Szkolnictwo elementarne Sandomierza w latach 1815 - 1914:
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | Polish |
Veröffentlicht: |
Sandomierz
Wydawnictwo Armoryka
2012
Sandomierskie Stowarzyszenie Kulturalno-Oświatowe Spichlerz |
Schriftenreihe: | Biblioteka Tradycji Sandomierskiej
15 |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. u. russ. Sprache u.d.T.: Elementary education in Sandomierz between 1815 - 1914 |
Beschreibung: | 298 s. 21 cm. |
ISBN: | 9788362661664 9788360084137 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
SKRÓTY
...........................................................................................................................7
WSTĘP
...............................................................................................................................9
ROZDZIAŁ I
POLITYKA OŚWIATOWA WŁADZ WOBEC SZKOLNICTWA
ELEMENTARNEGO
.................................................................................................21
Centralne i terenowe władze oświatowe
........................................................21
Główne kierunki polityki władz państwowych względem oświaty
elementarnej
.............................................................................................................26
Nadzór nad szkolnictwem w świetle rozporządzeń władz
......................35
Polityka władz względem nauczycieli
............................................................39
ROZDZIAŁ
II
ORGANIZACJA SZKÓŁ ELEMENTARNYCH
.............................................47
Męskie szkolnictwo elementarne
.....................................................................47
Żeńskie szkolnictwo elementarne
....................................................................52
Szkolnictwo zawodowe
.......................................................................................54
Szkolnictwo wyznaniowe
...................................................................................59
Środki na utrzymanie szkół elementarnych
..................................................65
ROZDZIAŁ III
PROCES DYDAKTYCZNY
...................................................................................87
Programy nauczania
..............................................................................................87
Organizacja zajęć i metody nauczania
............................................................92
Podręczniki
............................................................................................................WO
Nadzór nad szkołami
..........................................................................................
i°6
SUMMARY
ELEMENTARY EDUCATION IN
SANDOMIERZ
BETWEEN
1815-1914
Initially in the discussed period, the term parish schools was used to
describe places of primary education, then the term elementary schools was
introduced as a substitute, and finally, primary schools. Despite the fact that
in the records from the
XIX
century all three terms appear, in order to stan¬
dardize terminology, the schools in question independently from official
names applied in particular years shall be referred to in this paper as
elementary schools. Such nomenclature is commonly accepted in scientific
papers.
The chronological scope of the publication ends with years of
1815-
1914.
The lower range is related with the connection of
Sandomierz
to the
Polish Kingdom (there is lack of sufficient archives to present earlier educa¬
tional system). The upper range is determined by discontinuation of func¬
tioning of these schools, which resulted from Russian legislation, due to
war activities during World War the First. In spring
1915,
educational
establishments were evacuated from
Sandomierz
into the heart of Russia,
where they were run till
1917.
However, in is not included in the scope of
this paper.
The conditions of functioning of the educational system during the
period in question were not identical, which was determined by the state s
political situation. In the beginning of Congressional Kingdom, they were
similar to the achievements of National Education Committee and were
widely influenced by persons having supreme positions within educational
authorities. In
1820
there was a change in the post of the minister of the
Denomination and Public Enlightment Committee which deteriorated the
conditions of educational system to a great extent. Post
-
uprising repres¬
sion after the fall of November uprising caused reorganization of educa¬
tional system (reforms of
1833
and
1840).
After the failure of Crimean
Wars there were some changes in policies which resulted in margrave
Aleksander
Wielkopolskľs
reform
of school in
1862.
Although it improved
the condition of Polish education, the defeat of January uprising caused
complete
russification
of state education. No sooner than the revolution of
1905-1907
did the
russification
pressures of the authorities diminish.
The aim of this book is an attempt to depict the history of primary edu¬
cation of a single urban center, the town of
Sandomierz
in years
1815-1914,
allowing for
russification
processes. The later began after the fall of No¬
vember uprising after which Polish education gave way to Russian education.
In 1880 s and 1890 s primary schools were converted first into one-
class schools employing two teachers and later, in
1910,
into two-class
schools with three teachers. In
1913,
the shortage of places available for
students willing to study induced the authorities to establish two more one-
class primary schools for both girls and boys.
What is more, the town had had its Sunday craft school since
1839
which provided education at an elementary level. In
1907
it was converted
into courses for illiterate people. In addition, there were denomination
schools such as Orthodox and Jewish schools. While discussing primary
education, eleven-month agriculture courses for girls were also taken into
consideration.
Schools of
Sandomierz
not only had the advantage of dieir own premises
but they were also financed from both the state and town budget, not to
mention the financial contribution given by local people in the form of
school fares. These were sufficient enough to provide financial security and
undisturbed functioning no matter how difficult the times were. Since
1865,
single sex primary schools for girls and two one-class primary schools were
placed in rented accommodation. Yet, they possessed enough financial
assets to cover the school s expenses.
Primary schools for boys were the only ones in
1817
to receive granted
subvention from the state budget. This was the result of seizure of church
properties by the Austrian authorities, and profit from which was appro¬
priated for primary schools of
Sandomierz.
