Private enforcement of antitrust law in the United States: a handbook
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cheltenham [u.a.]
Elgar
2012
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXIII, 395 S. |
| ISBN: | 9780857939593 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: Private enforcement of antitrust law in the United States
Autor: Foer, Albert A
Jahr: 2012
Contents Contributors xvi Preface Albert A. Foer and Randy M. Stutz xviii Introduction: Benefits of private enforcement 1 Robert H. Lande 1 Defining antitrust violations in the United States 14 Bonny E. Sweeney 2 Pre-complaint activities 43 Craig C. Corbitt, Judith A. Zahid, and Patrick B. Clayton 3 Parties entitled to pursue a claim 64 Eric L. Cramer and Daniel C. Simons 4 Initiation of a private action 95 Michael D. Hausfeld 5 Class actions 108 J. Douglas Richards, Michael B. Eisenkraft, and Abigail E. Shafroth 6 Procedural defenses short of trial 145 Jonathan L. Rubin 1 Pretrial discovery in civil litigation 180 Joseph Goldberg and Dan E. Gustafson 8 Economic experts 211 James Langenfeld, Gregory G. Wrobel, and Michael J. Waters 9 Plaintiffs’ remedies 235 W. Joseph Bruckner and Matthew R. Salzwedel 10 Funding litigation 257 K. Craig Wildfang and Stacey P. Slaughter 11 Interaction of public and private enforcement 280 Kevin J.L. O’Connor, Anthony J. Gaughan, Hannah L. Renfro, Adam C. Briggs, and Wendy K. Arends 12 Settlement practice from both a plaintiff and defense perspective 305 Joseph Tobacco and Scott Martin 13 Class notice and claims administration 338 Katherine Kinsella and Shannon Wheatman 14 Cy pres as a remedy in private antitrust litigation 349 Albert A. Foer 15 Proposals for reform 365 Pamela Gilbert and Victoria Romanenko Index 387 v
Detailed Contents Contributors xvi Preface Albert A. Foer and Randy M. Stutz xviii Introduction: Benefits of private enforcement 1 Robert H. Lande The purpose and design of the AAI private enforcement study 3 Results of the study: Compensation 4 Results of the study: Deterrence 6 1. Deterrence from the DOJ criminal anti-cartel enforcement program 7 2. Deterrence from private antitrust litigation 9 Were the private actions good cases? 9 Conclusions 10 1 Defining antitrust violations in the United States 14 Bonny E. Sweeney § 1.01 Introduction 14 § 1.02 Restraints of trade: Agreements that restrict competition 15 1.02.1 “Contract, combination, or conspiracy” 16 1.02.2 Affecting interstate or foreign commerce 18 1.02.3 Unreasonably restrains competition 18 1.02.4 Rule of reason vs. per se analysis 18 1.02.5 Horizontal restraints 21 1.02.5(a) Cartels 21 1.02.5(b) Jointventures 23 1.02.5(c) Concerted refusals to deal 27 1.02.5(d) Mergers and acquisitions 27 1.02.6 Vertical agreements 29 1.02.6(a) Hub-and-spoke price-fixing agreements 29 1.02.6(b) Resale price maintenance 29 1.02.6(c) Non-price vertical agreements 30 1.02.6(d) Tying arrangements 31 §1.03 Single firm conduct 32 1.03.1 Elements of a § 2 monopolization claim 32 1.03. 1(a) Monopoly power in a relevant market 33 1 .03.1(b) Acquired, enhanced, or maintained through exclusionary conduct 34 1.03.2 Examples of potentially exclusionary conduct 34 1.03.3 Elements of a § 2 attempted monopolization claim 36 1.03.4 Price discrimination 37 §1.04 State law 38
Detailed contents vii §1.(15 Exempt industries 39 §1.06 Conclusion 42 2 Pre-complaint activities 43 Craig C. Corbitt , Judith A. Zahid , and Patrick B. Clayton §2.01 Introduction 43 § 2.02 Meeting clients: Class and non-class actions 43 § 2.03 Ethical restrictions and fee arrangements 48 §2.04 Investigative tools 49 § 2.05 Financial considerations 54 § 2.06 Defining the claims to be asserted 55 § 2.07 Anticipating defenses 57 §2.08 Deciding where to lile the case 62 § 2.09 Conclusion 63 3 Parties entitled to pursue a claim 64 Eric L. Cramer and Daniel C. Simons §3.01 Introduction 64 § 3.02 Antitrust injury: Harm to competition, not competitors 67 § 3.03 Standing for