Flexible AC transmission systems: modelling and control
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Heidelberg [u.a.]
Springer
2012
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Power systems
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXVIII, 550 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783642282409 3642282407 9783642282416 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Zhang, Xiao-Ping |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)130890332 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Flexible AC transmission systems |b modelling and control |c Xiao-Ping Zhang ; Christian Rehtanz ; Bikash Pal |
| 264 | 1 | |a Heidelberg [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2012 | |
| 300 | |a XXVIII, 550 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz |0 (DE-588)4121178-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Netzstabilität |g Elektrische Energietechnik |0 (DE-588)4415875-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Rehtanz, Christian |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Pal, Bikash |d 1968- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)130890340 |4 aut | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
1 FACTS-DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS 1
1.1 OVERVIEW 2
1.2 POWER ELECTRONICS 5
1.2.1 SEMICONDUCTORS 6
1.2.2 POWER CONVERTERS 8
1.3 CONFIGURATIONS O F FACTS-DEVICES 13
1.3.1 SHUNT DEVICES 13
1.3.1.1 SVC 14
1.3.1.2 STATCOM 15
1.3.2 SERIES DEVICES 18
1.3.2.1 SERIES COMPENSATION 18
1.3.2.2 TCSC 19
1.3.2.3 SSSC 21
1.3.2.4 SCCL 22
1.3.3 SHUNT AND SERIES DEVICES 23
1.3.3.1 DYNAMIC POWER FLOW CONTROLLER 23
1.3.3.2 UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER 25
1.3.3.3 INTERLINE POWER FLOW CONTROLLER 26
1.3.3.4 GENERALIZED UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER 27
1.3.4 BACK-TO-BACK DEVICES 28
REFERENCES 29
2 MODELING O F MULTI-FUNCTIONAL SINGLE CONVERTER FACTS IN POWER FLOW
ANALYSIS 3
2.1 POWER FLOW CALCULATIONS 31
2.1.1 POWER FLOW METHODS 31
2.1.2 CLASSIFICATION O F BUSES 32
2.1.3 NEWTON-RAPHSON POWER FLOW IN POLAR COORDINATES 32
2.2 MODELING O F MULTI-FUNCTIONAL STATCOM 32
2.2.1 MULTI-CONTROL FUNCTIONAL MODEL OF STATCOM FOR POWER FLOW ANALYSIS
33
2.2.1.1 OPERATION PRINCIPLES O F THE STATCOM 33
2.2.1.2 POWER FLOW CONSTRAINTS O F THE STATCOM 34
2.2.1.3 MULTI-CONTROL FUNCTIONS O F THE STATCOM 35
2.2.1.4 VOLTAGE AND THERMAL CONSTRAINTS O F THE STATCOM 39
2.2.1.5 EXTERNAL VOLTAGE CONSTRAINTS 4 0
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/101914291X
IMAGE 2
XVI
CONTENTS
2.2.2 IMPLEMENTATION O F MULTI-CONTROL FUNCTIONAL MODEL OF STATCOM IN
NEWTON POWER FLOW 4 0
2.2.2.1 MULTI-CONTROL FUNCTIONAL MODEL O F STATCOM IN NEWTON POWER FLOW
4 0
2.2.2.2 MODELING O F CONSTRAINT ENFORCEMENT IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 41
2.2.3 MULTI-VIOLATED CONSTRAINTS ENFORCEMENT 42
2.2.3.1 PROBLEM O F MULTI-VIOLATED CONSTRAINTS ENFORCEMENT 42
2.2.3.2 CONCEPTS O F DOMINANT CONSTRAINT AND DEPENDENT CONSTRAINT 43
2.2.3.3 STRATEGY FOR MULTI-VIOLATED CONSTRAINTS ENFORCEMENT 4 3
2.2.4 MULTIPLE SOLUTIONS O F STATCOM WITH CURRENT MAGNITUDE CONTROL 44
2.2.5 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 45
2.2.5.1 MULTI-CONTROL CAPABILITIES O F STATCOM 45
2.2.5.2 MULTI-VIOLATED STATCOM CONSTRAINTS ENFORCEMENT 48
2.3 MODELING OF MULTI-CONTROL FUNCTIONAL SSSC 50
2.3.1 MULTI-CONTROL FUNCTIONAL MODEL O F SSSC FOR POWER FLOW ANALYSIS 51
2.3.1.1 OPERATION PRINCIPLES O F THE SSSC 51
2.3.1.2 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT AND POWER FLOW CONSTRAINTS O F SSSC 51
2.3.1.3 MULTI-CONTROL FUNCTIONS AND CONSTRAINTS O F SSSC .53 2.3.1.4
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT CONSTRAINTS O F THE SSSC 54
2.3.2 IMPLEMENTATION O F MULTI-CONTROL FUNCTIONAL MODEL OF SSSC IN
NEWTON POWER FLOW 55
2.3.2.1 MULTI-CONTROL FUNCTIONAL MODEL O F SSSC IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 55
2.3.2.2 ENFORCEMENT O F VOLTAGE AND CURRENT CONSTRAINTS FOR SSSC 5 6
