Field experiments: design, analysis, and interpretation
Gespeichert in:
Hauptverfasser: | , |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
New York ; London
W. W. Norton & Company
[2012]
|
Ausgabe: | First edition |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
Beschreibung: | xvii, 492 Seiten Illustrationen |
ISBN: | 9780393979954 |
Internformat
MARC
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100 | 1 | |a Gerber, Alan S. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)141215178 |4 aut | |
245 | 1 | 0 | |a Field experiments |b design, analysis, and interpretation |c Alan S. Gerber (Yale University), Donald P. Green (Columbia University) |
250 | |a First edition | ||
264 | 1 | |a New York ; London |b W. W. Norton & Company |c [2012] | |
264 | 4 | |c © 2012 | |
300 | |a xvii, 492 Seiten |b Illustrationen | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804149251167485952 |
---|---|
adam_text | CONTENTS
PREFACE
xv
chapter
1
Introduction
1
1.1
Drawing Inferences from Intuitions, Anecdotes,
and Correlations
2
1.2
Experiments as a Solution to the Problem of
Unobserved Confounders
5
1.3
Experiments as Fair Tests
7
1
á
Field Experiments
8
1.5
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Experimenting in Real-World Settings
13
1.6
Naturally Occurring Experiments and Quasi-Experiments
15
1.7
Plan of the Book
17
Suggested Readings
18
Exercises
18
CHAPTER
2
Causal Inference and Experimentation
21
2.1
Potential Outcomes
21
2.2
Average Treatment Effects
23
2.3
Random Sampling and Expectations
26
2.4-
Random Assignment and Unbiased Inference
30
2.5
The Mechanics of Random Assignment
36
2.6
The Threat of Selection Bias When
Random Assignment Is Not Used
37
2.7
Two Core Assumptions about Potential Outcomes
39
2.7.1
Excludability
39
2.7.2
Non-interference
43
VII
VIII
CONTENTS
Summary
Suggested Readings
Exercises
CHAPTER
3
Sampling Distributions, Statistical Inference,
and Hypothesis Testing
3.1
Sampling Distributions
3.2
The Standard Error as a Measure of Uncertainty
3.3
Estimating Sampling Variability
3.4
Hypothesis Testing
3.5
Confidence Intervals
3.6
Sampling Distributions for Experiments That
Use Block or Cluster Random Assignment
3.6.1
Block Random Assignment
3.6.1.1
Matched Pair Design
3.6.1.2
Summary of the Advantages and
Disadvantages of Blocking
3.6.2
Cluster Random Assignment
Summary
Suggested Readings
Exercises
Appendix
3.1 :
Power
46
46
51
52
54
59
61
66
71
71
77
79
80
85
93
CHAPTER
4
Using Covariates in Experimental Design and Analysis
4.1
Using Covariates to
Rescale
Outcomes
4.2
Adjusting for Covariates Using Regression
4.3
Covariate Imbalance and the Detection of
Administrative Errors
4.4
Blocked Randomization and Covariate Adjustment
4.5
Analysis of Block Randomized Experiments with
Treatment Probabilities That Vary by Block
Summary
Suggested Readings
Exercises
95
96
102
105
109
116
121
123
123
CONTENTS
IX
CHAPTER
5
One-Sided Noncompliance
131
5.1
New Definitions and Assumptions
134
5.2
Defining Causal Effects for the Case of One-Sided
Noncompliance
137
5.2.1
The Non-interference Assumption for
Experiments That Encounter Noncompliance
138
5.2.2
The Excludability Assumption for One-Sided
Noncompliance
140
5.3
Average Treatment Effects, Intent-to-Treat Effects,
and Compiler Average Causal Effects
141
5.4
Identification of the
CACE
143
5.5
Estimation
149
5.6
Avoiding Common Mistakes
15 2
5.7
Evaluating the Assumptions Required to Identify the
CACE
15 5
5.7.1
Non-interference Assumption
15 5
5.7.2
Exclusion Restriction
15 6
5.8
Statistical Inference
157
5.9
Designing Experiments in Anticipation of Noncompliance
161
5.10
Estimating Treatment Effects When Some Subjects
Receive Partial Treatment
164
Summary
165
Suggested Readings
167
Exercises
168
CHAPTER
6
Two-Sided Noncompliance
173
6.1
Two-Sided Noncompliance: New Definitions
and Assumptions
175
6.2
ITT, ITTD, and
CACE
under Two-Sided Noncompliance
179
6.3
A Numerical Illustration of the Role of
Monotonicity
181
6.4
Estimation of the
CACE:
An Example
185
6.5
Discussion of Assumptions
189
6.5.1
Monotonicity
190
6.5.2
Exclusion Restriction
191
6.5.3
Random Assignment
19 2
6.5.4
Design Suggestions
19 2
CONTENTS
ó.
6
Downstream Experimentation
Summary
Suggested Readings
Exercises
CHAPTER
7
Attrition
7.1
Conditions Under Which Attrition Leads to Bias
7.2
Special Forms of Attrition
7.3
Redefining the
Estimând
When Attrition Is Not a
Function of Treatment Assignment
7 .4
Placing Bounds on the Average Treatment Effect
7.5
Addressing Attrition: An Empirical Example
7.6
Addressing Attrition with Additional Data Collection
7.7
Two Frequently Asked Questions
Summary
Suggested Readings
Exercises
Appendix
7.1:
Optimal Sample Allocation for
Second-Round Sampling
CHAPTER
8
Interference between Experimental Units
8.1
Identifying Causal Effects in the Presence of
Localized Spillover
8.2
Spatial Spillover
8.2.1
Using Nonexperimental Units to
Investigate Spillovers
8.3
An Example of Spatial Spillovers in Two Dimensions
8.4.