injunctive relief 68 § 3.04 Standing for damages claims 69 § 3.05 Direct purchasers 72 3.05.1 Determining direct purchaser status 74 3.05.2 Overcharge damages 75 3.05.3 Damages for supra-competitive prices from non-conspirators 76 3.05.4 Direct purchaser standing in cases alleging fraud on the patent office 77 3.05.5 Reduction in output and quality 79 § 3.06 Indirect purchasers 80 3.06.1 Indirect purchaser injunctive relief 82 3.06.2 Restitution and disgorgement 83 3.06.3 Damages recovery under state law 84 3.06.4 Do the Associated General factors apply to a damages claim brought under a state Illinois Brick repealer statute? 87 § 3.07 Competitors 89 3.07.1 New entrants to the market 90 §3.08 Other types of antitrust claimants 91 3.08.1 Shareholders 91 3.08.2 Suppliers 91 3.08.3 Terminated dealers and distributors 92 3.08.4 Employees 93 3.08.5 Unions and trade associations 93 § 3.09 Conclusion 94
viii Private enforcement of antitrust law in the United States 4 Initiation of a private action 9 Michael D. Hausfeld §4.01 Introduction 9 §4.02 Considering alternatives to courts 9 4.02.1 Federal Trade Commission 9 4.02.2 Department of Justice 9 4.02.3 State regulators 9 4.02.4 Arbitration 9 4.02.5 Pre-litigation settlement 10 §4.03 Choosing between state and federal court 10 4.03.1 Federal court 10 4.03.2 State court 10 §4.04 Selecting a venue 10 4.04.1 Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation 10 4.04.2 Considerations 10 §4.05 Suits by foreign plaintiff s 10 4.05.1 U.S. law claims and the FTAIA 10 4.05.2 Foreign law claims in U.S. courts 10 §4.06 Preparing and serving a complaint 10 5 Class actions 10 J. Douglas Richards, Michael B. Eisenkraft, and Abigail E. Shafroth §5.01 Introduction 10 §5.02 Consolidation of cases: The Judicial Panel and CAFA 10 § 5.03 Common case leadership 11 § 5.04 Common claim resolution 11 § 5.05 What is an antitrust class action? 11 § 5.06 What is required for a putative class to be certified under Rule 23? 11 5.06.1 Class actions principally seeking damages 11 5.06.1(a) Requirements embodied in Rule 23 11 5.06.1(a)(1) Numerosity 11 5.06.1(a)(2) Commonality 11 5.06.1(a)(3) Typicality 11 5.06.1(a)(4) Adequacy oe representation 11 5.06.1(a)(5) Predominance 11 5.06.1(a)(6) Superiority 12 5.06.1(b) “Standing” requirements over and above those of Rule 23? 12 5.06.2 Class actions principally seeking equitable or declaratory relief 12 §5.07 How is the class certification decision made? 12 §5.08 Which issues are resolved in a class action? 13 § 5.09 How do class actions and arbitration interact in antitrust cases? 13 5.09.1 Background regarding arbitration and antitrust 13
Detailed contents ix 5.09.2 The emergence of arbitration agreements as a shield against class proceedings 135 5.09.3 Stolt-Nielson and agreements that are “silent” as to class arbitration 137 5.09.4 Concepcion and the road ahead 138 6 Procedural defenses short of trial 145 Jonathan L. Rubin §6.01 Introduction 146 § 6.02 Dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction 148 6.02.1 Challenges to Article III jurisdiction 149 6.02.1(a) Constitutional standing 149 6.02.1(b) Ripeness 149 6.02.1 (c) Fitness for judicial resolution and the POLITICAL QUESTION DOCTRINE 149 6.02.1(d) Rule 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) motions DISTINGUISHED 150 6.02.1(e) FTAIA not jurisdictional 151 6.02.2 Challenges to federal question jurisdiction 152 6.02.2(a) Statutes authorizing a private right of action 152 6.02.2(b) Statute of limitations 153 6.02.3 Challenges to diversity jurisdiction 154 6.02.4 Challenges to supplemental jurisdiction 155 §6.03 Pre-answer defenses 155 6.03.1 Rule 12(b)(6) pre-answer motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted 156 6.03.1 (a) Non-cognizable claims and implied immunity 156 6.03. 1(b) Act of state doctrine 158 6.03.1(c) Failure to allege facts sufficient to STATE A COGNIZABLE LEGAL CLAIM 1 58 6.03.1(d) Dismissal for lack of antitrust standing 166 6.03.1(e) Insufficient effect on U.S. domestic COMMERCE OR IMPORTS 167 6.03.1 (f) Express antitrust immunities and EXEMPTIONS 170 6.03.2 Rule 12(b)(7) pre-answer motion to dismiss for failure to join a required party 171 6.03.3 Rule 12 motions objecting to personal jurisdiction, venue, and service of process 172 6.03.3(a) Dismissal for lack of personal jurisdiction 172 6.03.3(b) Motion to dismiss or to transfer for IMPROPER VENUE 174 6.03.3(c) Dismissal for insufficient process or service 175