2.3.2.3 INITIALIZATION O F SSSC IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 57 2.3.3 NUMERICAL
RESULTS 58
2.3.3.1 POWER FLOW, VOLTAGE AND REACTANCE CONTROL BY THE SSSC 58
2.3.3.2 ENFORCEMENT OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT CONSTRAINT O F THE SSSC 61
2.4 MODELING OF SVC AND TCSC IN POWER FLOW ANALYSIS 62
2.4.1 REPRESENTATION O F SVC BY STATCOM IN POWER FLOW ANALYSIS 62
2.4.2 REPRESENTATION OF TCSC BY SSSC IN POWER FLOW ANALYSIS 63
REFERENCES 64
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS
XVII
3 MODELING O F MULTI-CONVERTER FACTS IN POWER FLOW ANALYSIS 67
3.1 MODELING O F MULTI-CONTROL FUNCTIONAL UPFC 67
3.1.1 ADVANCED UPFC MODELS FOR POWER FLOW ANALYSIS 68
3.1.1.1 OPERATING PRINCIPLES O F UPFC 68
3.1.1.2 POWER FLOW CONSTRAINTS OF UPFC 69
3.1.1.3 ACTIVE POWER BALANCE CONSTRAINT OF UPFC 70
3.1.1.4 NOVEL CONTROL MODES O F UPFC 7 0
3.1.2 IMPLEMENTATION O F ADVANCED UPFC MODEL IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 75
3.1.2.1 MODELING OF UPFC IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 75
3.1.2.2 MODELING O F VOLTAGE AND CURRENT CONSTRAINTS OF THE UPFC 7 6
3.1.2.3 INITIALIZATION O F UPFC VARIABLES IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 76
3.1.3 NUMERICAL RESULTS 77
3.2 MODELING O F MULTI-CONTROL FUNCTIONAL IPFC AND GUPFC 79
3.2.1 MATHEMATICAL MODELING O F IPFC IN NEWTON POWER FLOW UNDER
PRACTICAL CONSTRAINTS 80
3.2.1.1 MATHEMATICAL MODEL O F THE IPFC 80
3.2.1.2 MODELING O F IPFC IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 83
3.2.1.3 INITIALIZATION O F IPFC VARIABLES IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 84
3.2.2 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF GUPFC IN NEWTON POWER FLOW UNDER
PRACTICAL CONSTRAINTS 85
3.2.2.1 MATHEMATICAL MODEL O F GUPFC 85
3.2.2.2 MODELING O F THE GUPFC IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 88 3.2.2.3
INITIALIZATION O F GUPFC VARIABLES IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 89
3.2.3 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 89
3.2.3.1 INITIALIZATION O F THE POWER FLOW WITH FACTS-DEVICES 90
3.2.3.2 ENFORCEMENT O F PRACTICAL CONSTRAINTS O F FACTS 91 3.2.3.3
ENFORCEMENT O F PRACTICAL CONSTRAINTS O F SERIES CONVERTERS 92
3.2.3.4 ENFORCEMENT O F PRACTICAL CONSTRAINTS O F THE SHUNT CONVERTER 92
3.2.3.5 ENFORCEMENT O F SERIES AND SHUNT CONVERTER CONSTRAINTS 92
3.3 MULTI-TERMINAL VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTER BASED HVDC 93
3.3.1 MATHEMATICAL MODEL O F M-VSC-HVDC WITH CONVERTERS CO-LOCATED IN
THE SAME SUBSTATION 94
3.3.1.1 OPERATING PRINCIPLES O F M-VSC-HVDC 94
3.3.1.2 POWER FLOW CONSTRAINTS O F M-VSC-HVDC 95
3.3.1.3 ACTIVE POWER BALANCE O F M-VSC-HVDC 96
IMAGE 4
XVIII
CONTENTS
3.3.1.4 VOLTAGE AND POWER FLOW CONTROL OF M-VSC-HVDC 96
3.3.1.5 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT CONSTRAINTS OF M-VSC-HVDC 98
3.3.1.6 MODELING O F M-VSC-HVDC IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 98
3.3.1.7 HANDLING O F INTERNAL VOLTAGE AND CURRENT LIMITS OF M-VSC-HVDC
99
3.3.1.8 COMPARISON OF M-VSC-HVDC AND GUPFC 99
3.3.2 GENERALIZED M-VSC-HVDC MODEL WITH INCORPORATION OF DC NETWORK
EQUATION 100
3.3.2.1 GENERALIZED M-VSC-HVDC 100
3.3.2.2 DC NETWORK EQUATION 101
3.3.2.3 INCORPORATION O F DC NETWORK EQUATION INTO NEWTON POWER FLOW 102
3.3.3 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 103
3.3.3.1 COMPARISON O F THE M-VSC-HVDC TO THE GUPFC 103
3.3.3.2 POWER FLOW AND VOLTAGE CONTROL BY M-VSC-HVDC 104
3.4 HANDLING OF SMALL IMPEDANCES O F FACTS IN POWER FLOW ANALYSIS. 107
3.4.1 NUMERICAL INSTABILITY OF VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTER FACTS MODELS 107
3.4.2 IMPEDANCE COMPENSATION MODEL 108
REFERENCES 110
4 MODELING OF FACTS-DEVICES IN OPTIMAL POWER FLOW ANALYSIS 113 4.1
OPTIMAL POWER FLOW ANALYSIS 113
4.1.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF OPTIMAL POWER FLOW 113
4.1.2 COMPARISON O F OPTIMAL POWER FLOW TECHNIQUES 114
4.1.2.1 GRADIENT METHODS 114
