter
8
Waste management
8.1
Situation since the first EPR
.................................................................................................135
8.2
Waste generation
.................................................,.................................................................135
8.3
Waste collection, recycling and disposal
.............................................................................139
8.4
From municipal disposal sites to regional landfills
..............................................................142
8.5
Economic management of waste
..........................................................................................143
8.6
Legal, policy and institutional framework
............................................................................145
8.7
Conclusions and recommendations
.....................................................................................149
Chapter
9
Forestry, biodiversity and protected areas
9.1
Developments since the first EPR
........................................................................................151
9.2
Current conditions, trends, and management situation
.......................................................152
9.3
Legal framework
..................................................................................................................161
9.4
Policies and strategies
...........................................................................................................163
9.5
Institutional framework
............■............................................................................................164
9.6
Conclusions and recommendations
..............................................,.......................................167
Chapter
10
Human health and the environment
10.1.
Demographic trend
...............................................................................................................169
10.2
Environmental conditions associated with health risks
........................................................169
10.3.
Environmental health policy and management
...................................................................182
10.4
Environmental health impact assessment and information sharing
.....................................182
10.5
Conclusions and recommendations
.....................................................................................183
XV
I
II
III
IV
Page
ANNEXES
Implementation of the recommendations in the First review
.........................................................187
Selected regional and global environmental agreements
...............................................................207
Selected economic and environmental indicators
.........................................................................209
List of major environment-related legislation in
macedonia
..........................................................216
USTE
OF TABLES
Introduction
Table I.I: Demographic and health indices,
2000-2009....................................................................................3
Table
1.2:
List of Ministries
................................................................................................................................6
Table
1.3:
Selected economic indicators,
2000-2009.........................................................................................8
Chapter
2
Table
2.1 :
Number of inspections and acts adopted through administrative proceedings,
2005-2010.............41
Chapter
3
Table
3.1:
Financial support to
NGOs
from the MoEPP investment programme,
2007, 2008
and
2010.........54
Table
3.2:
Telecommunications development per
100
inhabitants,
2003-2009...............................................54
Table
3.3:
Number of graduates of State universities by selected environmental curricula,
2007-2008.........57
Table
3.4:
Number of students (at all levels) enrolled in undergraduate studies on environment
at State universities in
2008/2009....................................................................................................57
Chapter
4
Table
4.1:
Bilateral donor projects
....................................................................................................................68
Table
4.2:
Multilateral donor projects
...............................................................................................................70
Chapters
Table
5.1:
Oil derivative prices and taxes
2011,
in denars and in per cent
.......................................................88
Table
5.2:
Price list for firewood
.......................................................................................................................89
Table
5.3:
Overall funding commitments and disbursements for environment in
NEIS
context,
2009-2013
in
2008
million
€............................................................................................................90
Table
5.4:
Planned Public Investment Programme (PIP) expenditure by sector,
2008-2010
in millions
2008 €...............................................................................................................................................90
Table
5.5:
Realized environmental investments from the State budget,
2008-2010,
current exchange rates.
..91
Chapter
6
Table
6.1:
Vehicle fleet in the country,
2003-2008,
number
..............................................................................99
Table
6.2:
SO2 emissions,
2002-2008,
thousand t/year
...................................................................................100
Table
6.3:
NOx emissions,
2002-2008,
thousand t/year
..................................................................................100
Table
6.4:
Total emissions,
2004,2008,
Gg
....................................................................................................101
Table
6.5:
Discharge of untreated waste water from industry and mining by recipient,
2000-2008,
thousands m3
...................................................................................................................................103
Table
6.6:
Hotspots
..........................................................................................................................................107
XVI
Page
Chapter
7
Table
7.1:
Areas covered by different types of water bodies, thousand ha
.....................................................116
Table
7.2:
Surface water resources referring to river basin, million m3/year
.................................................119
Table
7.3:
Drinking water quality for physico-chemical and microbiological parameters as a percentage,
2001-2008.......................................................................;...............................................................124
Chapter
8
Table
8.1:
Estimated quantities of generated waste,
2005..............................................................................136
Table
8.2:
Municipal waste,
2008-2009,
tons
.................................................................................................137
Table
8.3:
Incinerated medical waste at Drisla landfill, tons
...........................................................................138
Table
8.4:
Waste-related investment (from core budget and own resources), in million denars and million
Euros and per cent
..........................................................................................................................144
Chapter
9
Table
9.1:
Forest area by species group,
2003-2009.......................................................................................152
Table
9.2:
Species biodiversity and conservation status
.................................................................................157
Table
9.3:
Protected areas by category