x Private enforcement of antitrust law in the United States §6.04 Summary proceedings 175 6.04.1 Motion for judgment on the pleadings 176 6.04.2 Rule 56 Motions for summary judgment or adjudication of issues 176 6.04.2(a) Standard of review 176 6.04.2(b) Burden of production 177 6.04.2(c) Summary judgment in antitrust cases 178 7 Pretrial discovery in civil litigation 180 Joseph Goldberg and Dan E. Gustafson §7.01 Introduction 181 §7.02 Theory of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure: Overview 181 §7.03 Investigation/pre-filing discovery 182 7.03.1 Public enforcement agencies 182 7.03.2 Amnesty program 183 7.03.3 Talking with employees/former employees of possible antitrust violators 184 7.03.4 Initial expert analysis 186 7.03.5 FOIA requests/state law equivalent 187 §7.04 Written discovery 188 7.04.1 Rule 26 initial disclosures 188 7.04.2 Interrogatories 190 7.04.3 Requests for production of documents 191 7.04.4 Electronic discovery — 193 7.04.5 Requests for admissions 196 7.04.6 Third party discovery 196 7.04.7 Supplements to discovery _ 197 § 7.05 Depositions 198 § 7.06 Rule 30(b)(6) depositions 199 § 7.07 Trial depositions 201 § 7.08 Expert discovery 201 § 7.09 Dauber t 204 §7.10 Compelling discovery: Motion practice 206 §7.11 Limits on discovery 207 7.11.1 Protective/confidentiality orders 207 7.11.2 Privilege logs 208 7.11.3 Expert stipulations 209 7.11.4 In camera proceedings 209 §7.12 Conclusion 210 8 Economic experts 211 James Langenfeld, Gregory G. Wrobel, and Michael J. Waters § 8.01 Introduction 212 §8.02 Selecting economic experts 213 § 8.03 Framing the issues 214 § 8.04 Complaint and motion to dismiss 214
Detailed contents xi §8.05 Discovery 215 § 8.06 Class certification 216 §8.07 Report of testifying expert 217 §8.08 Rebuttal expert and report 219 §8.09 Expert depositions 219 §8.10 Summary judgment motions 220 §8.11 Daubert and other gatekeeper motions 221 §8.12 Expert witness trial preparation 223 §8.13 Trial testimony 224 §8.14 Post-trial briefing and argument 225 §8.15 Types of economic analyses 225 8.15.1 Elements of antitrust claims and defenses 226 8 . 15 . 1 (a) Inference of cartel conduct 226 8.15.1(b) Market definition and market power 227 8.15.1(c) Anticompetitive effects 228 8.15.1(d) Antitrust injury 228 8.15.1(e) Damages 228 8.15.2 Analytical methods 230 8.15.2(a) Natural experiments and benchmarking 230 8.15.2(b) Statistical and econometric analyses 231 8.15.2(c) Critical loss 232 8.1 5.2(d) Diversion analysis and upward pricing pressure 233 §8.16 Conclusion 234 9 Plaintiffs’ remedies 235 W. Joseph Bruckner and Matthew R. Salzwedel §9.01 Introduction 235 § 9.02 Single versus treble damages 236 § 9.03 Joint-and-several liability 237 § 9.04 Damages measured 238 § 9.05 Just-and-reasonable-measurement standard 239 9.05.1 Yardstick method 241 9.05.2 Violation-free-market method 241 9.05.3 Regression analysis 241 9.05.4 Before-and-after method 242 § 9.06 Distribution of damages 242 § 9.07 Prejudgment interest allowed only on a finding of defendants’ bad faith and material delay 243 § 9.08 Postjudgment interest 244 § 9.09 Indemnification or contribution 244 §9.10 Fees 245 §9.11 Costs 247 §9.12 Equitable remedies 247 9.12.1 Injunctive relief 247 9 . 12.1 (a) Permanent injunctive relief 247