4.1.2.2 LINEAR PROGRAMMING METHODS 114
4.1.2.3 QUADRATIC PROGRAMMING METHODS 115
4.1.2.4 NEWTON' S METHODS 115
4.1.2.5 INTERIOR POINT METHODS 116
4.1.3 OVERVIEW O F OPF-FORMULATION 116
4.2 NONLINEAR INTERIOR POINT OPTIMAL POWER FLOW METHODS 118
4.2.1 POWER MISMATCH EQUATIONS 118
4.2.2 TRANSMISSION LINE LIMITS 118
4.2.3 FORMULATION OF THE NONLINEAR INTERIOR POINT OPF 119
4.2.4 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NONLINEAR INTERIOR POINT OPF 123
4.2.4.1 ELIMINATING DUAL VARIABLES JTL, 7IU OF THE INEQUALITIES 123
4.2.4.2 ELIMINATING GENERATOR VARIABLES P G AND Q G 124
4.2.5 SOLUTION PROCEDURE FOR THE NONLINEAR INTERIOR POINT OPF 126
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS XIX
4.3 MODELING O F FACTS IN OPF ANALYSIS 126
4.3.1 IPFC AND GUPFC IN OPTIMAL VOLTAGE AND POWER FLOW CONTROL 127
4.3.2 OPERATING AND CONTROL CONSTRAINTS O F GUPFC 127
4.3.2.1 POWER FLOW CONSTRAINTS O F GUPFC 128
4.3.2.2 OPERATING CONTROL EQUALITIES O F GUPFC 130
4.3.2.3 OPERATING INEQUALITIES O F GUPFC 130
4.3.3 INCORPORATION O F GUPFC INTO NONLINEAR INTERIOR POINT OPF 131
4.3.3.1 CONSTRAINTS OF GUPFC 131
4.3.3.2 VARIABLES OF GUPFC 131
4.3.3.3 AUGMENTED LAGRANGIAN FUNCTION O F GUPFC IN NONLINEAR INTERIOR
OPF 133
4.3.3.4 NEWTON EQUATION O F NONLINEAR INTERIOR O P F WITH GUPFC 134
4.3.3.5 IMPLEMENTATION O F MULTI-CONFIGURATIONS AND MULTI-CONTROL
FUNCTIONS O F GUPFC 135
4.3.3.6 INITIALIZATION O F GUPFC VARIABLES IN NONLINEAR INTERIOR OPF 136
4.3.4 MODELING O F IPFC IN NONLINEAR INTERIOR POINT OPF 137
4.4 MODELING OF MULTI-TERMINAL VSC-HVDC IN OPF 139
4.4.1 MULTI-TERMINAL VSC-HVDC IN OPTIMAL VOLTAGE AND POWER FLOW 139
4.4.2 OPERATING AND CONTROL CONSTRAINTS O F THE M-VSC-HVDC 140 4.4.3
MODELING O F M-VSC-HVDC IN THE NONLINEAR INTERIOR POINT OPF 141
4.5 COMPARISON O F FACTS-DEVICES WITH VSC-HVDC 143
4.5.1 COMPARISON O F UPFC WITH BTB-VSC-HVDC 143
4.5.2 COMPARISON O F GUPFC WITH M-VSC-HVDC 145
4.6 APPENDIX: DERIVATIVES O F NONLINEAR INTERIOR POINT OPF WITH GUPFC
148
4.6.1 FIRST DERIVATIVES O F NONLINEAR INTERIOR POINT OPF 148
4.6.2 SECOND DERIVATIVES O F NONLINEAR INTERIOR POINT OPF 150
REFERENCES 153
5 MODELING O F FACTS IN THREE-PHASE POWER FLOW AND THREE-PHASE OPF
ANALYSIS 157
5.1 THREE-PHASE NEWTON POWER FLOW METHODS IN RECTANGULAR COORDINATES.
158
5.1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF BUSES 158
5.1.2 REPRESENTATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 159
5.1.3 POWER AND VOLTAGE MISMATCH EQUATIONS IN RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
160
5.1.3.1 POWER MISMATCH EQUATIONS AT NETWORK BUSES 160 5.1.3.2 POWER AND
VOLTAGE MISMATCH EQUATIONS OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 161
IMAGE 6
X X
CONTENTS
5.1.4 FORMULATION O F NEWTON EQUATIONS IN RECTANGULAR COORDINATES 162
5.2 THREE-PHASE NEWTON POWER FLOW METHODS IN POLAR COORDINATES 168 5.2.1
REPRESENTATION O F GENERATORS 168
5.2.2 POWER AND VOLTAGE MISMATCH EQUATIONS IN POLAR COORDINATES 169
5.2.2.1 POWER MISMATCH EQUATIONS AT NETWORK BUSES 169 5.2.2.2 POWER AND
VOLTAGE MISMATCH EQUATIONS OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 169
5.2.3 FORMULATION O F NEWTON EQUATIONS IN POLAR COORDINATES 170 5.3 SSSC
MODELING IN THREE-PHASE POWER FLOW IN RECTANGULAR COORDINATES 171
5.3.1 THREE-PHASE SSSC MODEL WITH DELTA/WYE CONNECTED TRANSFORMER 172
5.3.1.1 BASIC OPERATION PRINCIPLES 172
5.3.1.2 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT O F THREE-PHASE SSSC 173
5.3.1.3 POWER EQUATIONS OF THE THREE-PHASE SSSC 174
5.3.1.4 THREE-PHASE SSSC MODEL WITH INDEPENDENT PHASE POWER CONTROL 176
5.3.1.5 THREE-PHASE SSSC MODEL WITH TOTAL THREE-PHASE POWER CONTROL 177
5.3.1.6 THREE-PHASE SSSC MODEL WITH SYMMETRICAL INJECTED VOLTAGE CONTROL
178
5.3.2 SINGLE-PHASE/THREE-PHASE SSSC MODELS WITH SEPARATE SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMERS 180
5.3.2.1 BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF SINGLE PHASE SSSC 180
5.3.2.2 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF SINGLE PHASE SSSC 180