............................................................................................................159
Chapter
10
Table
10.1:
Key facts and data, selected years
..................................................................................................170
LIST FIGURES
Introduction
Figure I.I: Land use
.............................................................................................................................................2
Figure
1.2:
GDP by sector in
2000, 2005
and
2009,
as percentage of total GDP
.................................................5
Chapter I
Figure
1.1:
Structure of the central headquarters of the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning
........25
Figure
1.2:
Bodies subordinated to the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning
..................................26
Chapter
2
Figure
2.1: SEI
structure
.....................................................................................................................................36
Chapter
6
Figure
6.1:
Type of activity of the hotspots
......................................................................................................106
Chapter
7
Figure
7.1 :
Total water demands by users,
2010
and
2020...............................................................................124
Chapter
9
Figure
9.1:
Land cover
......................................................................................................................................151
Figure
9.2:
Land use
.........................................................................................................................................152
Figure
9.3:
Area of forest damage from fires,
2000-2009,
in hectares
.............................................................153
Figure
9.4:
Harvested timber volume by product category, all ownerships,
2000-2009,
in
1,000
m3
.............. 154
XVII
Page
Chapter
10
Figure
10.1:
Natural demographic changes,
1977-2005.....................................................................................169
Figure
10.2:
Number of enterocolitis cases/100,000 for the period
1999-2009.................................................172
Figure
10.3:
Morbidity rate/100,000 for food poisoning in total population
.....................................................173
Figure
10.4:
Level of annoyance in whole sample according to noise sources in Skopje
..................................175
LIST OF MAPS
Introduction
Map I.I: The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
....................................................................................9
Map
1.2:
Statistical regions of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
.................................................10
Chapters
Map
3.1:
Distribution of automated air-quality monitoring stations by station type
......................................46
Map
3.2:
Distribution of monitoring stations of the River Monitoring System Project
.................................48
Chapter
6
Map
6.1:
Location of thehotspots
.................................................................................................................106
Chapter?
Map
7.1:
River basins
....................................................................................................................................116
Map
7.2:
River subbasins (watersheds)
.........................................................................................................119
Map
7.3:
Biological Oxygen Demand (in
5
days) (BODS^concentrations in rivers,
2008..........................120
Map
7.4:
Sapro-biological evaluation of water quality of surface waters,
1996...........................................121
Map
7.5.
Nutrient conditions from nitrate, nitrite and ammonia concentrations in rivers
............................122
Map
7.6:
Areas under conditions of rapid snow and intensive rainfalls...
.....................................................127
Chapter
8
Map
8.1:
Municipal landfills
..........................................................................................................................140
Chapter
9
Map
9.1:
Current system of protected areas
..................................................................................................160
Map
9.2:
National Emerald Network
.............................................................................................................161
|
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| id | DE-604.BV040315899 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:21:28Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)5246391-6 |
| isbn | 9789211170542 9789210551823 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XXX, 245 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
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| publisher | United Nations |
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| series | Environmental performance reviews |
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| spelling | The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Economic Commission for Europe, Committee on Environmental Policy Environmental performance reviews / The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2. rev. New York [u.a.] United Nations 2011 XXX, 245 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Environmental performance reviews 34 United Nations publication Umwelt / Umweltpolitik / Umweltschutz / Umweltplanung / Mazedonien Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 gnd rswk-swf Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd rswk-swf Nordmazedonien (DE-588)1181214262 gnd rswk-swf Nordmazedonien (DE-588)1181214262 g Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 s DE-604 Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 s DE-188 Vereinte Nationen Committee on Environmental Policy Sonstige (DE-588)5246391-6 oth Environmental performance reviews 34 (DE-604)BV011669086 34 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 3 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025170605&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Environmental performance reviews Umwelt / Umweltpolitik / Umweltschutz / Umweltplanung / Mazedonien Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4078523-3 (DE-588)4061644-7 (DE-588)1181214262 |
| title | The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia |
| title_alt | Environmental performance reviews / The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia |
| title_auth | The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia |
| title_exact_search | The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia |
| title_full | The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Economic Commission for Europe, Committee on Environmental Policy |
| title_fullStr | The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Economic Commission for Europe, Committee on Environmental Policy |
| title_full_unstemmed | The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Economic Commission for Europe, Committee on Environmental Policy |
| title_short | The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia |
| title_sort | the former yugoslav republic of macedonia |
| topic | Umwelt / Umweltpolitik / Umweltschutz / Umweltplanung / Mazedonien Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Umwelt / Umweltpolitik / Umweltschutz / Umweltplanung / Mazedonien Umweltpolitik Umweltschutz Nordmazedonien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025170605&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV011669086 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT vereintenationencommitteeonenvironmentalpolicy theformeryugoslavrepublicofmacedonia AT vereintenationencommitteeonenvironmentalpolicy environmentalperformancereviewstheformeryugoslavrepublicofmacedonia |