xii Private enforcement of antitrust law in the United States 9.12.1(b) Preliminary injunctive relief 248 9.12.2 Declaratory relief 250 §9.13 Limitation periods 250 9.13.1 Accrual 251 9.13.2 Laches 251 9.13.3 Tolling 252 9.13.3(a) Pendency of government action 252 9. 13.3(b) Equitable tolling and the FRAUDULENT-CONCEALMENT DOCTRINE 253 9.13.3(c) Continuing-violation injury 255 10 Funding litigation 257 K. Craig Wildfang and Stacey P. Slaughter § 10.01 Introduction 257 § 10.02 A history of contingent fees in the United States 258 § 10.03 Considerations before funding a contingent fee case 260 § 10.04 E-Discovery costs 262 §10.05 Types of fee arrangements 263 10.05.1 100 percent contingent agreements 263 10.05.2 Incentive-based fee arrangement 266 10.05.3 The “billable hour” 266 10.05.4 Task-based and flat fee arrangements 267 10.05.5 Mixed arrangements 267 10.05.6 Attorney investment — 267 10.05.6(a) The Agent Orange example 268 10.05.6(b) Ethical considerations of ATTORNEY-INVESTORS - 268 10.05.7 Other investors 269 § 10.06 Court factors in awarding attorneys’ fees 270 10.06.1 The percentage method 271 10.06.2 The “lodestar” method 271 10.06.3 Combined method 272 10.06.4 The Goldberger factors 272 § 10.07 Recovery awarded as attorneys’ fees in antitrust cases 274 10.07.1 Recoveries exceeding $500 million 276 10.07.2 Recoveries between $100 million and $500 million 277 10.07.3 Recoveries less than $100 million 277 10.07.4 Tax implications 278 § 10.08 Conclusion 279 11 Interaction of public and private enforcement 280 Kevin J.L. O’Connor, Anthony J. Gaughan, Hanrtah L. Renfro, Adam C. Briggs, and Wendy K. Arends §11.01 Introduction 280 11.01.1 Varying remedies 281 11.01.2 Varying incentives and concerns 282
Detailed contents xiii § 11.02 Public enforcers often initiate cases before private plaintiffs 283 11.02.1 Applicability of rulings in prior government cases 285 11.02.2 Limits on private plaintiffs’ use of materials and information acquired in the government’s suit 287 § 11.03 Private plaintiffs take the lead in initiating some cases 288 11.03.1 Advantages of private enforcement 289 11.03.2 Difficulties faced by private plaintiffs 291 § 11.04 Coordinated action among private and public plaintiffs 292 11.04.1 Parens patriae actions 293 11.04.2 Private class actions 294 11.04.3 Overlapping lawsuits: Case examples 296 11.04.4 Coordination problems and solutions 298 11.04.4(a) The investigative and precomplaint CASE STRATEGY PHASE 298 11.04.4(b) Litigation phase 299 11.04.4(c) Settlement/arbitration phase 300 11.04.5 Qualitative and quantitative results of multiple layers of enforcement 301 11.04.6 The multiple layers create a unique antitrust enforcement landscape 303 § 11.05 Conclusion 303 12 Settlement practice from both a plaintiff and defense perspective 305 Joseph Tabacco and Scott Martin § 12.01 Introduction: A unique landscape for settlement 306 § 12.02 Windows of opportunity: When to engage in settlement discussions 308 12.02.1 Pre-complaint settlements 308 12.02.2 Settlement at the pre- and post-motion to dismiss or class certification stage 309 12.02.3 Breaking the ice 310 12.02.4 Last call: Settlements after close of discovery but before trial 311 § 12.03 The players involved: Shaping the table and filling the seats 312 12.03.1 Businesspersons and experts 312 12.03.2 Facilitators 313 12.03.3 Settlement counsel 313 § 12.04 Multi-party and multi-jurisdictional cases: Strategic complications 313 12.04.1 For the plaintiffs: “Picking from” and “picking off’ multiple defendants 313 12.04.1(a) Cases arising from DOJ INVESTIGATIONS 314 12.04. 1(b) Cases where there is no pending GOVERNMENTAL PROCEEDING OR INVESTIGATION 314