5.3.2.3 SINGLE-PHASE SSSC 181
5.3.2.4 THREE-PHASE SSSC MODEL WITH THREE SEPARATE SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMERS 182
5.3.3 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 182
5.3.3.1 TEST RESULTS FOR THE 5-BUS SYSTEM 183
5.3.3.2 TEST RESULTS FOR THE IEEE 118-BUS SYSTEM 186
5.4 UPFC MODELING IN THREE-PHASE NEWTON POWER FLOW IN POLAR COORDINATES
187
5.4.1 OPERATION PRINCIPLES O F THE THREE-PHASE UPFC 188
5.4.2 THREE-PHASE CONVERTER TRANSFORMER MODELS 189
5.4.3 POWER FLOW CONSTRAINTS OF THE THREE-PHASE UPFC 190
5.4.3.1 POWER FLOW CONSTRAINTS OF THE SHUNT CONVERTER 190 5.4.3.2 POWER
FLOW CONSTRAINTS OF THE SERIES CONVERTER 192 5.4.3.3 ACTIVE POWER
BALANCE O F THE UPFC 194
5.4.4 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS CONTROL MODEL FOR THREE-PHASE UPFC 195
5.4.4.1 PQ FLOW CONTROL BY THE SERIES CONVERTER 195
5.4.4.2 VOLTAGE CONTROL BY THE SHUNT CONVERTER 196
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS XXI
5.4.4.3 TRANSFORMER MODELS 197
5.4.4.4 MODELING O F THREE-PHASE UPFC IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 197
5.4.5 GENERAL THREE-PHASE CONTROL MODEL FOR THREE-PHASE UPFC 198
5.4.5.1 PQ FLOW CONTROL BY THE SERIES CONVERTER 198
5.4.5.2 VOLTAGE CONTROL BY THE SHUNT CONVERTER 198
5.4.5.3 OPERATING CONSTRAINTS O F THE SHUNT TRANSFORMER 198 5.4.5.4
TRANSFORMER MODELS 199
5.4.5.5 MODELING O F THREE-PHASE UPFC IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 199
5.4.6 HYBRID CONTROL MODEL FOR THREE-PHASE UPFC 200
5.4.6.1 PQ FLOW CONTROL BY THE SERIES CONVERTER 200
5.4.6.2 VOLTAGE CONTROL BY THE SHUNT CONVERTER 200
5.4.6.3 TRANSFORMER MODELS 201
5.4.6.4 MODELING O F THREE-PHASE UPFC IN THE NEWTON POWER FLOW 201
5.4.7 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 202
5.4.7.1 RESULTS FOR THE 5-BUS SYSTEM 202
5.4.7.2 RESULTS FOR THE MODIFIED IEEE 118-BUS SYSTEM 206 5.5 THREE-PHASE
NEWTON OPF IN POLAR COORDINATES 207
5.6 APPENDIX A - DEFINITION O F YGI 209
5.7 APPENDIX B - 5-BUS TEST SYSTEM 210
REFERENCES 211
6 STEADY STATE POWER SYSTEM VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS AND CONTROL WITH
FACTS 213
6.1 CONTINUATION POWER FLOW METHODS FOR STEADY STATE VOLTAGE STABILITY
ANALYSIS 214
6.1.1 FORMULATION O F CONTINUATION POWER FLOW 214
6.1.2 MODELING O F OPERATING LIMITS O F SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 216 6.1.3
SOLUTION PROCEDURE O F CONTINUATION POWER FLOW 217
6.1.4 MODELING O F FACTS-CONTROL IN CONTINUATION POWER FLOW.218 6.1.5
NUMERICAL RESULTS 218
6.1.5.1 SYSTEM LOADABILITY WITH FACTS-DEVICES 218
6.1.5.2 EFFECT O F LOAD MODELS 220
6.1.5.3 SYSTEM TRANSFER CAPABILITY WITH FACTS-DEVICES 222
6.2 OPTIMIZATION METHODS FOR STEADY STATE VOLTAGE STABILITY
ANALYSIS.223 6.2.1 OPTIMIZATION METHOD FOR VOLTAGE STABILITY LIMIT
DETERMINATION 224
6.2.2 OPTIMIZATION METHOD FOR VOLTAGE SECURITY LIMIT DETERMINATION 225
6.2.3 OPTIMIZATION METHOD FOR OPERATING SECURITY LIMIT DETERMINATION 225
6.2.4 OPTIMIZATION METHOD FOR POWER FLOW UNSOLVABILITY 226
IMAGE 8
XXII
CONTENTS
6.2.5 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 228
6.2.5.1 IEEE 30-BUS SYSTEM RESULTS 228
6.2.5.2 IEEE 118-BUS SYSTEM RESULTS 229
6.3 SECURITY CONSTRAINED OPTIMAL POWER FLOW FOR TRANSFER CAPABILITY
CALCULATIONS 230
6.3.1 UNIFIED TRANSFER CAPABILITY COMPUTATION METHOD WITH SECURITY
CONSTRAINTS 231
6.3.2 SOLUTION O F UNIFIED SECURITY CONSTRAINED TRANSFER CAPABILITY
PROBLEM BY NONLINEAR INTERIOR POINT METHOD 233 6.3.3 SOLUTION PROCEDURE
O F THE SECURITY CONSTRAINED TRANSFER CAPABILITY PROBLEM 239
6.3.4 NUMERICAL RESULTS 239
6.3.4.1 IEEE 30-BUS SYSTEM RESULTS 240
6.3.4.2 DISCUSSION O F THE RESULTS 241
REFERENCES 243
7 STEADY STATE VOLTAGE STABILITY O F UNBALANCED THREE-PHASE POWER
SYSTEMS 245
7.1 STEADY STATE UNBALANCED THREE-PHASE POWER SYSTEM VOLTAGE STABILITY
245
7.2 CONTINUATION THREE-PHASE POWER FLOW APPROACH 246
7.2.1 MODELING O F SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES WITH OPERATING LIMITS 246