State budget subvention contin¬
ued to be paid until the World War I. Despite minor financial difficulties in
1930 s, educational centers faced no major financial problems.
The outbreak of World War I disrupted the functioning of education in
the border town of
Sandomierz,
which, at that time, was still working
accordingly to Russian legislation. Due to severe war destruction, problems
with finding new accommodation and school equipment appeared and all
the state institutions were evacuated to distant areas of Russia. Thus, re-
establishment of Polish education in these new conditions faced numerous
obstacles.
194
The aim of this research is to explain the following issues: establishing
the continuity of teaching and pedagogical work of education in
Sando¬
mierz
in the period in question; determining social rank of school as a secu¬
lar institution; explaining the role of education in creating culture in
San¬
domierz,
the role of teachers and students precisely allowing for the scope
of their actions and learning different aspects of functioning of local com¬
munity.
The question of history of primary education in Warsaw Princedom and
Polish Kingdom found its reflection in historical research. However, the
issue of primary education in
Sandomierz
does not have a complete mono¬
graphic study. The problems of schools of
Sandomierz
were discussed to
a small extent most frequently by local priests dealing with school issues
with connection to diocese of
Sandomierz
or when preparing specific theme
discourses. The four
-
volume monograph of the town, entitled
Dzieje San¬
domierza
(the History of
Sandomierz),
edited by
Henryk Samsonowicz
and
published in
1993-1994,
treats the issues in question superficially.
The following paper was created on the basis of archives currently
available in Poland. During the last war, after the fall of Warsaw Uprising,
the Public Enlightment Archive
(Archiwum Oświecenia Publicznego)
pos¬
sessing the documents of the Warsaw Scientific District Curator
(Kurator
Warszawskiego Okręgu Naukowego)
were completely destroyed. Conse¬
quently, there are no school archives at the ministerial level.
All state primary schools of
Sandomierz
from
1864
to the end of the
period in question, were subject to the chief of School Management of
Radom (Radomska Dyrekcja Szkolna),
and he, in turn, to the Curator of
Warsaw Scientific District. For this reason, the biggest number of preserved
documents are to be found in the State Archive in
Radom
in the School
Management of
Radom.
The additional source of knowledge comprises
manuscripts available in the Library of Higher Theological Seminary Arc¬
hives in
Sandomierz (Archiwum Biblioteki Wyższego Seminarium Du¬
chownego)
and Diocesan Archives in
Sandomierz
which mainly concern
girls schools led by Benedictines and teaching religion in educational estab¬
lishments. The State Archives in
Sandomierz
keeps documents concerning
reorganization of the town s educational establishments and teachers (ma¬
rital status acts and notarial acts). Also the Warsaw Orthodox Metropolis
Archives
(Archiwum Warszawskiej Metropolii Prawosławnej)
was the
source of valuable information concerning Orthodox clergymen as well as
information from National Library about secret teaching.
Apart from the archival data, there were also printed documents for
normative and statistical purposes, statutes and acts used in the course of
195
writing of this book. Many times these constituted the sole source of infor¬
mation for questions touched upon.
This book is constructed in a factual and chronological manner and uses
data obtained from source query. It contains six chapters discussing the
following issues: educational policies concerning primary education, organ¬
ization of elementary schools in the town, didactic process, school buildings
and school equipment, and finally, teachers and students.
To ensure the clarity of the main body of the book, all the detailed data
gathered during the query was included in the eleven appendixes at the end
of the book. Statistical tables of information about primary school students
and teachers,
106
of them to be precise, are presented there. This is
a complementary part of the book and in the future may be used for further
research on the history of the provincial elite of the Polish Kingdom.
The analysis and systematization of the gathered data has allowed to
form conclusions. It has shown that differences against denomination were
gradually eliminated. The best example of this were the Sunday craft
schools and primary schools for girls where majority of students were Jew¬
ish. If we compare this with the
2-3%
of all Jewish students in the Polish
Kingdom, than we get a completely different image of primary schools in
Sandomierz.
We must not forget the fact that at that time the Jews paid the
school fare even though no Jewish child attended any of the state primary
school. Such situation continued for many years.
Apart from educating successive generations, schools in
Sandomierz
had a great influence on the moral development of children and teenagers.
The value of this work is unquestionable even if we take into consideration
its negative side, namely the
russification
process and imposing loyalty to
Russia. Thanks to schools thousands of young people acquired the basic
knowledge required to continue education which provided them with the
opportunity for social advancement in the adulthood. Despite police-like
oppression, restrictive regulations, which limited students rights and
russi¬
fication
policies, the students of the schools of
Sandomierz
managed to
develop national consciousness. It was manifested through secret discussion
meetings in their parents houses or in rented lodgings. During such meet¬
ings they would learn Polish history and culture, listen to lectures and read
forbidden literature. Personalities shaped in such a way had no second
thoughts when it came to sacrifice their lives in the fight for national con¬
sciousness and ultimately for freedom.