xiv Private enforcement of antitrust law in the United States 12.04.2 For the defendants: Breaking up can be hard to do 315 12.04.2(a) Joint defense and judgment sharing AGREEMENTS 315 12.04.2(b) Most favored nation (“MFN”) provisions 316 12.04.3 Multiple jurisdictions and “global peace” 316 §12.05 Class settlement considerations 319 12.05.1 Scope of claims settled and released 319 12.05.1(a) Due process concerns 319 12.05.1 (b) Prospects of certifying a settlement class 321 12.05.1(b)(1) Direct purchaser vs. INDIRECT PURCHASER CLASSES 321 12.05. 1(b)(2) Rule 23(a): Numerosity, COMMONALITY, TYPICALITY AND ADEQUACY 322 12.05.1(b)(3) Predominance 323 12.05.2 Allocation among disparate groups and subclasses 325 12.05.2(a) Allocating among different levels of THE DISTRIBUTION CHAIN 325 12.05.2(b) Allocating among class members in DIFFERENT STATES — 326 12.05.3 Coupon settlements, claims-made settlements, and non-monetary consideration 327 12.05.3(a) Coupon settlements - 327 12.05.3(b) Claims-made settlements 329 12.05.4 Injunctive relief 330 12.05.4(a) Cooperation agreements 330 12.05.5 Cy pres 330 §12.06 Approval of class settlements 332 § 12.07 The negotiation and award of plaintiffs’ attorneys fees and expenses 333 12.07.1 Common fund cases 333 12.07.2 Mixed compensation settlements 334 12.07.3 When to negotiate 334 12.07.4 What is a reasonable fee request? 335 12.07.5 Incentive awards to named plaintiffs 335 §12.08 Dealing with class settlement opt-outs 336 338 338 339 340 13 Class notice and claims administration Katherine Kinsella and Shannon Wheatman § 13.01 Introduction § 13.02 Overview § 13.03 Individual notice
Detailed contents xv §13.04 Paid media notice 340 13.04.1 Identifying a target demographic and selecting media 341 13.04.2 Measuring media-based notice 343 13.04.3 Determining the adequacy of notice 343 13.04.4 Content and design of notice 344 §13.05 Class Action Fairness Act 345 §13.06 Administering a class action 345 13.06.1 Data concerns 346 13.06.2 Communicating with class members 346 13.06.3 Claims processing 347 § 13.07 Conclusion 347 14 Cy pres as a remedy in private antitrust litigation 349 Albert A. Foer § 14.01 Introduction 349 § 14.02 The cy pres doctrine in antitrust class action litigation 350 § 14.03 When cy pres is appropriate 351 § 14.04 The importance of a nexus between the case and the remedy 353 § 14.05 Conflicts within the nexus 356 § 14.06 Review standard for cy pres proposals 357 §14.07 Cy pres as a competition-enhancing remedy 358 § 14.08 The ALI principles of the law of aggregate litigation 360 § 14.09 Recommended best practices 362 §14.10 Conclusion 364 15 Proposals for reform 365 Pamela Gilbert and Victoria Romanenko §15.01 Introduction 365 § 15.02 Twombly and Iqbal: Federal pleading standards 366 §15.03 Class action waivers 369 §15.04 Indirect purchaser litigation 373 §15.05 Claims reduction and contribution 376 §15.06 Reverse payments 378 §15.07 Minimum resale price maintenance 380 §15.08 The Robinson-Patman Act 382 §15.09 The Railroad Antitrust Enforcement Act 385 § 15.10 The Antitrust Criminal Penalty Enhancement and Reform Act 385 §15.11 Conclusion 386 Index 387
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| subject_GND | (DE-588)4029788-3 (DE-588)4078704-7 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Private enforcement of antitrust law in the United States a handbook |
| title_auth | Private enforcement of antitrust law in the United States a handbook |
| title_exact_search | Private enforcement of antitrust law in the United States a handbook |
| title_full | Private enforcement of antitrust law in the United States a handbook ed. by Albert A. Foer, Randy Stutz |
| title_fullStr | Private enforcement of antitrust law in the United States a handbook ed. by Albert A. Foer, Randy Stutz |
| title_full_unstemmed | Private enforcement of antitrust law in the United States a handbook ed. by Albert A. Foer, Randy Stutz |
| title_short | Private enforcement of antitrust law in the United States |
| title_sort | private enforcement of antitrust law in the united states a handbook |
| title_sub | a handbook |
| topic | Kartellrecht (DE-588)4029788-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kartellrecht USA Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025159054&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT foeralberta privateenforcementofantitrustlawintheunitedstatesahandbook |