7.2.2 THREE-PHASE POWER FLOW IN POLAR COORDINATES 247
7.2.3 FORMULATION O F CONTINUATION THREE-PHASE POWER FLOW 249 7.2.4
SOLUTION O F THE CONTINUATION THREE-PHASE POWER FLOW 251 7.2.5
IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES OF CONTINUATION THREE-PHASE POWER FLOW 252
7.2.5.1 THE STRUCTURE O F JACOBIAN MATRIX 252
7.2.5.2 IMPROVEMENT O F COMPUTATIONAL SPEED 252
7.2.5.3 COMPARISON O F BALANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS AND SINGLE-PHASE
SYSTEMS 252
7.2.6 NUMERICAL RESULTS 253
7.2.6.1 RESULTS FOR THE 5-BUS SYSTEM WITHOUT LINE OUTAGES 253
7.2.6.2 RESULTS FOR THE 5-BUS SYSTEM WITH LINE OUTAGES .256 7.2.6.3
RESULTS FOR THE MODIFIED IEEE 118-BUS SYSTEM 258 7.2.6.4 REACTIVE POWER
LIMITS 259
7.3 STEADY STATE UNBALANCED THREE-PHASE VOLTAGE STABILITY WITH FACTS 261
7.3.1 STATCOM 262
7.3.2 SSSC 263
7.3.3 UPFC 265
REFERENCES 266
IMAGE 9
CONTENTS
XXIII
8 CONGESTION MANAGEMENT AND LOSS OPTIMIZATION WITH FACTS 269 8.1 FAST
POWER FLOW CONTROL IN ENERGY MARKETS 269
8.1.1 OPERATION STRATEGY 269
8.1.2 CONTROL SCHEME 271
8.2 PLACEMENT OF POWER FLOW CONTROLLERS 272
8.3 ECONOMIC EVALUATION METHOD 275
8.3.1 MODELLING O F PFC FOR CROSS-BORDER CONGESTION MANAGEMENT 276
8.3.1.1 BASIC NETWORK MODEL 276
8.3.1.2 INCLUSION O F ' S L O W ' P F C 278
8.3.1.3 INCLUSION O F ' F A S T ' P F C 279
8.3.2 DETERMINATION O F CROSS-BORDER TRANSMISSION CAPACITY 280 8.3.3
ESTIMATION O F ECONOMIC BENEFITS THROUGH PFC 281
8.4 QUANTIFIED BENEFITS O F POWER FLOW CONTROLLERS 284
8.4.1 TRANSMISSION CAPACITY INCREASE 284
8.4.2 LOSS REDUCTION 286
8.5 APPENDIX 289
REFERENCES 290
9 NON-INTRUSIVE SYSTEM CONTROL OF FACTS 291
9.1 REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION 291
9.1.1 MODULARIZED NETWORK CONTROLLERS 292
9.1.2 CONTROLLER SPECIFICATION 293
9.2 ARCHITECTURE 294
9.2.1 NISC-APPROACH FOR REGULAR OPERATION 296
9.2.2 NISC-APPROACH FOR CONTINGENCY OPERATION 298
REFERENCES 299
10 AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS FOR EMERGENCY AND STABILITY CONTROL OF FACTS 301
10.1 AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM STRUCTURE 301
10.2 AUTONOMOUS SECURITY AND EMERGENCY CONTROL 303
10.2.1 MODEL AND CONTROL STRUCTURE 303
10.2.2 GENERIC RULES FOR COORDINATION 304
10.2.3 SYNTHESIS O F THE AUTONOMOUS CONTROL SYSTEM 307
10.2.3.1 BAY CONTROL LEVEL 307
10.2.3.2 SUBSTATION AND NETWORK CONTROL LEVEL 309
10.2.3.3 PREVENTIVE COORDINATION 311
10.3 ADAPTIVE SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY CONTROL 313
10.3.1 AUTONOMOUS COMPONENTS FOR DAMPING CONTROL 313 10.4 VERIFICATION
314
10.4.1 FAILURE O F A TRANSMISSION LINE 316
10.4.2 INCREASE O F LOAD 318
REFERENCES 320
IMAGE 10
XXIV
CONTENTS
11 MULTI-AGENT SYSTEMS FOR COORDINATED CONTROL O F FACTS-DEVICES 321
11.1 CHALLENGES FOR COORDINATED CONTROL 321
11.2 MULTI-AGENT SYSTEM STRUCTURE 322
11.2.1 COMMUNICATION MODEL 322
11.2.1.1 PRINCIPLE COMMUNICATION AMONG AGENTS 323 11.2.1.2 COMMUNICATION
RULES 324
11.2.2 INFLUENCE AREA OF A PFC 325
11.2.2.1 CALCULATING THE SENSITIVITY 325
11.2.2.2 ASSIGNING THE DIRECTION O F IMPACT 326
11.2.3 DISTRIBUTED COORDINATION 327
11.2.3.1 WEIGHTING FUNCTION 328
11.2.3.2 CONTROL O F PFCS 330
11.3 VERIFICATION 331
11.3.1 TRIPPING OF A TRANSMISSION LINE 331
11.3.2 INCREASE OF LOAD 334
REFERENCES 336
12 WIDE AREA CONTROL OF FACTS 339
12.1 WIDE AREA MONITORING AND CONTROL SYSTEM 339
12.2 WIDE AREA MONITORING APPLICATIONS 342
12.2.1 CORRIDOR VOLTAGE STABILITY MONITORING 342
12.2.2 THERMAL LIMIT MONITORING 346
12.2.3 OSCILLATORY STABILITY MONITORING 347
12.2.4 TOPOLOGY DETECTION AND STATE CALCULATION 352
12.2.5 LOADABILITY CALCULATION BASED ON OPF TECHNIQUES 354 12.2.6
VOLTAGE STABILITY PREDICTION 355
12.3 WIDE AREA CONTROL APPLICATIONS 358
12.3.1 PREDICTIVE CONTROL WITH SETPOINT OPTIMIZATION 359
12.3.2 REMOTE FEEDBACK CONTROL 362
REFERENCES 369
13 MODELING OF POWER SYSTEMS FOR SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS WITH
FACTS 371
13.1 SMALL SIGNAL MODELING 372
13.1.1 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS 372