Within-Subjects Design and Time-Series Experiments
193
204
206
206
211
215
219
224
226
230
236
241
243
244
244
248
253
256
260
264
264
273
8.5
Waitlist Designs (Also Known as Stepped-Wedge Designs)
276
Summary
281
Suggested Readings ^
Exercises
283
CHAPTER
9
Heterogeneous Treatment Effects
9.1
Limits to What Experimental Data Tell Us about
Treatment Effect Heterogeneity
289
291
CONTENTS Xi
9.2
Bounding
Var
(т.)
and
Testing
for Heterogeneity
292
9.3
Two Approaches to the Exploration of
Heterogeneity: Covariates and Design
296
9.3.1
Assessing Treatment-by-Covariate Interactions
296
9.3.2
Caution Is Required When Interpreting
Treatment-by-Covariate Interactions
299
9.3.3
Assessing Treatment-by-Treatment Interactions
303
9.4
Using Regression to Model Treatment Effect Heterogeneity
305
9.5
Automating the Search for Interactions
310
Summary
310
Suggested Readings
312
Exercises
313
CHAPTER
10
Mediation
319
10.1
Regression-Based Approaches to Mediation
322
10.2
Mediation Analysis from a Potential Outcomes
Perspective
325
10.3
Why Experimental Analysis of Mediators
Is Challenging
328
10.4
Ruling Out Mediators?
330
10.5
What about Experiments That Manipulate the Mediator?
331
10.6
Implicit Mediation Analysis
333
Summary
336
Suggested Readings
338
Exercises
338
Appendix
10.1 :
Treatment Postcards Mailed to
Michigan Households
343
CHAPTER
11
Integration of Research Findings
347
11.1
Estimation of Population Average Treatment Effects
350
11.2
A Bayesian Framework for Interpreting
Research Findings
353
11.3
Replication and Integration of Experimental Findings:
An Example
358
11.4
Treatments That Vary in Intensity:
Extrapolation and Statistical Modeling
366
xii CONTENTS
Summary
377
Suggested Readings
378
Exercises
379
CHAPTER
12
Instructive Examples of Experimental Design
383
12.1
Using Experimental Design to Distinguish
between Competing Theories
384
12.2
Oversampling Subjects Based on Their Anticipated
Response to Treatment
387
12.3
Comprehensive Measurement of Outcomes
393
12.4
Factorial Design and Special Cases of Non-interference
395
12.5
Design and Analysis of Experiments In Which
Treatments Vary with Subjects Characteristics
400
12.6
Design and Analysis of Experiments In Which Failure
to Receive Treatment Has a Causal Effect
406
12.7
Addressing Complications Posed by Missing Data
410
Summary
414
Suggested Readings
415
Exercises
416
CHAPTER
13
Writing a Proposal, Research Report,
and Journal Article
425
13.1
Writing the Proposal
426
13.2
Writing the Research Report
435
13.3
Writing the
Journal
Article
440
13.4
Archiving Data
442
Summary
444
Suggested Readings
445
Exercises
445
APPENDIX A Protection of Human Subjects
447
A.
1
Regulatory Guidelines
^1
A.
2
Guidelines for Keeping Field Experiments within
Regulatory Boundaries
^49
CONTENTS
X¡¡¡
APPENDIX
В
Suggested Field Experiments for Class Projects
453
В
. 1
Crafting Your Own Experiment
453
В
. 2
Suggested Experimental Topics for
Practicum
Exercises
455
REFERENCES
461
INDEX
479
|
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author | Gerber, Alan S. Green, Donald P. 1961- |
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ctrlnum | (OCoLC)798968448 (DE-599)GBV682689068 |
discipline | Informatik Agrarwissenschaft Politologie Soziologie Mathematik Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
edition | First edition |
format | Book |
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institution | BVB |
isbn | 9780393979954 |
language | English |
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spelling | Gerber, Alan S. Verfasser (DE-588)141215178 aut Field experiments design, analysis, and interpretation Alan S. Gerber (Yale University), Donald P. Green (Columbia University) First edition New York ; London W. W. Norton & Company [2012] © 2012 xvii, 492 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd rswk-swf Politische Wissenschaft (DE-588)4076229-4 gnd rswk-swf Experiment (DE-588)4015999-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Experiment (DE-588)4015999-1 s Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 s Politische Wissenschaft (DE-588)4076229-4 s DE-604 Green, Donald P. 1961- Verfasser (DE-588)121218015 aut Digitalisierung UB Bamberg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025109321&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Gerber, Alan S. Green, Donald P. 1961- Field experiments design, analysis, and interpretation Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd Politische Wissenschaft (DE-588)4076229-4 gnd Experiment (DE-588)4015999-1 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4155046-8 (DE-588)4076229-4 (DE-588)4015999-1 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
title | Field experiments design, analysis, and interpretation |
title_auth | Field experiments design, analysis, and interpretation |
title_exact_search | Field experiments design, analysis, and interpretation |
title_full | Field experiments design, analysis, and interpretation Alan S. Gerber (Yale University), Donald P. Green (Columbia University) |
title_fullStr | Field experiments design, analysis, and interpretation Alan S. Gerber (Yale University), Donald P. Green (Columbia University) |
title_full_unstemmed | Field experiments design, analysis, and interpretation Alan S. Gerber (Yale University), Donald P. Green (Columbia University) |
title_short | Field experiments |
title_sort | field experiments design analysis and interpretation |
title_sub | design, analysis, and interpretation |
topic | Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd Politische Wissenschaft (DE-588)4076229-4 gnd Experiment (DE-588)4015999-1 gnd |
topic_facet | Forschungsmethode Politische Wissenschaft Experiment Lehrbuch |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025109321&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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