Local community cared for the town s school. Thus, there were no con¬
flicts against neither school fare nor teacher s salary from the year of
1817
and on. This positive attitude renders people s awareness of the importance
196
of establishing new schools and improving those that already existed and
their role in the society.
Many teachers, despite being restricted by the authorities, showed social
initiative.
Antoni Celichowski,
the author of the school books in 1880 s,
took the very first attempt of establishing Charity Company
(Towarzystwo
Dobroczynności).
Also teachers of primary schools were very active in
charity work, especially after the revolution of
1905-1907
(Karol
Andrze-
jewski and
Jan Plewiński
were among them). Jan Wojdeszko, single sex
primary school teacher, later became the mayor of
Sandomierz.
The priests teaching religion in primary schools were highly educated.
Many of them were university graduates. Their qualifications were much
higher than of any other religion teachers in such establishments. It is worth
mentioning that they worked in the capital of diocese as a form of punish¬
ment for illegal actions. This was imposed by the authorities together with
depriving priests their former posts.
Although
Sandomierz,
in the discussed period, was a provincial border
town with long lost splendor, it played an important role in recreating cul¬
ture in the time of captivity. This was due to the fact that the town was the
capital of diocese, and there were many education establishments such as
primary and secondary schools and the diocesan seminary.
The study of elementary education helped to determine the cause of the
fall of the number of people living in the town as well as a considerable
increase of the percentage of Jewish population. This was the effect of
separation of nine suburbs from the town in January the
1Ѕ /13*
1904.
It was
initiated by the Roman Catholic population that expected the improvement
of economic conditions while living in village settlements. Their success
was not a complete one, though. According to Russian regulations, they
were still obliged to pay school fares, with this exception that they no long¬
er could send their children to schools in towns.
It appears that it was necessary to analyze and elaborate on the issues of
primary education in
Sandomierz
in the period of
1815-1914.
The scientific
aims were achieved and the compiled monograh serves as a supplement to
the prevailing knowledge on the history of education in Polish Kingdom. It
will surely help in comparative studies which will provide a different pers¬
pective for the discussed questions.
Translated by
Agata Kicińska-Saracen
197
|
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author | Sławiński, Piotr 1968- |
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id | DE-604.BV040310453 |
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indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:21:20Z |
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isbn | 9788362661664 9788360084137 |
language | Polish |
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physical | 298 s. 21 cm. |
publishDate | 2012 |
publishDateSearch | 2012 |
publishDateSort | 2012 |
publisher | Wydawnictwo Armoryka Sandomierskie Stowarzyszenie Kulturalno-Oświatowe Spichlerz |
record_format | marc |
series | Biblioteka Tradycji Sandomierskiej |
series2 | Biblioteka Tradycji Sandomierskiej |
spelling | Sławiński, Piotr 1968- Verfasser (DE-588)139594647 aut Szkolnictwo elementarne Sandomierza w latach 1815 - 1914 Piotr Sławiński Sandomierz Wydawnictwo Armoryka 2012 Sandomierskie Stowarzyszenie Kulturalno-Oświatowe Spichlerz 298 s. 21 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biblioteka Tradycji Sandomierskiej 15 Zsfassung in engl. u. russ. Sprache u.d.T.: Elementary education in Sandomierz between 1815 - 1914 Geschichte 1815-1914 gnd rswk-swf Grundschule (DE-588)4022349-8 gnd rswk-swf Sandomierz (DE-588)4378952-3 gnd rswk-swf Sandomierz (DE-588)4378952-3 g Grundschule (DE-588)4022349-8 s Geschichte 1815-1914 z DE-604 Biblioteka Tradycji Sandomierskiej 15 (DE-604)BV039129974 15 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025165252&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025165252&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
spellingShingle | Sławiński, Piotr 1968- Szkolnictwo elementarne Sandomierza w latach 1815 - 1914 Biblioteka Tradycji Sandomierskiej Grundschule (DE-588)4022349-8 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4022349-8 (DE-588)4378952-3 |
title | Szkolnictwo elementarne Sandomierza w latach 1815 - 1914 |
title_auth | Szkolnictwo elementarne Sandomierza w latach 1815 - 1914 |
title_exact_search | Szkolnictwo elementarne Sandomierza w latach 1815 - 1914 |
title_full | Szkolnictwo elementarne Sandomierza w latach 1815 - 1914 Piotr Sławiński |
title_fullStr | Szkolnictwo elementarne Sandomierza w latach 1815 - 1914 Piotr Sławiński |
title_full_unstemmed | Szkolnictwo elementarne Sandomierza w latach 1815 - 1914 Piotr Sławiński |
title_short | Szkolnictwo elementarne Sandomierza w latach 1815 - 1914 |
title_sort | szkolnictwo elementarne sandomierza w latach 1815 1914 |
topic | Grundschule (DE-588)4022349-8 gnd |
topic_facet | Grundschule Sandomierz |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025165252&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025165252&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
volume_link | (DE-604)BV039129974 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT sławinskipiotr szkolnictwoelementarnesandomierzawlatach18151914 |