13.1.2 EXCITATION SYSTEMS 374
13.1.3 TURBINE AND GOVERNOR MODEL 376
13.1.4 LOAD MODEL 376
13.1.5 NETWORK AND POWER FLOW MODEL 379
13.1.6 FACTS-MODELS 379
13.1.6.1 SVC-MODEL 380
13.1.6.2 TCPS-MODEL 381
13.1.6.3 TCSC-MODEL 384
13.1.7 STUDY SYSTEM 386
13.2 EIGENVALUE ANALYSIS 387
13.2.1 SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY RESULTS O F STUDY SYSTEM 387
IMAGE 11
CONTENTS X X V
13.2.2 EIGENVECTOR, MODE SHAPE AND PARTICIPATION FACTOR 393 13.3 MODAL
CONTROLLABILITY, OBSERVABILITY AND RESIDUE 396
REFERENCES 400
14 LINEAR CONTROL DESIGN AND SIMULATION O F POWER SYSTEM STABILITY WITH
FACTS 401
14.1 H-INFINITY MIXED-SENSITIVITY FORMULATION 402
14.2 GENERALIZED H-INFINITY PROBLEM WITH POLE PLACEMENT 403
14.3 MATRIX INEQUALITY FORMULATION 405
14.4 LINEARIZATION OF MATRIX INEQUALITIES 406
14.5 CASE STUDY 408
14.5.1 WEIGHT SELECTION 408
14.5.2 CONTROL DESIGN 409
14.5.3 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 412
14.5.4 SIMULATION RESULTS 413
14.6 CASE STUDY ON SEQUENTIAL DESIGN 416
14.6.1 TEST SYSTEM 416
14.6.2 CONTROL DESIGN 417
14.6.3 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 418
14.6.4 SIMULATION RESULTS 419
14.7 H-INFINITY CONTROL FOR TIME DELAYED SYSTEMS 422
14.8 SMITH PREDICTOR FOR TIME-DELAYED SYSTEMS 423
14.9 PROBLEM FORMULATION USING UNIFIED SMITH PREDICTOR 427
14.10 CASE STUDY 429
14.10.1 CONTROL DESIGN 429
14.10.2 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 432
14.10.3 SIMULATION RESULTS 432
REFERENCES 436
15 POWER SYSTEM STABILITY CONTROL USING FACTS WITH MULTIPLE OPERATING
POINTS 439
15.1 INTRODUCTION 439
15.1.1 LMI BASED TECHNIQUES FOR DAMPING CONTROL DESIGN 439 15.1.2 THE
TECHNICAL CHALLENGES O F LMI BASED DAMPING CONTROL DESIGN FOR
MULTI-MODEL SYSTEMS 440
15.2 NONLINEAR MATRIX INEQUALITIES FORMULATION O F FACTS STABILITY
CONTROL CONSIDERING MULTIPLE OPERATING POINTS 441
15.2.1 MULTI-MODEL SYSTEM 441
15.3 A TWO-STEP DESIGN APPROACH FOR THE OUTPUT FEEDBACK CONTROLLER 442
15.3.1 FIRST STEP: DETERMINATION O F THE VARIABLE K 443
15.3.2 SECOND STEP: DETERMINATION O F VARIABLES A K AND B K 4 4 5 15.4
EXTENSION TO H2 AND H PERFORMANCES 449
15.4.1 FIRST STEP: DETERMINING K FOR MULTI-OBJECTIVE CONTROL 450 15.4.2
SECOND STEP: DETERMINING A K AND B K FOR MULTI-OBJECTIVE CONTROL 451
IMAGE 12
XXVI
CONTENTS
15.4.3 PERFORMANCE 453
15.4.4 H 2 PERFORMANCE 454
15.4.5 REMARKS ON THE TWO-STEP CONTROL DESIGN APPROACH 457 15.5 TWO-STEP
CONTROL DESIGN APPROACH FOR THE SINGLE-MACHINEINFINITE-BUS 457
15.5.1 SINGLE-MACHINE-INFINITE-BUS (SMIB) 457
15.5.2 POLE PLACEMENT BASED DAMPING CONTROLLER DESIGN USING THE TWO-STEP
APPROACH 459
15.5.3 COMPARISON MLMI WITH SLMI USING NONLINEAR SIMULATIONS 462
15.6 TWO-STEP CONTROL DESIGN APPROACH FOR THE MULTI-MACHINE SYSTEM 463
15.6.1 MULTI-MACHINE TEST SYSTEM 463
15.6.2 TWO-STEP DAMPING CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR THE MULTI-MACHINE SYSTEM
464
15.6.3 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 466
15.6.4 NONLINEAR SIMULATIONS 467
15.6.4.1 CLOSED-LOOP PERFORMANCE UNDER SMALL DISTURBANCES 467
15.6.4.2 CLOSED-LOOP PERFORMANCE UNDER THREE-PHASE FAULT CONDITIONS 468
15.7 ALTERNATIVE TWO-STEP CONTROL DESIGN APPROACH FOR THE MULTI-MACHINE
SYSTEM 469
15.7.1 INTRODUCTION O F SCADA/EMS 469
15.7.2 ALTERNATIVE TWO-STEP DAMPING CONTROLLER DESIGN APPROACH 470
15.7.3 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 471
15.8 SUMMARY 473
REFERENCES 474
16 CONTROL O F A LOOPING DEVICE IN A DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 477
16.1 OVERVIEW OF A LOOPING DEVICE IN A DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 477
16.2 LOCAL CONTROL O F LOOPING DEVICE 480
16.2.1 ESTIMATION O F LINE VOLTAGE 480
16.2.2 LOOP POWER FLOW CONTROL 481
16.2.3 REACTIVE POWER CONTROL 482
16.3 APPROXIMATION CONTROL 483
16.3.1 OBJECTIVE FUNCTION AND OPTIMAL CONTROL 483
16.3.2 APPROXIMATION USING THE LEAST-SQUARES METHOD 485 16.4 SIMULATION
486
16.5 DEMONSTRATION 492
16.5.1 FIELD TEST SYSTEM 492
16.5.2 SIMPLE CONTROL FOR TESTING 493
16.5.3 TESTING CONDITIONS 494
16.5.4 TESTING RESULTS 495
REFERENCES 497
IMAGE 13
CONTENTS
XXVII
17 POWER ELECTRONIC CONTROL FOR WIND GENERATION SYSTEMS 499
17.1 INTRODUCTION 499
17.2 WT WITH DFIG 501
17.2.1 MODELLING AND CONTROL O F W T WITH DFIG 501
17.2.1.1 SELECTION O F MODELS OF DFIG FOR POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 501
17.2.1.2 DECOUPLING CONTROL O F DFIG 502
17.2.1.3 IMPACTS O F WT WITH DFIG ON POWER SYSTEM STABILITY 504
17.2.2 MODEL OF WT WITH DFIG 505
17.2.2.1 MODEL O F DFIG 505
17.2.2.2 MODEL O F DRIVE TRAIN 507
17.2.2.3 MODEL OF THE BACK-TO-BACK CONVERTERS 509 17.2.2.4 ROTOR SIDE
CONVERTER CONTROLLER MODEL 509 17.2.2.5 GRID SIDE CONVERTER CONTROLLER
MODEL 511
17.2.2.6 PITCH CONTROLLER 511
17.2.2.7 INTERFACING WITH POWER GRID 512
17.3 SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS O F WT WITH DFIG 512
17.3.1 DYNAMIC MODEL O F WT WITH DFIG 512
17.3.2 SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS MODEL O F W T WITH DFIG 513
17.3.3 SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS O F W T WITH DFIG 514 17.3.3.1
SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES [6] [19] 514
17.3.3.2 SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS WITH PI CONTROLLERS 515
17.3.3.3 SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS WITH OPTIMIZED PI CONTROLLERS
516
17.3.4 DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS 517
17.3.4.1 FOUR-MACHINE SYSTEM - SMALL DISTURBANCE .517 17.3.4.2
FOUR-MACHINE SYSTEM - LARGE DISTURBANCE .519 17.4 MODEL O F WT WITH
DDPMG 519
17.4.1 MODEL OF W T WITH DDPMG 520
17.4.1.1 MODEL OF DDPMG 520
17.4.1.2 MODEL O F DRIVE TRAIN 521
17.4.1.3 MODEL OF CONVERTER 522
17.4.1.4 GENERATOR SIDE CONVERTER CONTROLLER MODEL.522 17.4.1.5 GRID
SIDE CONVERTER CONTROLLER 524
17.4.1.6 INTERFACING WITH POWER GRID 524
17.4.1.7 DYNAMIC MODEL O F W T WITH DDPMG SYSTEM 525
17.5 SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS O F W T WITH DDPMG 525
17.5.1 SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS MODEL 525
17.5.2 SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS O F W T WITH DDPMG 526 17.5.2.1
SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS WITH PI CONTROLLER 526
IMAGE 14
XXVIII
CONTENTS
17.5.2.2 SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS O F THE W T WITH DDPMG USING
OPTIMIZED PI CONTROLLERS 527
17.5.3 DYNAMIC SIMULATION ON FOUR-MACHINE SYSTEM 528
17.6 NONLINEAR CONTROL O F WIND GENERATION SYSTEMS 529
17.6.1 NONLINEAR CONTROL 529
17.6.2 THIRD-ORDER MODEL O F WT WITH DFIG 530
17.6.3 NONLINEAR CONTROL DESIGN FOR THE WT WITH DFIG 531
17.6.3.1 MODEL EXACT LINEARIZATION O F THE W T WITH DFIG 531
17.6.3.2 NONLINEAR CONTROL DESIGN FOR THE W T WITH DFIG 534
17.6.5 DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS 535
17.6.5.1 CCT ANALYSIS 535
17.6.5.2 DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE 536
17.7 MODELLING O F LARGE WIND FARMS USING SYSTEM DYNAMIC EQUIVALENCE 536
17.7.1 IDENTIFICATION O F COHERENCY GROUPS 537
17.7.2 NETWORK REDUCTION 537
17.7.3 AGGREGATION OF DYNAMIC PARAMETERS 538
17.7.4 DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS 538
17.8 INTERCONNECTION O F LARGE WIND FARMS WITH POWER GRID VIA HVDC LINK
540
17.8.1 DEVELOPMENT IN VSC HVDC TECHNOLOGIES 540
17.8.2 VSC HVDC CONTROL FOR WIND FARM INTERCONNECTION 542 17.8.3 DYNAMIC
SIMULATIONS 543
REFERENCES 543
INDEX 547 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Zhang, Xiao-Ping Rehtanz, Christian Pal, Bikash 1968- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)130890332 (DE-588)130890340 |
| author_facet | Zhang, Xiao-Ping Rehtanz, Christian Pal, Bikash 1968- |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Zhang, Xiao-Ping |
| author_variant | x p z xpz c r cr b p bp |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040301761 |
| classification_rvk | ZN 8510 ZN 8520 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)794511149 (DE-599)DNB101914291X |
| dewey-full | 621.3192 621.317 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics |
| dewey-raw | 621.3192 621.317 |
| dewey-search | 621.3192 621.317 |
| dewey-sort | 3621.3192 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV040301761 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-21T00:38:37Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783642282409 3642282407 9783642282416 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025156779 |
| oclc_num | 794511149 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-83 DE-29T |
| owner_facet | DE-83 DE-29T |
| physical | XXVIII, 550 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Power systems |
| spelling | Zhang, Xiao-Ping Verfasser (DE-588)130890332 aut Flexible AC transmission systems modelling and control Xiao-Ping Zhang ; Christian Rehtanz ; Bikash Pal Heidelberg [u.a.] Springer 2012 XXVIII, 550 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Power systems Netzbetrieb (DE-588)4171506-8 gnd rswk-swf FACTS-Anlage (DE-588)4665808-7 gnd rswk-swf Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz (DE-588)4121178-9 gnd rswk-swf Netzstabilität Elektrische Energietechnik (DE-588)4415875-0 gnd rswk-swf Lastfluss (DE-588)4166833-9 gnd rswk-swf Netzregelung (DE-588)4171525-1 gnd rswk-swf Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz (DE-588)4121178-9 s FACTS-Anlage (DE-588)4665808-7 s Netzregelung (DE-588)4171525-1 s Netzbetrieb (DE-588)4171506-8 s Lastfluss (DE-588)4166833-9 s Netzstabilität Elektrische Energietechnik (DE-588)4415875-0 s DE-604 Rehtanz, Christian Verfasser aut Pal, Bikash 1968- Verfasser (DE-588)130890340 aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe Flexible AC Transmission Systems: Modelling and Control X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3966031&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025156779&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Zhang, Xiao-Ping Rehtanz, Christian Pal, Bikash 1968- Flexible AC transmission systems modelling and control Netzbetrieb (DE-588)4171506-8 gnd FACTS-Anlage (DE-588)4665808-7 gnd Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz (DE-588)4121178-9 gnd Netzstabilität Elektrische Energietechnik (DE-588)4415875-0 gnd Lastfluss (DE-588)4166833-9 gnd Netzregelung (DE-588)4171525-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4171506-8 (DE-588)4665808-7 (DE-588)4121178-9 (DE-588)4415875-0 (DE-588)4166833-9 (DE-588)4171525-1 |
| title | Flexible AC transmission systems modelling and control |
| title_auth | Flexible AC transmission systems modelling and control |
| title_exact_search | Flexible AC transmission systems modelling and control |
| title_full | Flexible AC transmission systems modelling and control Xiao-Ping Zhang ; Christian Rehtanz ; Bikash Pal |
| title_fullStr | Flexible AC transmission systems modelling and control Xiao-Ping Zhang ; Christian Rehtanz ; Bikash Pal |
| title_full_unstemmed | Flexible AC transmission systems modelling and control Xiao-Ping Zhang ; Christian Rehtanz ; Bikash Pal |
| title_short | Flexible AC transmission systems |
| title_sort | flexible ac transmission systems modelling and control |
| title_sub | modelling and control |
| topic | Netzbetrieb (DE-588)4171506-8 gnd FACTS-Anlage (DE-588)4665808-7 gnd Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz (DE-588)4121178-9 gnd Netzstabilität Elektrische Energietechnik (DE-588)4415875-0 gnd Lastfluss (DE-588)4166833-9 gnd Netzregelung (DE-588)4171525-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Netzbetrieb FACTS-Anlage Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz Netzstabilität Elektrische Energietechnik Lastfluss Netzregelung |
| url | http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3966031&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025156779&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zhangxiaoping flexibleactransmissionsystemsmodellingandcontrol AT rehtanzchristian flexibleactransmissionsystemsmodellingandcontrol AT palbikash flexibleactransmissionsystemsmodellingandcontrol |